فصلنامه راهبرد فرهنگ
پیاپی 62 (تابستان 1402)

The genesis of modern humanities and social sciences in the Western world is the product of a historical process that is usually narrated in a break from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The thinkers like Michel Foucault in the order of things: an archaeology of the human sciences or Thomas Kuhn in the structure of scientific revolutions and the like have tried to explain these developments based on archaeological methods or paradigm changes. However, one of the most important perspectives in explaining these historical developments is the relationship between science and religion and explaining these developments based on the religious and transcendent view. In this article, using the basic methodology, we will try with attention to the "epistemological" contexts affecting the formation of these scientific theories in the Western world, study the process of genesis of these sciences in relation to the evolution of metaphysical meaning from its traditional form to its modern form, especially in Kant and sociological thinkers. Given the emphasis on the relationship between science and religion in this narrative, this article can be an introduction to the reflections of Islamic humanities.

Despite the significant increase in pilgrimages, there are ongoing disputes between academic researchers, religious, political and administrative authorities in Iran and around the world concerning the potential threat of market and other forms of tourism to pilgrimage. This paper aims to address a critical question: Has the development of tourism businesses and leisure attractions, such as modern accommodations, commercial complexes, and recreational businesses in Mashhad, led to the erosion of Mashhad’s pilgrimage identity? Moreover, could it potentially affect the drive and decisions of individuals visiting Mashhad? By conducting interviews with 23 Iranian professionals and researchers in relevant fields, their expertise and insights were incorporated into this research. Experts' perspectives were analyzed using thematic analysis. These expert opinions were compared with the evidence from empirical research and the viewpoints of theorists in this domain. The conclusion highlights several key points: (1) The physical and aesthetic coherence between the shrine of Imam Reza and its neighboring district is a crucial factor to consider, but an inflexible stance on pilgrimage and pilgrims may not reflect the current realities. (2) Rather than a decrease, there is a noticeable growth in the diversity of religious actors and pilgrims. (3) In the development of commercial and recreational businesses in Mashhad, most experts advised following a functionalist approach. (4) Several specialists perceived the dispute between pilgrimage and tourism ideologies as political, underscoring Mashhad's core identity as a pilgrimage site and its competitive advantage over other destinations. As a result, the pilgrimage identity of Mashhad was thought to be unaffected by the development of tourism and leisure businesses.

The issue of alienation as a trauma and crisis not only targets human identity and takes him away from the path of perfection, but also threatens human health and causes psychological distress, uncertainty about the future, emptiness, disintegration of beliefs, powerlessness and identity crisis. The aim of this study is to identify the effective factors and markers in the formation of the phenomenon of cultural alienation. For this purpose, using criterion sampling, 18 people (5 males and 13 females) of Tehran university students were selected and interviewed individually in the form of e-mail, telephone and virtual mobile networks. In the fourteenth interview, theoretical data saturation was obtained, but in order to validate the findings, the interviews were continued up to the eighteenth person. Data analysis was performed using Colizzi’s seven-step strategy. In order to increase "accuracy", "reliability" and "verifiability", comments were sent to the participants, sufficient evidence was provided about the phenomenon and sufficient details of the data collection and analysis process were used. Consecutive reviews of the interviews identified three themes: "individual", "family" and "social", 14 sub-themes and 46 indicators and finally, the identified factors were discussed and solutions to improve the current situation were presented. Considering that the phenomenon of cultural alienation and the investigation of its causes among students who are on the verge of entering a new period of life and work environment have received less attention, an effort was made to present ways to prevent or reduce this phenomenon and Its consequences.

Organizational culture is a tool to achieve the desired goals of the organization and as long as people are successful in their organization, it indicates the worthy culture of the organization. For this purpose, the aim of the leading research is to combine the levels of organizational culture. In this regard, the meta-Analyses method is a qualitative approach that analyzes the components of organizational culture in the form of 7 stages in the period from 1996 to 2020. Findings in three sections of conceptual components, organizational culture models and organizational culture levels, according to the 12 identified patterns; McQueen, Maciag, Yazici and Karabag, Boichuk and Fast, Schein, Dauber, Fink and Yolles, Cameron and Quinnو Bergquist and Pawlak, Rao, Hofstede, Peterson & White, and McConnie are presented. The results show the application of each of these models in the field of practice. Also, four levels of products include: strategy, decision structures, organizational structures, accountability metrics, financing mechanisms, organizational climate, recruitment and acceptance mechanisms; Levels values include educational norms and anomalies, research norms and anomalies, as well as administrative and executive norms and anomalies; Level of beliefs: Scientific traditions, executive traditions and in the last level, symbols were recognized as patterns. Therefore, the practical suggestions of this research can be used in universities and higher education institutions.

In the liberal school of education, the factor of indoctrination with a disturbance in critical thinking and a deficiency in the power of rationality leads to the loss of intellectual autonomy and the independence of the student's personality. In this approach, instructional education, relying on the authority of the teacher and the educational institution, seeks to instill specific moral, political, and religious teachings in the student's mind. Hence, indoctrination is the boundary between good and bad education. But is indoctrination completely negative and inappropriate? Does liberal education itself have the characteristics of inductive education? This qualitative research with the method of conceptual analysis seeks to understand the nature of indoctrination in the discourse of liberal education. The research claims that the discourse of liberal education is not justified in indoctrinating other forms of education. Because first of all, indoctrination is appropriate and even necessary in some times and educational and ideological subjects. Second, the realization of components such as the development of rationality and critical thinking, and autonomy in an ideal and absolute way in education is not possible or even appropriate. Third, liberal education itself, by supporting the sources of power and authority of the hidden curriculum, seeks to instill a special doctrine of scientific objectivism in the educational process, and therefore its criticisms of other forms of education have a kind of self-referential nature. Therefore, emptying the space of education and training of moral values and religious teachings is a wrong and dangerous thing.

It is essential that the judiciary has tools which enable them to strategically – culturally manage architecture of its buildings. Indicators of Iranian-Islamic architecture as the vital basis of culture can be one of the most important of these tools. In this regard, an efficient pattern with regard to Iranian-Islamic culture in judicial architecture is imperative. In this research, the components of the Iranian-Islamic judicial architecture model have been explained. The research has a qualitative process and Grounded Theory is used to encode data and express models of visual theories. After explaining the basics and concepts surrounding the cultural attachment, Iranian Islamic architecture and shares of these discussion with judicial concepts, the research is complemented by applied approaches to Islamic ideology and cultural attachment approach, then through a questionnaire with a community of elites affiliated with these topics, the titles and attributes were judged. After evaluating the validity of responses in the R Project software, descriptive analysis was performed by factor analysis.In analysis of questionnaire’s factors, factors are in full compliance with basic criteria of research ideology and this is a confirmation of the fact that the indexing is correct. Also, the criterion of justice with the most theoretical adaptation and distinction is the first priority.