Journal of Nano Structures
Volume:13 Issue: 3, Summer 2023

Titanium (Ti) implants are materials that are widely used in dentistry and orthopedics. They have important properties such as corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties, which are suitable for these applications and have given them increasing interest in medical and practical applications. In this research, the sputtered thin films coated medical titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) is an enhancement for the replacement of biological bones and teeth to become more corrosion-resistant and enhance antibacterial properties. The enhancement process was achieved by coating the alloy with materials with good medical application properties. Using a DC reactive sputtering with (300) watts of power sputtered to deposit one layer of TiO2, one layer of TiN, and multilayer film (TiO2/TiN) on Ti6Al4V alloy substrates. The structural properties, surface morphology, and antibacterial tests of the prepared samples were studied. The particles' structural characteristics, arrangement, and distribution were obtained by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscope examinations. The results demonstrated particles of coating layers deposited at a sputtering power of 300 watts having a uniform, homogenous distribution. The results obtained by examining the antibacterial properties of (Ti6Al4V) samples before and after deposition with different types of thin films showed that the highest value of antibacterial properties was multilayer (TiN\TiO2) on Ti6Al4V alloy substrates.

In recent years, bimetallic nanoparticles have gained prominence in medical science due to their biomedical properties. This research aimed to develop an eco-friendly, simple and facile process to synthesizing green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Trachyspermum ammi fruit extract. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, DLS, and TEM. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the synthesized AgNPs and T. ammi extract for five standard bacteria strains were determined by the broth microdilution method. The obtained AgNPs exhibited Surface Plasmon Resonance centered at approximately 415 nm, with an average particle size calculated to be 50 nm. The mean particle size and surface charge of biosynthesized AgNPs using T. ammi extract investigated by DLS and zeta potential were 26.78±1.24 nm and -13.96 mV, respectively. Furthermore, green synthesized AgNPs showed high and efficient antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, K. pneumonia ATCC 9997, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 with MIC values of 19, 19.5, 75, 150, and 39 µg/ml, respectively. Notably, the antibacterial results illustrated that green synthesized AgNPs possess significantly higher antibacterial potency than chemically produced silver nanoparticles. Our findings highlight the effective and efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles by T. ammi fruit extract and its significant antibacterial activities.

The enhancement of solar cell efficiency, is required to use materials of a good electrical properties. In this work, the graphene quantum dots (GQD) created from starch as precursor has been performed in single pot using a hydrothermal process. The TiO2/GQD nano-composite was prepared using an in-depth ultrasonic technique to use as a semiconductor in a solar cell. The investigated using techniques such as: FT-IR, FE-SEM, XRD, Raman spectrum. Additionally, the synthesis and the characterization of novel porphyrin derivatives with amide, were designed as sensitizers in dye-synthesized solar cells (DSSCs). Five derivatives were synthesized via a one-pot reaction of porphyrin with amines, and their optimal yield was obtained under various conditions. The synthesized dyes were characterized using techniques such as melting point analysis, mass spectroscopy, FT-IR, 1H,13C-NMR and ESI-Mass. The obtained results demonstrated that the 6b dye exhibited with the high efficiency of 1.86 % at AM 1.5, followed by 6a with 1.82 %, 8a with 1.34 %, and 8b with 1.14 %, as compared to the control cell (N719) with an efficiency of 5.4 %.

Everyday growth of the application of Graphene, Graphene oxide, and other materials based on graphene causes a huge demand for finding commercial and straightforward methods for synthesizing this valuable compound. Today, there are several laboratory methods for synthesizing graphene oxide nanosheets that researchers around the world use. The ability to produce on a large scale and industrially with many of these methods is a significant challenge due to the use of expensive raw materials or the production of toxic substances in the production process. The presence of these poisonous substances in the production cycle creates environmental issues. This study aimed to find an easy and inexpensive way to produce graphene oxide on an industrial scale that does not produce toxic substances, or the amount of their occurrence is minimal during the production process. In this study, graphene oxide nanosheets have been synthesized successfully by a straightforward and nontoxic method that produces no hazardous materials during the synthesizing process. The samples were analyzed using several techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Comparing the results with the other researchers’ works confirmed synthesizing high-quality graphene oxide nanosheets. Due to the simple and environment-friendly method, which produces no hazardous materials during the production process, the method may quickly develop for the commercial production of graphene oxide. In other words, the research proposes a new and ideal method for large-scale synthesizing graphene oxide nanosheets for commercial purposes with the lowest environmental issues.

This study aimed to investigate the potential hepatotoxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on neonatal NMRI mice through maternal milk exposure. A total of 20 postpartum dams were divided into two groups: the experimental group received 30 mg/kg of TiO2 NPs, while the control group received deionized water for 14 days. The offspring were analyzed for oxidative stress markers, bioaccumulation, and histopathological changes in hepatic tissues. The results showed no significant difference in body weight or liver-to-body weight ratio between the treatment and control groups. However, oxidative stress was evident in the treatment group, with a significant reduction in glutathione (GSH) levels (0.8 µmol/g tissue, p<0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (3.68 u/g tissue, p<0.05), compared to the control group. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicative of lipid peroxidation, were significantly higher in the treatment group (96 nmol/g tissue, p<0.001). TiO2 content was markedly increased in the treatment group’s liver (22.4 ng/g tissue, p<0.001) and stomach milk (41.6 ng/g tissue, p<0.001), suggesting bioaccumulation. Histological analysis revealed pronounced tissue degeneration and vascular changes in the treatment group’s hepatic tissues, contrasting with the normal histology observed in the control group. These findings indicate that maternal ingestion of TiO2 NPs can lead to oxidative stress and potential hepatotoxicity in neonatal mice, with significant implications for environmental and consumer product safety regulations.

This study investigates the comparative effects of maple syrup and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on blood biochemical indicators in female albino rats with induced kidney stone disease. Maple syrup, rich in antioxidants, and AuNPs, known for their biomedical applications, were evaluated for their potential therapeutic benefits or risks in renal health. Twenty sexually mature female albino rats were divided into five groups, including two control groups and three treatment groups. The treatment groups received varying concentrations of ethylene glycol to induce kidney stones, with or without maple syrup or AuNPs. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and albumin levels were measured, along with urinary oxalate and calcium concentrations. The group treated with maple syrup plus 100 mg/kg ethylene glycol showed a significant decrease in blood urea nitrogen levels compared to the negative control group (p<0.05), and a marked reduction in urinary oxalate and calcium levels (p<0.001). Conversely, the group treated with maple syrup plus 200 mg/kg ethylene glycol and AuNPs did not exhibit significant differences from the negative control. These findings suggest that maple syrup, particularly at lower concentrations of ethylene glycol, may have protective effects against kidney stone pathology, potentially due to its antioxidant properties. However, further research is needed to understand the implications of AuNPs and higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in such treatments.

In this research two methods were used for the co-precipitation synthesis of tin oxide NPs, the first was by the chemical synthesis using the CTAB surfactant and the second was the green synthesis employing Teucrium polium plant as the surfactant. The structure of the NPs was identified by the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). Also, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to recognition of morphology of the NPs. And for determining the functional groups of the particles, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was applied and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) was used for the analysis of the optical properties of the NPs. Debye Scherer formula was used to estimate the average size of the crystallites which was evaluated about 10nm and 17nm for the green and chemical synthesis respectively. The SEM images revealed that the size of the NPs for the green synthesis was 15-20nm and for the chemical synthesis the NPs, the size was approximately 20-30nm. The FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of the functional groups expected for the both methods. The maximum intensity in Pl profile appeared at wavelength around 398nm both for the green and chemical syntheses. Antibacterial analysis showed that they had a huge impact on pathogenic bacterial species. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of tin oxide NPs (MIC) for standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 are 13.16±0.28µg/ml and 6.41±0.38 C, respectively.

The “drop casting” and “spin-coating” techniques are frequently utilized to manufacture nanostructure materials like TiO2, in which the modifying layer comprises nanoparticles (NPs). The study aims to use spin-coating and drop-casting techniques to deposit highly uniform and good adhesion nanoparticles. TiO2 NPs have been successfully deposited using the spin-coating technique which has smoother films with discernible crystallinity used for antibacterial activity. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of TiO2 NPs prepared through drop-casting and spin-coating techniques were studied using XRD, SEM, AFM, and UV-Vis, respectively. XRD patterns of TiO2 NPs which were prepared by drop-casting and spin-coating techniques and the solution prepared with concentrations of (60,120) g/L was the monoclinic phase of TiO2 nanoparticle. The average crystalline size was increased with increasing concentrations. The films have a smooth surface, a high density, and excellent adhesion to the glass substrate, according to SEM and AFM’s observation of the images. Additionally, because of the growth in particle size and increasing solution concentrations, the surface roughness for synthesized samples increased. UV-Vis illustrated the allowed direct electronic transition and the value of band gaps increased with increasing concentrations of TiO2 NPs. Finally, all the modification characterizations via the spin-coating technique contribute to knowing the effect of TiO2 NPs concentrations on the antimicrobial activity which was increased with increasing NPs concentration.

Nanotechnology is a branch of science and engineering that involves the manipulation, production, and design of materials and devices at a nanoscale level. The prefix "nano" represents one billionth of a meter, and at this size, the physical and chemical characteristics of materials can be distinct from those of larger objects. This can result in new properties that can be exploited for a variety of uses. In recent times, biological methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles have become popular because they offer several advantages over traditional chemical and physical processes. One significant benefit is that biological approaches use less energy and time. Additionally, they are environmentally friendly because they do not use toxic solvents or dangerous materials. In this experiment, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using Achillea wilhelmsii extract as the reducing agent. 40 mL of Achillea Wilhelmsii extract was gradually added to 60 mL of zinc nitrate solution with a concentration of 1 M. Spectrophotometric analysis of the solution revealed an absorption maximum at 370 nm, signaling the existence of ZnO NPs. Scanning Electron Microscopy, or SEM analysis showed the nanoparticles to have a spherical morphology with diameter ranging from 38-60 nm. Particle Size Analysis (PSA) showed that the nanoparticles were between 35 and 218 nm in size. This study demonstrated that it is possible to create ZnO NPs using a safe biological process that does not require the use of hazardous chemicals.

One of the most common human diseases is tooth decay, which is caused by several factors. Members of the group Streptococcus mutans have been identified as the leading causes of plaque formation and tooth decay. This examine aimed to optimize the inexperienced synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles through Bacillus sp. in opposition to Streptococcus mutans biofilm. For this purpose, nine experiments had been designed the usage of the Taguchi method. Meanwhile, the consequences of 3 factors, manganese acetate, glucose, and incubation time, had been investigated at 3 levels. The effects confirmed that the nanoparticles synthesized in experimental situations nine containing 1 mg/ml manganese acetate, eight mg/ml glucose, and seventy two h of incubation time had the best antibacterial interest in opposition to Streptococcus mutans. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles become completed through UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), subject emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray power diffraction spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects acquired from the evaluation of checks performed, consisting of crystal shape and fuzzy identification, appearance, and length of nanoparticles, evaluation of chemical properties, showed the premiere situations for nanoparticle synthesis. The average size of nanoparticles synthesized using field scanning electron microscope image was determined to be 19 nm. This study showed that manganese oxide nanoparticles produced by the green synthesis method have optimal antibacterial effects against dental biofilms that cause tooth decay.

Lysozyme amyloid aggregation is associated with vascular dementia and other disorders. However, conventional therapies are limited by the blood-brain barrier. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could modulate amyloid aggregation and provide a novel therapeutic approach. We investigated the effect of AuNPs on lysozyme amyloid formation of Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL). We incubated lysozyme (3 mg/ml) in 60 mM glycine buffer (pH 2.8) at 61oC with gentle shaking to induce amyloid formation. We used various techniques to assess the impact of AuNPs (5-50 µg/ml) on lysozyme amyloid accumulation. We performed independent t-test and SPSS 23.0 software for data analysis. AuNPs inhibited lysozyme amyloid aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. The lowest concentration (5 µg/ml) was the most effective, as it significantly increased the lag phase and decreased the growth phase of amyloid formation, and also reduced the cytotoxicity of amyloid aggregates on cell viability. Our results suggest that AuNPs act as nano-chaperones and prevent lysozyme amyloid fibril formation, and thus they may have therapeutic potential for vascular dementia treatment.

One of the most difficult problems of elimination colors from industrial effluent utilizing visible-light. Due to its small bandgap, vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is receiving a lot of attention as a potential visible light for the breakdown of organic contaminants. However, the V2O5 catalyst’s quick electron-hole pair recombination restricts its use in photo-degradation. The performance of V2O5 as a photo catalyst can be enhanced by interacting with other semiconductors. In this study, we used a hydrothermal approach to prepare V2O5/ZnO nanocomposites. Using characterization methods like (FE-SEM), (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), the physical characteristics of the as-synthesised products were investigated. The creation of pure ZnO, V2O5 nanoparticles and the presence of diffraction peaks associated with the hexagonal phase of ZnO, orthorhombic V2O5 were both confirmed by the XRD data. The Scherer equation was used to analyze the variance in structural characteristics. The nanocomposite’s computed energy bandgap (2.63 eV) from UV-vis spectroscopy suggested that it might be used as a photo catalyst under a UV-visible light. The ZnO/V2O5 nanocomposite production was also confirmed by FTIR spectra. FE-SEM images revealed spherical and approximately hexagonal shape. The nanocomposite contains Zn, V, and O, according to EDX examination. Photocatalytic degradation of the ZnO/V2O5 nanocomposite to removal GRL dye (59.52%).

This study is concerned with the synthesis and characterization of new Conductive polymer films (3830 µs/cm) poly 6-((1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamoyl) cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid (PDPC) on the surface of low carbon steel electrode (L.C.S), which were synthesized starting from 6-((1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamoyl) cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid (DPC) as a monomer by electropolymerization method. Also, the ability of this polymeric coating to protect the surface from corrosion was tested in a saline solution 3.5% NaCl at various temperatures ranging from (298 to 328)K using a potentiostat that measures the corrosion rate by plotting Tafel lines. The new polymer-nanocomposites were also synthesized by adding nanometal-oxides: Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) or Magnesium oxide (MgO) to the monomer solution to improve the anticorrosion properties of the prepared polymeric films. The functional groups, phase composition, and morphology of the prepared coatings were investigated using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The examination of kinetic and thermodynamic activation parameters  (Ea, A, ΔH*, and ΔS*) showing data results that the activation energies of L.C.S corrosion increased after coating due to the increasing energy barrier for the corrosion process and the best protection efficiency was 90.4 % at 298 K in case of using PDPC-ZrO2 nanocomposite as a coating.

The present work explains the synthesis of [(E)-5-(3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-5-ylidene)-3-phenethyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one] (TMOS-BIRD) to silylate magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), and removal of Co(II) ions. The prepared NPs were characterized by FTIR analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the birhodanine content of the prepared nano-particles (NPs) was obtained as 48 mg g-1. The capability of MNP@BIRD for removal of Co(II) cations was shown investigated under the optimal conditions of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage and initial Co(II) concentration. The results declared that the adsorption kinetics obeys pseudo-first-order kinetics while fitting of the adsorption data into the Langmuir isotherm outlined the maximum adsorption capacity of 6.02 mg g-1. The value was in accordance the experimental value (Qe.exp = 5.36 mg g-1). Thermodynamic investigations unraveled the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process (ΔG = -5.37 kJ mol-1, at 25±1°C). The positive ΔH and ΔS values (ΔH = 30.81 kJ mol-1, ΔS = 123.55 J mol-1.K-1) revealed the endothermic nature of the adsorption process while randomness at the solid/liquid interface is increased during. In addition, the MNP@BIRD Nps were regenerated by simple washing with an aqueous 0.1 M HCl solution. The study of the reusability of the prepared magnetic sorbent revealed that MNP@BIRD NPs can be reused several times without any significant decrease in its extraction efficiency. These findings suggest that the silylated NPs are stable and reusable, and they can be applied to removal of Co(II) cations in water treatment processes.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been explored for their antimicrobial properties and potential in wound healing applications. This study investigates the effect of AgNPs on wound healing in a rabbit model. AgNPs were synthesized using a green synthesis approach and characterized by TEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Excisional wounds penetrating through the full depth of the skin were surgically induced on the ear of 15 New Zealand White rabbits. The specimens were categorized into 3 groups: control (saline), AgNP-low (0.1 mg/mL), and AgNP-high (1 mg/mL). Wound dressings containing the respective treatments were applied daily. The dimensions of the wounds were assessed at four time points: immediately after wound creation (day 0) and on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days post-injury. Histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining for collagen I and III were performed on wound tissue samples. AgNPs were successfully synthesized, with an average size of 15 nm. Wound closure in the groups treated with AgNP was noticeably quicker when contrasted with the control group. On day 14, the AgNP-high group showed the highest percentage of wound closure (95.2±2.1%), followed by the AgNP-low group (88.7±3.5%) and control (76.4±4.2%). Histological analysis revealed enhanced re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and neovascularization in the AgNP-treated groups. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated increased manifestation of collagen I and III in the AgNP groups. The use of AgNPs in a rabbit wound healing model demonstrated significant improvements across multiple parameters, including expedited wound closure, more efficient re-epithelialization, and a notable increase in collagen synthesis and deposition. This evidence implies that AgNPs have the potential to be used as a medicinal aid for enhanced wound healing. Additional research is required to clarify the fundamental processes and optimize the AgNP formulation for clinical applications.

In this research, removal of Rhodamine B (RB) dye from aqueous samples was investigated by a new Ni (II) based metal-organic framework (MOF) synthesized named [Ni(II) L]n [where L= 4, 4′-diamino diphenyl sulfone] (Ni- MOF). These materials were fully characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), TGA/DTG and X-ray diffraction (XRD). WE used response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) to study the effects of four various parameters including dye concentration, MOF dosage, contact time and pH on the process of adsorption. The optimal condition for removal of RB was achieved for pH=9, 0.063 g of MOF for 25 mL of 16.06 mg/lit dye concentration and contact time of 39 minutes. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data were fitted with the Langmuir monolayerisotherm model (qmax=163.66 mg/g and R2= 0.9827) and like pseudo second-order kinetics mechanism (R2=0.992). 
isotherm model (qmax=163.66 mg/g and R2= 0.9827) and like pseudo second-order kinetics mechanism (R2=0.992).

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are a promising class of compounds that can enhance contrast in MRI scans due to their superparamagnetic properties. This study evaluates the efficacy of dextran-coated IONPs as T2 contrast agents for MRI in a rabbit model. IONPs were prepared through a co-precipitation process and coated with a layer of dextran. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as TEM, VSM, and XRD. New Zealand White rabbits (n=6) were used for in vivo MRI studies. IONPs (10 mg Fe/kg) were administered intravenously, and MRI scans (T1- and T2-weighted) were taken at baseline and various intervals (1, 4, and 24 h) after IONP administration. Signal intensity changes and contrast enhancement were analyzed in the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The IONPs showed significant signal intensity changes and contrast enhancement in the liver and spleen, with the maximum enhancement observed at 4 hours post-injection.. MRI scans revealed significant signal intensity changes and contrast enhancement in the liver, spleen, and kidneys after IONP administration. Maximum contrast enhancement was observed at 4 h post-injection, with a 60 ± 8% reduction in T2 signal intensity in the liver and a 45 ± 7% reduction in the spleen. The contrast enhancement persisted up to 24 h in the liver and spleen, while the kidneys showed lower contrast enhancement and rapid clearance of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles demonstrated effective T2 contrast enhancement in rabbit MRI, making them suitable for long-term imaging studies. However, the rapid clearance from the kidneys may limit their application for kidney imaging.

Gas sensors are essential for protecting humans against hazardous gases such as flammable and toxic gases. Unlike traditional gas sensors, MXenes gas sensors act at room temperature, Which is a good advantage. In this work Reactive molecular dynamics simulation calculations were run through the canonical ensemble calculation method with the Nosé Hoover thermostat temperature controller at T=298 K and the dynamic condition of the simulation was based on the popular Verlet algorithm with a time step of  0.01 fs and conducted MD simulation for 0.3 ns.  the ReaxFF force field allowed atoms to break and form bonds with other atoms during the simulation, So it is a powerful force field. Adsorption of the CO and CO2 pollution gas molecules by Ti2C monolayer and nanotube was investigated and adsorption weight percentages were reported. Results show that Ti2C monolayer, and nanotube, have more adsorbed weight percentage against CO2 pollution gas molecules than CO one, and two gases have more affinity to the Ti2C monolayer than Ti2C nanotube.

Synthesis and investigation of a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose grafting poly (acrylic acid) hydrogel (NaCMC-g-pAAc) and a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose grafting poly (acrylic acid)/carboxylic multiwalled carbon nanotubes hydrogel nanocomposite (NaCMC-g-pAAc\COOH-MWCNTs nanocomposite hydrogel) as malachite green (MG) dye adsorbents was undertaken in this study. The grafting reaction integrated a certain weight of oxidized COOH-MWCNTs into the hydrogel matrix through the copolymerization of acrylic acid AAC onto sodium carboxymethyl cellulose ( NaCMC). The resulting optimal hydrogel, with its maximum swelling capacity, was further combined with oxidized MWCNTs to form NaCMC-g-pAAc\COOH-MWCNTs, displaying a swelling capacity peak of 1800% at pH 7.0. The NaCMC-g-pAAc and NaCMC-g-pAAc\COOH-MWCNTs’ structure, thermal stability, and morphology were characterized utilizing techniques such as fourier transform infrared (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), TGA, and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Batch-wise investigations of the effects of pH, equilibrium time, weight, and salt on MG dye adsorption were conducted. Adsorbent’s negatively charged groups (COOH) were generated at an optimal pH 7, which established a strong interaction with MG’s positive charges, reaching adsorption equilibrium in 120 min. The adsorption potential of the NaCMC-g-PAA/COOH-MWCNTs hydrogel nanocomposite for MG was remarkably high, recorded at 198.8173 mg/g at 25°C. A suitable match for the dye adsorption data was found to be provided by both the pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich model.

Samples were collected from Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate - Iraq , period from April 1, 2023 to June 1, 2023. Bacterial samples were collected from wounds and burns, then they were diagnosed using (Vitek-2 compact system- Biomerieux-France), then all the collected bacterial species were tested to produce selenium nanoparticles and the best bacteria capable of producing them were selected. Subsequent steps included characterization of nanoparticles using advanced techniques (Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIR), Microscopy (FESEM)  X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and  UV-visible spectrophotometry. After successful characterization of the nanoparticles, their biological efficacy and toxicological effects were evaluated.  The synthesis process involved incubation, centrifugation, and purification. The anticancer activity of SeNPs was evaluated using the MCF-7 cell line. Cytotoxicity was assessed through the MTT cell viability assay. The AFM measured sizes (10.00 x 10.00 µm, 3.054 x 3.054 µm, 1.135 x 1.135 µm) and showed the surface roughness. FTIR showed peaks at 3749.10, 3454.98, 2926.67, 23 71.95, 632.69, and 451.77 cm-¹, indicating vibrations of the functional group. The FESEM results indicated spherical structures and irregular shapes. XRD data revealed the diffraction of the crystal lattice. The intensity indicated a high degree of crystallinity, and UV-visible spectrophotometry showed maximum absorption at 310 nm (0.70). SeNP-treated cells exhibited remarkable growth inhibition rates, with percentages ranging from 38.1% at the lowest concentration (6.25 µg/ml) to an impressive 89.3% at the highest concentration (100 µg/ml). Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of these differences(LCD= 1.091). The investigation into the anti-cancer activity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) against breast cancer cells MCS.7, as detailed in Table 1, provides valuable insights into their inhibitory effects. The concentration-dependent response is evident, with increasing concentrations of SeNPs correlating with higher inhibitory percentages. At the lowest concentration of 6.25 µg/ml, a modest inhibition rate of 38.1±0.12% is observed, which significantly escalates to 89.3±1.13% at the highest concentration of 100 µg/ml. The statistical significance, as indicated by the LSD value of least significant difference (1.091). The current study concluded that SeNPs have the ability to inhibit the spread of cancer and that it is dose dependent, as the inhibition increases with increasing dose and the effect is selective for cancer cells without affecting healthy cells, indicating the potential benefit of SNPs in inhibiting cancer.

For the first time, the application of CeVO4:Dy3+ luminescent film as down converter for efficiency enhancement in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) was studied through two ways, inside and outside the DSSC in order to increase the sun light harvesting and achieving increased DSSC efficiency. CeVO4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by hydrothermal method at various reaction times and temperatures and then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The CeVO4:Dy3+ NPs with different molar ratios of Dy3+ ion were synthesized and characterized by PL spectroscopy. Photoelectrodes (PEs) of DSSC were produced by electrophoresis deposition (EPD). A film of these luminescent NPs on the back surface of the PE of DSSC resulted in increased DSSC efficiency by 8.05% compared to that of the cell based on uncoated photoelectrode, while using them as precursor in preparation PE improved the cells efficiency by 5.56%. The improvement can be attributed to the down conversion effect of CeVO4:Dy3+ nanoparticles.

The new novel Oxadiazole derivatives linked to Indole moiety were prepared, and biological screened for the anti-microbial activities. These compounds (3) and (4) were obtained from many series reactions. Four steps reaction procedure was utilized that start with the first step included simple method of synthesis 2-(2-chloroacetyl) hydrazinecarbothioamide (1) from refluxing equal moles  from thiosemicarbazide and chloroacetylchloride. Compound (1) was used as the starting substance for preparing new 2-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl)hydrazinecarbo thioamide (2) via a refluxing with Indole by using anhydrous Na2CO3 in Ethanol as a solvent. On the other hand, new Oxadiazole derivative (3) was prepared via a cyclization method of compound [2] in H2SO4. The new synthetic schiff base (4) was synthesized via condensation reaction of compound (3)  with substituted aromatic aldehyde in ethanol. Finally, the new nanocomposites based Indole moiety and oxadiazole ring coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by using silver nitrate with the final oxadiazole derivative(4). All prepared compounds and chemical structure were proved by FTIR, 1HNMR spectroscopy and colloidal (Ag NPs) it has been confirmed by XRD,SEM ,UV-Vis. Also the antimicrobial screening of the synthesized compounds against two resistant pathogenic bacteria (G+) Staphylococcus aureus , E. coli(G-) and P. aeruginosa(G-) was examined in vitro comparable with ampicillin and  cefaxim as standard antibiotic, and they exhibited positive result.

Multilayer graphene was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition from mixture of naphthalene/ methanol with ratios (1.5 g: 100 m L) respectively at ambient pressure and nitrogen as carrier gas with two different flow at 700 °C. The active sites for growth was Ferrocene with thickness reach to125 μm. The product was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis. The analysis shows that high flow of carrier gas (250 cm3/min) was succeeded to produce graphene multilayers while the ether (100 cm3/min) witnessed many tubular structure in addition to graphene layers.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have shown promise in bone tissue engineering applications due to their osteogenic properties. The purpose of this research was to analyze how varying doses of ZnO NPs modulate the in vitro rats bone marrow-sourced mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergoing osteogenic conversion (OD). Sol-gel technique was employed to synthesize ZnO NPs, which were then analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and TEM. MSCs obtained from rat bone marrow were maintained in osteogenic medium containing ZnO NPs at 0, 10, 25, and 50 μg/mL concentrations. Assessment of cell viability was carried out using the MTT assay. OD was assessed by analyzing osteogenic marker gene expression (Runx2, OSX, and OCN), calcium deposition, and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, using real-time PCR. ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized and characterized, exhibiting a rod-shaped morphology with an average length of 50 nm. ZnO NPs at concentrations up to 25 μg/mL did not significantly affect cell viability. Calcium deposition and ALP activity were significantly enhanced in MSCs exposed to ZnO NPs at 10 and 25 μg/mL concentrations relative to the control. The expression of OCN, OSX, and Runx2 was significantly upregulated in a manner that is dependent on the dosage in ZnO NP-treated MSCs, with the highest expression levels observed at 25 μg/mL. ZnO NPs at concentrations up to 25 μg/mL enhance the OD of rat bone marrow-derived MSCs in vitro, as demonstrated by the escalation in calcium deposition, ALP activity, and upregulation of osteogenic marker genes. These findings indicate that ZnO NPs could serve as a promising bioactive agent in bone tissue engineering scaffolds to promote bone regeneration. To better understand the fundamental mechanisms and assess the in vivo performance of scaffolds containing ZnO NPs, further investigations are necessary.

In this research, a new triplex catalyst of magnesium ferrite-graphene oxide-copper sulfide (MgFe2O4-GO-CuS) was synthesized for degradation of three various azo dyes Methyl orange, Methyl Red and Eriochrome Black-T under ultra-violet illumination. All three components have synergistic effect in photo-catalytic activities. In this work, magnesium ferrite as a suitable magnetic core, was synthesized by helping hydrothermal method and the graphene oxide sheets were prepared with Hummer’s method. On the other hand, these components were mixed with the help of ball milling procedure and ultra sound waves. Finally, CuS nanostructures were coated on the MgFe2O4-GO applying hydrothermal method. To specify the morphology, structure, particle size, purity, bandgap, and bonds were employed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The experimental conclusions determined that the MgFe2O4-GO-CuS nanocomposites were successfully synthesized and had a beneficial effect on the elimination of azo dyes.Keywords: Graphene oxide, Photocatalyst, Nanocomposites, copper sulfide, magnesium ferrite.

In this study, synthesis of polymer Nanocomposites through the blending of prepared polymers with polyvinyl alcohol (a synthetic polymer) or chitosan (a natural polymer) then mixed with nano oxide silica by many steps. The new compound [I] was obtained via reaction of 3,3’-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,4’-diamine as starting material with malic anhydride in DMF then treatment with ammonium persulfate (NH4)2S2O8 (as the initiator) in order to produce polymer [II]. Also, we prepared new polymers [III-V] by using the same starting material (3,3’-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,4’-diamine) with glutaric acid or adipic acid or isophthalic acid in DMF and pyridine. In this study, new polymer blending [VI-IX] and [X-XIII] were synthesized from a prepared polymer [II-V] mixed with different polymers [polyvinyl alcohol (a synthetic polymer) or chitosan (a natural polymer), respectively. Then it was mixed with silica nanoparticles to produce newly nanocomposites [XIV-XVIII] and study their effect on two types of bacteria then compare with Amoxilline as antibiotic drug. The anticancer activity human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) of some prepared polymers were also studied and compare with normal cell line Rat Embryonic Fibroblasts(REF).

In this study, crystalline nanoparticles of ferrite compound with the formula of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 have been synthesized and deposited on the Si substrate by a physical method known as Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) method. The physicochemical properties and microstructure of the resultant Zn/Ni ferrite-deposited thin films were investigated using different characterization techniques including XRD, SEM, AFM and FTIR techniques. Uniform and evenly distributed nanoparticles on the Si surface were observed in SEM and AFM analysis. Moreover, the morphological studies revealed that the deposited-nanoparticles grains are clear with well-defined grain boundaries. Some droplet and cluster aggregates were also observed in morphological analysis, which are related to the sample ablation during PLD process due to incomplete elimination of target splashing. The FTIR spectra showed the characteristic chemical bands of the materials used for the fabrication of nanoparticles and thin films. The single-phase cubic spinel structure of samples has been confirmed from X-ray diffraction analysis.

The aim of this work is to prepare magnetic, photocatalyst and antibacterial CoFe2O4-Au nanocomposites. Aromatic dyes such as methyl orange and acid black were selected as control dyes and the results showed that were destroyed by ultraviolet light and in the presence of nanocomposites. Also, to control the non-growth and penetration of bacteria, the disk diffusion test was used against coliform, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas bacteria (which can be very dangerous). Related to biological risks for organisms, magnetic nanostructures are less dangerous due to their controllability. Therefore, the possible risks of entering the cell membrane and being uncontrollable are ruled out. In the first step, the magnetic core of cobalt ferrite with magnetization of 44 emu/g and magnetic coercivity of 20 Orsted was prepared. In the next step, gold nanoparticles were coated on the magnetic cores using the sono-chemical method. Scanning electron microscope, along with other common spectroscopic methods, examines the dimensions of nanocomposites.

In this research, the silver nanoparticles were prepared using Nd: YAG laser ablation in liquid (PLAL). with five laser energies that (160, 300 ,460, 600 and 760) mJ.It is a physical method based work on the principle of dividing metal ions into metal atoms, the following tests were showed on the silver nanoparticles was XRD diffraction, UV- Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope(TEM). XRD diffraction that observed the silver nanoparticles was face-centered cubic (fcc) , UV- Visible spectroscopy that observed the best silver nanoparticles in 600 Jm that have the highest absorbance. And it the best sample. TEM show that the particle size of sample 600 mJ (20)nm with spherical shape good dispersion of the prepared sample . For the antibacterial activity, applied of silver nanoparticles on two types of bacteria gram-positive bacteria taphylococcu and gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella , to study the extent of their effect on these bacteria, silver nanoparticles proved to be very effective in killing the two types of bacteria.

Tellurium oxide nanoparticles (TeO2NPs) and graphene nanosheets ( GNS ) were synthesized using a Q-Switched Nd-YAG Pulsed Laser in Liquid ( PLAL) with a wavelength of 1064 nm, number of pulses 500, an energy per pulse of 80 mJ, a frequency of 6 Hz, and a pulse duration of 10 nsec. X-ray diffraction, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX, and UV-Vis Spectroscopy were all used to analyze TeO2NPs and GNS. TeNPs were produced with a crystallite size of 39.6 nm. All of the reflections peaks can be indexed on a tetragonal α-TeO2. XRD results show obtaining graphene nanosheet (GNS) from graphite using pulsed laser ablation in liquid. SEM results showed that spherical nanoparticles were obtained, and it was noted that there were some agglomerates with an average particle size of 65 nm. This is for TeO2NPs, as for graphene, it was observed that graphene sheets were obtained. EDX results showed the presence of some impurities in the samples prepared for TeO2NPs and GND. The results of FTIR showed that there is an absorption band at 561.5 cm1 for TeO2NPs and 1643 cm-1 for graphene, respectively. The UV-visible spectroscopy results showed that there is a peak absorption at 292 nm with an energy gap of 1.4 eV for TeO2NPs and 266 nm for graphene sheet, respectively. The adsorption results showed that graphene sheets have a high ability to adsorb methylene blue dye (MB) with an efficiency of up to 68.7% at the time of 15 seconds, while TeNPs enhanced the absorption in the visible region, and this indicates the possibility of using TeNPs with MB dye mixture in the manufacture of solar cells.