فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 76، زمستان 1402)

The need to spend time in public spaces is essential for all citizens, regardless of gender, age, income level, job, etc. The presence of women in the urban space has not only physical and psychological benefits for them but also can provide society with their supporting role. The present research is aimed at evaluating and comparing the status of the accessibility of urban public spaces for women. The case study of the research is the city of Semnan, which consists of three districts, and one neighborhood in each district will be investigated.

The approach used in the research is of descriptive-analytical type, and statistical methods and multiple linear regression have been used in five steps to evaluate the accessibility of urban space in these three neighborhoods.

The results of the research show that the “Farhangian” neighborhood in the third district has the best situation in terms of the accessibility of urban space for women. “Choub Masjid” and “Golestan” neighborhoods are the next priorities.

Among the 9 investigated indicators, the component of security in all neighborhoods is the most important indicator of the presence of women in the urban space. Following this index, social factors, environmental pollution, individual factors, access to transportation means, streets, and urban furniture are placed in the next hierarchy in the “Choub Masjed” neighborhood. In the “Golestan” neighborhood, accessibility index and urban furniture are mentioned as the most important factors behind security. In the “Farhangian” neighborhood, after the security component, the access index has created the most significant relationship with the accessibility of the urban space for women.

In the contemporary world, the growing importance of cyberspace and the numerous hazards that have been formed in this virtual ecosystem, have created conditions wherein various organizations and institutions, always seek to maintain and improve security in various areas of cyberspace to carry out their missions successfully. Given this issue, the present research was conducted to analyze cybersecurity communication, focusing on the implementation of filtering and users’ media literacy.

The present research was carried out using a quantitative approach and with an applied purpose, using a survey-type field method. The socio-statistical population includes “FATA police” officers and some lawyers with a high level of expertise and experience in Iran’s judicial system. The sample size includes 25 high-ranking “FATA police” officers and 25 lawyers of the judicial system of Tehran, who were selected using purposeful and judgmental sampling.

The respondents’ perception of applying the maximum filtering policy in Iran shows its failure in improving the security of cyberspace. Also, increasing the level of media literacy among users in its various dimensions and components will improve their security in Iran’s cyberspace.

Given the ineffectiveness of the current filtering policies, we need reforms in the implementation processes of the filtering policy to change the maximum filtering to the minimum level and continuous training of media literacy social skills and its repetition in parallel with the expansion of the use of interactive technologies.

Increasing the police social capital is one of the most important human resources of “Faraja”, and via institutionalizing it in the educational process and during police on the-job-training, it is possible to take steps to realize the development goals of the country. Therefore, in this meta-analytical research, the researcher focused on the factors that enhance the police social capital.

The intended method of this research is the meta-analysis of all scientific research and promotional and scientific-specialized quarterly articles published in Iran from 1380 to 1400, which dealt with the topic of police social capital. From among the total of 46 available articles, 27 articles were meta-analyzed and analyzed using target-oriented sampling. The research tool was the meta-analysis checklist, and the second edition of the comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2) was used to analyze the data of the selected studies. Also, the descriptive statistics methods used in this research included frequency and frequency percentage; and SPSS24 was used for that purpose. 

The results of the meta-analysis indicated that in the examined studies, 20 indicators were identified as factors effective in increasing social capital. The four main categories included process factors (30%), structural factors (26%), management factors (19%) and relational factors (25%). Also, the results indicated that among the variables affecting the police social capital, the variable of cultural context (0.63); flexible internal organizational structure (0.56); Social trust (0.46), and mobilization of resources and facilities (0.44), respectively had the largest effect size. These were the first three variables that increase the police social capital, and via utilizing them, steps could be taken towards the development and progress of the country and reach one of the most important development goals of the country, i.e. security.

Paying attention to process factors, structural factors, management factors, and relational factors, the police could enhance its social capital. Improving the police social capital has an important role in reducing social insecurity feeling, which can be effective in realizing the goals of Iran’s development vision.

Nowadays, exercising citizenship rights has become a popular discourse in all countries, including Iran; but, due to its direct connection with the interests of the government, this fundamental concept has often had a conflicting relationship with the executive processes of providing social security; and causes challenges for the sovereignty institutions, especially the police, as the main guardian of societal security. The present research is aimed at finding solutions and guidelines for balancing “citizenship rights” and “societal security” in police criminal policy. 

Having a strategic nature, and using semi-structured interviews the present research has managed to analyze the obtained data. The elite society includes faculty members of the law department of Amin University of Law Sciences, managers and senior experts of the “Faraja” society active in law and security, and those who were fully acquainted with the research topic. In this field, the researchers used the snowball method and after conducting semi-structured interviews with 30 experts, they achieved theoretical saturation, then the data analysis was done using the qualitative content analysis method.

In the present research, the researchers addressed conflicting examples, and police challenges to resolve these conflicts, and suggested solutions to create a balance between “citizenship rights” and “societal security”.

To establish a balance between the two above-mentioned concepts, the police need to use strategies such as “playing a role in the country’s policies”, “trust building”, “public education and information”, “specialized training of officers and empowering employees”, “fair intelligence” and “dignity institutionalization” in the development of its executive criminal policy.

Police forces are recruited from among people with certain characteristics, and police always seek to further equip officers with suitable characteristics to maintain security. Various issues such as acting in compliance with the law, providing security, and treating people fairly; altogether create trust, which is a capital for maintaining unity in social systems and fostering democratic values. Creating a positive and influential image for this organization is important; because the police need the citizens to accompany it; and establishing order and security without the collaboration of the society members could be difficult. Awareness of the mentality of the individuals in society plays a significant role in police performance, and given the importance of the two concepts of the citizens’ mental model and public trust in the police, the present research has investigated the mutual impacts of these two on each other.

The research is of applied type in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of the research includes people living in Tehran. Using Cochran’s formula for an unlimited population, 384 people were selected as a sample. The research tool included a questionnaire of citizens’ mental patterns and public trust in the police, whose validity and reliability have been confirmed.

The results show that the components of citizens’ mental patterns have a significant impact on public trust in the police, and the component of the security model has the greatest impact on public trust in police, and given the degree of effectiveness in public trust in police, the components are respectively the functional model, ethics and professionalism.

The studied sample has a positive view of the police and the image of the police is neither neutral nor negative. To gain more public trust, the police need to pay attention to the components of citizens’ mental patterns.

The present research aims to investigate the role of the police in urban governance based on ethics (the example of Tabriz metropolis). To maintain its stability and stable security, every political system needs a decent governance in various dimensions, to accelerate the individual and social development of its society. 

The method used in this research is applied in terms of purpose and of the quantitative and survey research type. The statistical population of the research consists of two classes of police managers, deputies, municipalities, universities, and welfare organization. The research sample was based on stratified random sampling and the sample size was estimated to be 162 people using Morgan’s method. The tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire.

According to the characteristic coefficient model, the index of stability and security with a score of 3.00 has the highest elasticity and flexibility with the governance issue. Following that is the responsiveness index, with a score of 1.021, and has stood at the second rank of elasticity and governance’s attraction power. The ethical index with a score of 0.422 is ranked third in explaining governance, which has a positive impact. The efficiency and effectiveness index is ranked fourth with a score of 0.224

The results indicate that among the variables associated with ethics, the highest correlation was observed with variables of positivity (forgiveness), gratitude, supervision over subordinates, and maximum absorption, respectively. Therefore, the most effective way to handle urban desirable governance is training human resources with the characteristics of being popular, religious, and moral, not being aristocratic and wasteful, not being cruel, and not being oppressed. Therefore, the police need to put ethics and religious and Islamic education on their agenda.

The sense of security is one basic aspects of the concept of security, the adverse traffic behavior of motorcycle riders can be effective in reducing the sense of security of citizens in various ways. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of traffic behavior of motorcycle riders on citizens' sense of security.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method, living in the 12th district of Tehran municipality, and the sampling method in this research was a multi-stage cluster sampling method appropriate to the size of the statistical population and the data collection tool, a researcher-made and standard questionnaire whose validity was Through face validity and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.789. For data analysis, path analysis method was used using SmartPLS software and regression using SPSS25 statistical software.

The findings of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between the traffic behavior of motorcyclists and the sense of security, so that84.9% of the changes in the variable of sense of security can be explained through the traffic behavior of motorcyclists. The results of multiple regression showed that the highest explanatory coefficient was the variable of intentional violations by motorcycle riders (0.814) and the least explanatory was the variable of citizens' age (0.019).

Descriptive and inferential statistics showed a significant relationship between the traffic behavior of motorcycle riders and the sense of security of citizens.

Ensuring citizens’ societal security is one of the most important benefits and impacts of lighting in the urban space, which has been noticed and emphasized by urban designers. In this regard, citizens’ security feeling is influenced by the characteristics of urban lighting, which is discussed in this article.

The statistical population of the research includes the passerby citizens of Qom city, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula, and according to the limitations of the research, 384 people were randomly selected as sample. The research questionnaire was developed and distributed among the members of the statistical sample. The research method is quantitative and in a descriptive-analytical process. The resources were collected using the library method and data collection via the field approach. The analysis of data achieved from the questionnaire was made using the statistical tests of confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis in the software environment by SPSS 16.0 and Amos.

While enhancing the fields of vitality and social vitality, substantive lighting can provide citizens with a security feeling. On the other hand, the visibility of the urban space is an issue that should be taken into account due to the influence of the light angle factor, which in most cases, the presence of obstacles such as vegetation may prevent the creation of a visible space, and these factors cause the insecurity feeling. Therefore, in the first place in urban lighting plans it is necessary to pay attention to the priorities of light angle and light intensity, then light color and light temperature.

A high level of societal capital may lead to the improvement of Faraja employees’ job satisfaction quality of professional life and high productivity. Ethical values are the basis of the culture of any organization, the high level of which causes higher commitment, enhancing the quality of services and gaining client satisfaction. One of the substantial strategies of the police force to develop order and security in the country is to promote professional ethics in the organization. The present research attempts to explain the concept of institutionalizing professional ethics among the police forces by using societal capital.

In terms of purpose, the present research is of applied type, and in terms of data collection method, it is of descriptive and survey type. The statistical population includes the employees of Mazandaran police command headquarters. The statistical sample size is 223 people based on Cochran’s sampling method and was estimated and selected through simple randomness. The data collection tool is the standard professional ethics questionnaire of Gregory et al. (1990) and the standard societal capital questionnaire of Nahapit and Ghoshal (1998). The reliability of the questions was evaluated and confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha formula at 0.88 and 0.76, respectively. The resulting data using SPSS in two descriptive and inferential methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, correlation coefficient, multiple regression, and Friedman test) have been analyzed. 

The research findings indicate that professional ethics have a positive and significant impact on societal capital. Also, the results showed that the components of professional ethics including (attachment and interest in work, perseverance and seriousness in work, healthy and human relations at work, collective spirit, and participation in work) have a positive and significant impact on societal capital. According to Friedman's test, the highest mean of dedication is collective spirit and participation in work, followed by healthy and human relations at work, perseverance and seriousness at work, and finally, attachment and interest in work, respectively the highest.  

The results show that increasing the amount of societal capital allows employees to act with the principles and standards of professional ethics in the organization