نشریه بهره برداری و پرورش آبزیان
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1403)

Wetlands are a critical part of our natural environment and they can reduce the impacts of floods, absorb pollutants and improve water quality. This survey was conducted at 7 stations in three international wetlands Alagol, Almagol and Ajigol wetlands between February 2017 and November 2018. Results showed that water quality characteristics are somewhat in good conditions but amount of phosphates, was more than standard in summer at Alagol and in Autumn and winter at Ajigol. In this study, 57 different species (25 Bacillariophta, 12 Chlorophta, 9 Cyanobacteria, 5 Pyrophyta, 3 Euglenophyta and 2 Xanthophyta and Carophyta) were identified. Bacillariophyta was dominant in all seasons, however Cyanophyta in Alagol and Ajigol wetlands and Pyrophyta in Ajigol were dominant in summer. In the study of water quality index (WQI), it was observed thatexcept in summer and autumn in Ajigol wetland in other seasons of the studied wetlands were in good quality. It seems that the Atrak river as the main source of water supply for these wetlands, is the place where high amounts of agricultural and rural effluents are received, which practically enter these wetlands, appropriate management and corrective measures should be taken.

Predictive microbiology is the research field of food microbiologists who try to predict microorganism’s behavior in the food matrix with employing mathematical models. The predictive food microbiology is a diverse research field with various concepts and applications. Predictive microbiology can be considered as a scientific branch of food microbiology that tries to quantify the behavior of microbes in the food environment. This quantitative evaluation can be done in the form of a mathematical equation. A mathematical model is a description of a real system using mathematical equations. The use of predictive microbiology models has a long history in the fisheries and canning industries. In this regard, describing the kinetics of bacterial death with the help of heat and removing Clostridium botulinum is one of the common functions of these models. Although the first predictive models were presented in the 20th century, the great development of this research field has mainly been occurred in the last decades with the emergence of computer software. Various prediction models are able to predict the growth, inactivation and growth probability of bacteria in food under diverse environmental conditions. In this study, three main categories of predictive models (primary, secondary, and tertiary models) are introduced, and the software used in this field is also explained.

Turbidity is significant contributors to declines in populations of aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different levels of water turbidity on the growth performance, immune and antioxidant response of Rutilus caspius. A total number of 360 Caspian roach (with average weight 0.75± 0.052 g) randomly in 4 treatments and 3 repetitions in 12 tanks with concentrations of 0, 250, 500, 1000 mg L−1 (C0, C1, C2 and C3 respectively) was distributed for 40 days. Then the fish were subjected to salinity stress (13 g L-1) for 48 hours. The results showed that water turbidity significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency (P< 0.05). Total immunoglobulin and lysozyme activity in the control had a significant increase compared to other treatments (P< 0.05). Cortisol concentration in turbidity of 500 and 1000 mg SS L−1 (C2 and C3) had a significant increase compared to other experimental treatments (P< 0.05). Water turbidity significantly decreased tissue superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, but increased tissue malondialdehyde concentration (P< 0.05). Based on the obtained results, water turbidity with concentrations of 500, 1000 mg L−1 can reduce the physiological response and resistance of Rutilus caspius against salinity stress.

Black Pomfret (Parastromateus niger) is one of the most important commercial species along the coast of the Oman Sea. In this study, the length frequency, weight, length-girth relationship, infinite length (L_∞) and optimum length were investigated in the coastal waters of Sistan and Baluchistan. Sampling were carried out from November to December 2020. The length range of Black Pomfret was 18-45.40 cm and its optimum length was 29.6 cm. The minimum and maximum weight was 112-1900 g with a mean weight of 396.453 g in Black Pomfret. The length-weight relationship of Black Pomfret was calculated as W= 0.0094TL3.2016. The correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9622. The results showed that the calculated value of b parameter (3.2016), which indicates the natural growth of this species in Oman Sea, is positive allometric. The total length-girth relationship of Black Pomfret was calculated as Gmax=1.0555Gg+1.7124. The correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9247. The L_∞was estimated at 47.3 cm. The length maturity (Lm50) of Black Pomfret was calculated to be 26.6 cm, and 65% of the fish caught were immature and did not have a chance to spawn. With studies and long-term planning of these stocks and the information related to the length frequency, weight, length-weight relationships, length-girth relationships and optimum length can have a great impact on the knowledge of the stocks of these fish and reduce fishing pressure on aquatic resources such as black Pomfret in Sistan and Baluchistan province.

In the present study, the exploitation status of Babylon snail was evaluated by sampling four fishing areas of this species in the north of the Oman Sea (Iran) including Pasabandar, Bris, Pozm and Konarak from September 2021 to September 2022. In order to estimate the amount of catch per month, sampling was done by collecting statistics and information from the landing site, by counting at the place and sampling at the time. The amount of Babylon snail fishing effort and catch indicates that Bris and Pozm stations had the highest and lowest catch rate as well as fishing effort (day-boat) at the time of snail harvest (P < 0.05). The average catch per fishing effort post Monson and per Monson time were 183 ± 79 kg and 117 ± 25 kg, respectively (P < 0.05). In general, the fishing status of Babylon snail species has a fishing effort of 4569 days - boat fishing per year and the average catch per fishing effort (CPUE) of each boat is about 150 kg and the average catch per cage is about 0.59 kg. According to the calculations, the average of virgin biomass was obtained 971 (918-1047) tons, the average of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) less than 250 tons and maximum constant yield (MCY) less than 180 tons and total allowable catch (TAC) less from 220 tons, respectively. The amount of Babylon snails catches on the northern waters of the Oman Sea (Sistan and Baluchestan province) is more than 670 tons per year, that its seems to be higher than the optimal catch.

In this study, age and growth of Golden Grey Mullet (C. auratus) was investigated during the years 1394-1397 in the coastal waters of Golestan province. This study was the first study on the modeling and implementation of three models for estimating growth parameters of golden mullet (C. auratus) in Iranian waters (Golestan province). During the sampling period, commercial fishing with a size of 27-33 springs was used, and outside of the fishing season, a net with a size of 20 and 30 was used. Biometry of fish was done including fork length with an accuracy of 1 mm, total weight with an accuracy of 1 gram. The length range for golden mullet was 15 to 59.5 cm and the weight range was 52.5 to 1401 grams. The exponential relationship of fork length and total weight (W=0.69L0023) was obtained. Based on the multi-model approach, the best model to show the growth of this fish was the Gumpertz growth model (∆AIC = 1.71, AIC = 46.13), and the logistic model was the best model to depict the growth of this fish according to the AIC information coefficient ( ∆AIC = 1.27, AIC = 50.71). Considering the pressure of legal and illegal fishing on this valuable species, it shows that the population and the amount of fishing in the south-eastern coast of the Caspian Sea are increasing. The results of this study can be used as basic information for catching and exploiting this species in the future.

Due to the increasing use of herbal items in aquatic ration, the amount of anti-nutritional substances in aquatic ration has increased. One of the ways to reduce the effects of anti-nutritional substances of non-starch polysaccharides is using enzyme supplements in aquatic feed.In the present study, at first, the minimum required amount of alpha-amylase, cellulase, xylanase and beta-glucanase enzymes for wheat and soybean flour was obtained by Miller's sugar test method.Carp fish with an average initial weight of 10.77±1.75 in 5 treatments and 3 repetitions including ration without enzyme (control treatment), ration containing enzyme which was added to the food as a spray after manufacturing (treatment 1), ration containing enzyme which added to its substrate 6 hours after production (Treatment 2), ration containing enzyme added to substrate 12 hours before production (Treatment 3) and ration containing enzyme added to substrate 24 hours before production (Treatment (4), was fed with ration containing multi-enzyme for 60 days.The results of the experiment showed that the total weight in treatment 3 (23.09±1.5) compared to the control treatment (17.67±0.48) increased significantly (P≤0.05).Also, the investigations of this experiment showed that the use of enzymes improves the growth indices and food conversion ratio of common carp (P≤0.05).In this study, the combination of enzymes in treatment 3 increased the apparent digestion of protein and fat compared to the control (P≤0.05).

Today, the attention of researchers is directed to natural sources to discover new anticancer drugs, so that more than 60% of existing anticancer drugs are of natural origin. Bioactive peptides from aquatic protein sources with multiple biological activities, including anticancer, are promising in this field. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the cytotoxicity of hydrolyzed protein of Greater lizardfish on breast cancer cells. Greater lizardfish meat was hydrolyzed with enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase and papain enzymes with ratios of 2 and 4% and during 90 and 180 minutes. Mouse breast cancer cell lines (4T1) were subjected to protein hydrolysate samples (1 mg/ml) and incubated for 48 and 72 hours, and then cytotoxicity was determined by MTT colorimetric test. The samples hydrolyzed with alcalase enzyme showed strong cytotoxicity in 48 hours (14.19 to 74.54%) and 72 hours (95.51 to 96.14%) incubation. The samples hydrolyzed with papain also showed moderate toxicity in 48-hour incubation (5.72 to 26.56%) and strong toxicity in 72-hour incubation (93.27 to 96.26%). The highest cytotoxicity in 48-hour incubation was observed by the sample hydrolyzed with alcalase at a concentration of 4% for 180 minutes (74.54%), but in 72-hour incubation, all samples showed cytotoxicity above 90%. The protein hydrolysate of Greater lizardfish inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells and probably with more research in the future, it can be used in cancer treatment.

Seaweeds have antioxidant properties. In this study, antioxidant activity of red algae Champia compressa organic extracts from Chabahar Bay was investigated. Extraction of the samples was done with a concentration of 1:20 (solvent to algae) by soaking the algae powder for 24 hours at ambient temperature. The solvents included methanol, hexane, dichloromethane and, chloroform at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1, mg/mL. Extracts were subjected to the renowned antioxidant activity assay procedures of DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reduction power and, iron chelating. The minimum IC50 value of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of C. compressa algae was in the methanolic extract with a value of 1.05 mg/mL. The maximum value was calculated in dichloromethane extract. Also, chloroform solvent with IC50 of 2.64 had the highest chelation. Methanolic extract with IC50 of 0.68 mg/mL had the highest reducing activity. with the increase in the concentration of the extract, the amount of its antioxidant activity increased. So, inhibition of DPPH free radical, chelating power and, reducing activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL of most extracts showed a significant difference compared to other concentrations (p<0.05). In conclusion, the methanolic and chloroform extracts of C. compressa red algae exhibited notable antioxidant properties. Further research for a complete investigation of the antioxidant properties of the C. compressa extracts is need.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Levabon® (autolyzed yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth efficiency, the expression of growth (IGF-I), immune (TNF-1α, LYZ) and antioxidant (CAT, SOD) related genes in the intestinal and liver tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish (n=240; 14.53 ± 0.67 g) were fed with 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% of Levabon® in 12 tanks (250 L) with three replicates (each with 20 fish) for 8 weeks. At end of experiment, fish were weighted and liver and intestinal tissue were collected. RNA was extracted from tissue samples and cDNA was synthesized and the expression of related genes was measured by real time PCR with specific primers. The results of measured experimental indices revealed that there is no significant difference in the growth performance and intestinal lysozyme (LYZ) gene expression among experimental treatments. The expression of TNF-1α, IGF-I, SOD and CAT genes in the intestinal and liver tissues showed a significant difference between the experimental treatments and the control, and the highest gene expression was observed in the 0.6% experimental treatment (P<0.05). Overall, these results suggested that inclusion of Levabon in common carp diet had no significant effect on growth performance but can beneficially effect on immune and antioxidant system.

Investigating the effectiveness of aerator in increasing production per unit area and water quality in dual-purpose pools (the study area of Azadshahr city) was investigated. Carp species used in this study were common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) and grass carp (Valenciennes 1844 Ctenopharyngodon idella). This research was conducted on six agricultural dual-purpose swimming pools with 2 treatments, 3 replications and 3 sub-replications (control without aerator and treatment of a pool with 2 airjet aerators) in a period of 6 months. 1500 fry in aerated ponds including 700 common carp and 800 grass carp and 2500 fry in aerated ponds including 1200 common carp and 1300 grass carp weighing approximately 100 grams were released in these pools. The DO content during the experimental period was significantly higher in the aeration treatments than in the control treatments. DO fluctuations in aerated pools reached their highest value in May (7.43±0.15) and July (7.23±0.51), respectively. Water temperature was high during the experimental period among the aerated and non-aerated treatments. The highest pH was observed in aerated pools in July, 8.46±0.15. Fluctuations of NH3 in aerated pools were the highest (0.05±0.01) in July and the lowest amount of NH3 (0.02±0.002) was recorded in April. During the experimental period, the NO2 content was significantly higher in the aerated treatments than the control treatments. The nitrite content in the aerated pools in the month of August in the aerated treatment (0.31±0.005) and in the control treatment (0.008) ± 0.29) had the highest amount. The NO3 content during the experimental period was significantly higher in the aerated treatments than in the control treatments. The amount of nitrite in aerated pools in August was the highest in the aerated treatment (3.6±0.0067) and in the control treatment (3.01±0.01). However, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control treatments in the amount of water quality factors (p<0.05). The highest final weight was observed in common carp (1205.58±11.52) and the highest final weight was observed in grass carp (1305.66±7.49). The highest FCR was observed in the aerated treatment. The overall performance of the pool was also evaluated positively in the aeration treatment. The results showed that aeration increased the water quality of breeding ponds and increased their production compared to the control group.

Cell lines provide an important biological tool for carrying out investigations into physiology, virology, pharmacology, toxicology, cancer which can be used as a biological substitute for living animals. Cell phenomena are studied in controlled conditions in cell culture. Establishment of cell cultures from endemic fish and endangered Such as the Caspian Sea salmon (Salmo caspius, Kessler, 1877). Production in vitro models of it can be of assistance to biological studies, immunology, toxicology, physiology. The purpose of this study is to produce primary cell cultures from the kidney and gill of Caspian salmon in order to create cell lines from these tissues in the next stages. In this study, 30 Caspian Sea salmon (Salmo caspius, Kessler, 1877) prepared and primary cell was produced from kidney and gill tissues through the explant culture method. Kidney and gill tissue pieces were cultured in 6-well plates with L-15 culture medium and 5%, 10% and 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 15, 18° and 21C. The results showed that primary cells produced from Caspian Sea salmon are slow to grow and take a long time for cell migration from the tissue and doubling time. But they have a relatively good subculture and grow well up to passage 5 in L-15 culture medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. The morphological study of the produced cells showed that they are a mixture of fibroblast-like and epithelial-like cells. Investigating the process of cell growth at different temperatures showed that the optimal growth temperature for the cultivation of cells of this species is 18 C.

First the required amount (150 kg) of waste were collected from fish processing centers and transferred to the laboratory. In the next step, it is washed with tap water, soda solution in a ratio of 1 to 10 for 2 hours, then were removed the solution and prepared to be placed in acetic acid solution in a ratio of 1 to 10 for three hours. After washing, the residue were thoroughly washed with tap water, in a ratio of 1 to 10 combined with distilled water in a steel container and placed inside the oven at a temperature of 60 degrees celsius. After 8 hours, the container was removed and the residue separated from it using a filter and cotton. The gelatin solutions were reduced to half volume using heat and concentrated, then the concentrated solution was poured into steel trays and placed in a dryer at a temperature of 50 degrees celsius. At the end, the dried gelatin flakes were transferred to the mill and powdered. In the final stage, they were sent to the standard laboratory for analyses. The obtained results indicated that the gelatins of sturgeon skin, head of sturgeon, and head of gidder fish have a more suitable physico-chemical, sensory and standard quality than other wastes and have the ability to be produced on a larger scale.

The attention to the control of aquatic ponds and the optimum use of water consumption can reduce pollution of the environment and maintenance ecological conditions of the region. This study investigated the effect of artificial wetlands on the reduction of ammonia and nitrate factors and also physical and chemical changes loading in wastewater to improve water efficiency in stellate sturgeon ponds over a ten-month growth period. To conduct this research, 5 ponds (4 m-2) and 5 cement canals were used. Three fiberglass ponds were used to culture of stellate sturgeon under the same conditions, two fiberglass ponds were used for culturing of Hediste diversicolor and Gammarus (Gammarus aequicauda) larvae, and cement channels were used to establish reed plants (Phragmites australis) in the treatments in the first to third rows, respectively. At this study was used 50% recyclution water and 50% freshwater. The ammonia and nitrate factors were measured in all ponds monthly. In the output of the reed plant, the highest percentage of ammonia (NH3-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) removal was related to the water that was passed through the gammarus ponds and stellate sturgeon, respectively. The results of percentage reduction of wastewater nutrients among the treatments showed that the highest ability to remove ammonia (15.6%), and nitrate (24%), was observed in the ponds of Phragmites australis and it also economically plays an important role due to the lack of food cost for feeding worms and Gamarus.