Journal of Innovation Management and Organizational Behavior
Volume:4 Issue: 2, Summer 2024

The performance of advertising with a fear appeal is negatively framed, warning against the non-use or application of a specific good or service, which may entail various risks including financial, social, and safety hazards for individuals.

The objective of this study is to design an interpretive structural model of fear appeal-based advertising in selected insurance companies. The research method is descriptive and inferential. The research population includes marketing professionals, experts, elites, managers, and employees of insurance companies. The data collection tools are library research and interviews. For data analysis, the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method was utilized in the MICMAC software. This study examined the presentation of a fear appeal-based advertising model in selected insurance companies, resulting in the extraction of the final model.

Based on the interpretive structural modeling technique, a 22-component model of fear appeal-based advertising in selected insurance companies has been designed.

According to the designed model, 5 consecutive levels are shown. By making changes to the variables at the lowest level, desirable results and outcomes can be observed in the upstream impact factors. Perceived benefits, peer groups, and advertising influence were identified at the lowest level and as the most influential components. Changing these three components can manage the higher level of the model and direct it towards increasing the effectiveness of marketing based on fear appeal for profitability.

The present research aims to identify the obstacles and challenges encountered when launching startups in the education industry.

This study employs an applied objective and, from the perspective of data collection, utilizes a qualitative approach with the implementation of descriptive phenomenological research methodology. The research field comprised 14 founders of successful educational startups, selected through purposeful sampling based on predefined criteria. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection until theoretical saturation was achieved. The analysis of findings was performed using Colaizzi's seven-step strategy. The validity of the qualitative findings was confirmed using Lincoln & Guba's (1985) four criteria for judgment: credibility, transferability, confirmability/neutrality, and reliability/consistency, further validated by Krippendorff's alpha.

The analysis of findings led to the identification of 176 key phrases, which were then aggregated into 60 components and categorized, culminating in the identification of seven factors including challenges and obstacles related to cultural factors, financial and economic challenges, pedagogical challenges, challenges related to government laws and policies, human capital management challenges, technical infrastructure challenges, and environmental challenges.

In general, the results of this study can be a practical guide for founders of educational startups to anticipate the obstacles and challenges of launching their business; thus, they can prepare themselves to face possible obstacles, challenges, and problems, and with a managed and effective performance, they can reduce threats and turn them into opportunities. Additionally, the results of this study can be a roadmap for our country's policymakers and legislators to adopt better decisions and policies, as well as to reform cumbersome laws and regulations and facilitate the process of obtaining activity licenses and legal obligations, reducing and addressing the obstacles in launching educational startups.

The necessity for the public sector to possess the capacity and capability to implement good governance policies is a crucial aspect that must be considered, as without it, the enactment of good governance would not be possible. Therefore, this study aims to design an appropriate model for improving good governance in public management through a systemic approach.

Conducted based on grounded theory, this qualitative research study is developmental-application-oriented in its purpose. The study population includes individuals knowledgeable in public management, governance, and systemic thinking. Some experts have been managers in governmental organizations and scholars with scientific works in governance and systemic thinking. The sample size, targeted based on achieving theoretical saturation, was approximately 13 individuals.

The research findings from open and axial coding include a categorization of causal, contextual, intervening, central, and strategic factors identified in the design and implementation of the good governance improvement model. Ultimately, management competencies, unity of direction, and common goals were identified as causal factors; human resources, weakening factors, and clarification as intervening factors; and supervision and control, organizational regulations, knowledge management, and sustainable development as contextual factors. Good governance strategies also outlined organizational justice, economic reforms, rule of law, political reforms, and outcomes of good governance implementation, including public trust, organizational health, reduced economic problems, increased efficiency, organizational transparency, and factors related to each indicator.

Considering the codes and indicators of identified strategies, it is suggested that training workshops be organized based on principles of legality, strengthening, and developing Islamic and Quranic laws for socializing employees with the organization and encouraging them to adhere to organizational regulations, and the government employee salary system should be reformed and aligned with the employees’ expertise.

The current research aimed at designing a paradigmatic model for social media marketing in the Iranian banking services.

This study employs an exploratory qualitative research method. The population of this research consisted of a group of experts, including professors in the field of marketing management and a group of banking industry experts in the marketing sector, who were deeply interviewed. In this study, sampling was conducted purposively until theoretical saturation was reached in the interviews, which continued until theoretical saturation was achieved with 16 experts interviewed. In this research, the main tool for data collection in the field section was semi-structured interviews, and the grounded theory approach was utilized using MAXQDA software version 2020 for analyzing collected data and presenting the paradigmatic model.

Consequently, after conducting open, axial, and selective coding, 18 categories and 70 indicators were identified within six main sections including causal conditions (factors related to social media, management factors, structural factors, electronic word-of-mouth advertising), contextual conditions (relationship marketing, information and communication technology), intervening conditions (customer trust, perceived risk), the core phenomenon of social media marketing (the role of communications, the role of advertising), strategies (human resources actions, marketing actions), and outcomes (customer satisfaction, environmental opportunities, environmental threats, awareness, perceived quality, customer trust). As a result, the paradigmatic model of a native social media marketing pattern in the Iranian banking services industry has been fully delineated with a qualitative approach considering six conditions (causal, contextual, intervening, the core phenomenon of social media marketing, strategies, and outcomes).

Banks can segment their target market and plan and act more for awareness raising for each segment of society as appropriate. The research and development department of banks should study hidden needs or sometimes define new needs for audiences and customers and introduce them in an attractive manner.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effective factors on the cultural model of good governance in government performance monitoring agencies using the Fuzzy ANP method.

This research is considered applied in terms of its goal and is of a mixed nature. The research population, in a qualitative framework, consists of academic experts and specialists in government performance monitoring agencies, of which 10 individuals were selected through purposive judgment sampling. The data collection tool in this research is the Delphi questionnaire.

The main factors affecting good cultural governance were identified based on the research background and expert opinions, based on structure, law, and value, and a total of 11 sub-criteria were also determined for the main factors.

The results of the research indicate that the legal dimension was the most significant factor affecting the cultural model of good governance in government performance monitoring agencies, followed by value and structural factors in subsequent ranks. The main reasons affecting good governance based on culture relate to professional ethics, the suitability of culture with requirements, and the presence of a value system. In this regard, the enumeration of ethical principles in the organization and their institutionalization can be effective.

The study aims to identify and analyze the key intervening factors that influence the digital marketing strategies of successful Iranian startups. It seeks to understand how these factors contribute to the effectiveness and efficiency of digital marketing efforts in the startup ecosystem of Iran. Methods and Materials: Employing a qualitative research design, the study conducted in-depth interviews with 12 digital marketing experts from various successful Iranian startups. Grounded theory methodology was used to analyze the interview data, facilitating the identification of core themes and factors affecting digital marketing strategies.

The research identified several critical factors impacting digital marketing strategies, including organizational culture, technological adoption, market dynamics, and regulatory environment. It highlights the importance of adaptability, strategic alignment, and continuous learning within startups to navigate the challenges and opportunities of digital marketing.

The study concludes that for Iranian startups, a nuanced understanding of both internal and external factors is crucial for developing and implementing effective digital marketing strategies. It underscores the need for a strategic approach that incorporates flexibility, innovation, and customer engagement to achieve sustained growth and competitive advantage in the digital marketplace.

The current research aims to present a paradigmatic model of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship towards sustainable economic growth in business units (Case study: Home appliance manufacturers). This study is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature.

The research method is qualitative. The population of this study includes academic experts and executive managers in the home appliance industry, calculated as 11 individuals through snowball sampling and theoretical saturation point. The data collection tool is semi-structured interviews. The analysis of this part is conducted using grounded theory.

The qualitative research results propose the desired paradigmatic model, emphasizing the response to the main research question in the form of six main categories and subcategories.

Causal factors including organizational entrepreneurship, development of products based on industry standards and competitive advantage. Contextual factors include government support, developmental infrastructures, and financial support for standardization in entrepreneurship. Intervening factors include the product quality condition for competitiveness, sustainability categories, and attention to labor. Strategies include reforming laws, developing science and technology parks, and accelerating capital turnover. Outcomes include commercial and economic liberalization, development of the innovation and technology ecosystem, and increased productivity. The core category includes technology, ideation, employment generation, and international competition.

The importance of career path planning in organizations has increased and has been recognized across various domains. The aim of this research was to present a model for professional career path planning for essential and key human resources.

The methodology of this research was quantitative-qualitative, employing a survey approach with a practical orientation. The study population consisted of managers and employees of Saipa automotive group companies. The data collected through questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics for demographic characteristics and inferential statistics (single-sample t-test, paired t-test, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling) in SPSS and LISREL software. The current status of the study population was evaluated using a one-sample t-test, and the significance of each indicator across the five dimensions was examined.

The results showed that individual needs, job rotation, job characteristics, job promotion, and organizational needs are of high importance in the current situation, respectively. Additionally, the results of the second-order factor analysis indicated that the dimensions of career path planning in terms of importance according to respondents are: 1- Job rotation with a factor load of 0.94, 2- Individual needs with a factor load of 0.91, 3- Job characteristics with a factor load of 0.90, 4- Job promotion with a factor load of 0.89, and 5- Organizational needs with a factor load of 0.85.

It can be concluded that job rotation and the needs of organization employees in professional career path planning are of significant importance, which warrants special attention.

The dynamics of domestic tourism have gained prominence, especially in the wake of global disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which shifted travel preferences towards more localized experiences. This study aims to identify and analyze the dimensions of domestic tourism demand in Tehran, focusing on the motivations, barriers, preferences, and impacts of tourism within the city. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding that can inform policy and strategic planning to enhance Tehran's appeal as a domestic tourist destination.

A qualitative research approach was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews as the primary data collection method. The study targeted a purposive sample of local residents, domestic tourists, and professionals within the tourism sector in Tehran. Theoretical saturation guided the data collection process, ensuring a thorough exploration of themes. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis, allowing for the identification of key patterns, themes, and categories within the data.

The study unveiled five main themes: Motivations for Domestic Tourism, Barriers to Domestic Tourism, Perceptions of Tehran as a Tourist Destination, Tourist Preferences and Behaviors, and the Impact of Domestic Tourism. Each theme comprised various categories with associated concepts, ranging from cultural interest, relaxation, and social connections to economic factors, safety concerns, and the broader economic, cultural, and social impacts of tourism. These findings underscore the complex interplay of factors influencing domestic tourism demand in Tehran.

This research highlights the multifaceted nature of domestic tourism demand in Tehran, revealing a spectrum of motivations driving tourists, alongside significant barriers that need addressing. The study underscores the potential of domestic tourism as a catalyst for economic development, cultural preservation, and social cohesion in Tehran. By addressing identified barriers and leveraging the motivations and preferences of domestic tourists, Tehran can enhance its domestic tourism sector.

The purpose of the current research was to present a model for implementing talent management in an organization (Management of Education and Training in Basra Province).

This study is an applied research and methodologically a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research. The statistical population comprised of 250 managers and employees of the Education and Training department of Basra Province, and Cochran's formula was used for sampling, resulting in a sample size of 151 individuals. The sampling method was random availability. The model in question was refined through the Delphi technique across several criteria including: central conditions, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening variables, strategies, and outcomes, and eventually reached a consensus on 23 criteria and 80 sub-criteria. For modeling, structural equations and partial least squares were used via the SMART-PLS software.

The research results showed that the model for implementing talent management involves 6 causal conditions, 6 contextual conditions, 3 intervening factors, and 4 strategies, ultimately encompassing 3 major outcomes which, in order of priority, include individual outcomes (regular employees), inter-organizational outcomes, and organizational outcomes.

A reward system should be used to enhance the performance of employees and teachers, and appreciation for talents must be acknowledged. Lack of appreciation and the absence of appropriate rewards lead to a decline in productivity. Therefore, an appropriate system for appreciation and rewards must be developed. The employment examination for employees and teachers has its own conditions and complexities, and these must be optimized. Also, the education department's policy on human resources employment has not been very scientific or ethical, and to improve this, plans must be developed and implemented because primarily, appointments of managers are based on relationships, which requires a thorough review and drafting of criteria for appointing managers.

The primary goal of this article is to identify the factors influencing public oversight of public policies using a crowdsourcing approach with thematic analysis and DEMATEL techniques.

The research methodology is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In addition to documentary studies, thematic analysis technique has been utilized. The statistical population in this study comprised all experts in the field of public policy-making, managers, and public health professionals, with theoretical saturation achieved after 16 interviews. Eventually, basic, organizing, and global themes were extracted, and in the quantitative part, the DEMATEL technique was used to determine the impact and influence of factors on public oversight of public policies with a crowdsourcing approach.

This study identified 15 dimensions (health service capacities, motivational factors, environmental factors, internal policies, domestic infrastructure, executive factors, development and education of public services in health, development of domestic services, globalization of public services, development of knowledge sharing policies and services, structural issues, laws and regulations, cultural factors, financial management) and 32 components and 159 indicators were extracted. Through the DEMATEL method in the quantitative section, 8 influential components and 7 influenced components were identified.

The studies indicated that among the identified dimensions, the dimension of health service capacities has the highest importance in terms of impact and requires special attention, while the dimension of cultural factors is the most influenced dimension that is affected by other dimensions.

The purpose of this research is to design a capacity-building organizational model in the municipalities of West Azerbaijan Province.

This study was conducted using a qualitative research strategy, employing grounded theory and the Strauss and Corbin paradigm model, aiming to provide a comprehensive model for capacity building in municipal organizations. In this regard, semi-structured interviews were conducted using theoretical sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. In this study, data reached theoretical saturation after conducting 11 interviews. However, to ensure sufficiency, five additional interviews were conducted. Participants in the study were selected from university professors and individuals with management experience in municipal organizations. Data were collected during April to July 2022, with the permission of the participants recorded. The data were then transcribed and, after several readings, analyzed using MAXQDA10 software. After performing the three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, the final model was obtained by the researcher.

The findings include the capacity-building organization as the central category, causal conditions (capacity-building manager and structure), contextual factors (capacity-building employees), intervening conditions (capacity-building culture), strategies (capacity-building policy), and consequences (outcomes for the organization, individual, and group) within the framework of the paradigm model.

Each of these conditions and factors are composed of variables and categories that contribute to achieving the ultimate goal of the capacity-building organization in the municipalities.

The main objective of this research was to "design a suitable marketing model based on brand loyalty in the retail industry," with the question posed as "what is a suitable marketing model based on brand loyalty in the retail industry?"

A mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies, was utilized to answer this question. Initially, key components of the marketing model based on brand loyalty were identified through sequential exploratory design (thematic analysis method) via interviews. Subsequently, the research questions were examined through the collection of quantitative data. Thus, the measurement tool in the qualitative method was in-depth and semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative method, it was a questionnaire. The population studied in the qualitative method consisted of experts, and in the quantitative method, individuals knowledgeable about marketing and the retail industry. For sampling in the qualitative method, 21 experts were selected using purposive sampling, and for the quantitative method, 384 individuals were selected using cluster sampling initially, followed by stratified random sampling after selecting the cluster to be studied. Ultimately, thematic analysis was used to code the responses obtained from the interviews (as part of qualitative analysis), and exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to extract and analyze the empirical data (as part of quantitative analysis).

The findings from the qualitative analysis indicated that the majority of experts (18 individuals) mentioned "the absence of after-sales services," and (17 individuals) mentioned "the high price of the dollar." The findings from the quantitative analysis revealed that the model used in the current research had a satisfactory fit, and the researcher-developed questionnaire contained eight factors: brand heritage, customer satisfaction, brand reliability, brand's association with positive topics, brand belief, brand familiarity, brand distinctiveness, and brand loyalty. It was ultimately argued that brand heritage, with the mediating role of variables such as brand's association with positive topics (with an effect size of 0.69), brand familiarity (with an effect size of 0.41), brand belief (with an effect size of 0.37), customer satisfaction (with an effect size of 0.36), and brand distinctiveness (with an effect size of 0.27), effectively influences brand loyalty. Other variables, having an effect size of less than 0.2, were not significant.

Given that no model for presenting an indigenous brand loyalty model in the retail industry has been provided in Iran so far, there are many gaps in various aspects for this industry. Based on conducted interviews, there are essential prerequisites for the formation and expansion of these products, without which marketing these products in this industry would be ineffective. Marketing in this industry requires a series of events and appropriate principles to create a connection between brand heritage and brand loyalty by the customer; otherwise, it would not be possible to loyalty customers through this industry.

Owners and managers of online retail stores, along with researchers, consistently strive to identify success factors in the online retail domain. One significant factor in the success of online retail stores is attention to consumer behavior. The aim of this research was to present innovative solutions for recognizing variety-seeking behavior in online retail customers.

This study was applied-descriptive and of the survey type. The research was conducted in two stages. Initially, innovation criteria were extracted from the literature, followed by an examination of the criteria's impact intensity and the causal relationships between them using the DEMATEL technique and MATLAB software, with the tool of pairwise comparison matrices.

The results of the study demonstrated that product innovation, service innovation, process innovation, innovation in online services, and innovation in tools play an effective role in the variety-seeking behavior of online retail customers. Furthermore, the results specified that product innovation, tools and equipment, processes, online services, and after-sales services have the most significant impact on the variety-seeking behavior of customers, in that order.

Given the results of the study, it seems that the use of ideation, innovation, creativity in production, presentation, and sale in online retail is essential. In other words, it is necessary for manufacturers of goods and service providers to use new and innovative ideas in the production and presentation of goods and services to be an appropriate response to the needs and variety-seeking behavior of customers

This research was conducted with the objective of pathologizing the human resource system of the country's long-term programs in a comparative study between the first and second plans based on operational factors.

This study was qualitative in approach and applied in objective. The statistical population included all effective managers in discussions related to the human resource management system in long-term national programs, members of parliament, heads of organizations, managers, and deputies of government agencies involved with the human resource management system. Interviews were used as the data collection tool. The obtained damages were analyzed using the one-variable T-test, and then the identified damages were analyzed and prioritized using the AHP method.

The findings showed that the sub-criterion of the absence of a career advancement path in government organizations with an eigenvector of 0.692 was in the first priority; the sub-criterion of types of employment without examination in executive devices with an eigenvector of 0.64 was in the second priority; the sub-criterion of degree-orientation with an eigenvector of 0.63 was in the third priority; and the sub-criterion of inadequate direct financial compensation for employees with an eigenvector of 0.6 was in the fourth priority. Also, the inconsistency rate of the comparisons made was 0.042, which, being less than 0.1, indicates that the comparisons made can be trusted.

It can be concluded that the lack of clarity in the career path is the most serious damage to the country's human resource system, which planners can mitigate by paying more attention to this challenge.

As urban populations grow, the demand for smarter and more efficient urban spaces becomes increasingly critical. The advent of autonomous vehicles also presents opportunities and challenges in shaping the future of smart cities. This article examines the complex interactions between resources, technology, and technical aspects of autonomous vehicles and their impact on urban spaces.

A comprehensive research methodology was employed to assess the impact of interactions between resources, technology, and technical aspects of autonomous vehicles on smart urban spaces. This included a review of the literature, data analysis, case studies, and simulations. By integrating findings from various sources and methods, a complete understanding of the subject was achieved.

The findings of this study highlight the multifaceted impact of interactions between resources, technology, and technical aspects of autonomous vehicles on smart urban spaces. Despite their enormous potential to reduce traffic, enhance safety, and improve urban mobility, these interactions raise concerns about privacy, infrastructure compatibility, and equitable access.

Therefore, it is essential for policymakers, urban planners, and technologists to collaborate in developing strong frameworks and regulations to harness the benefits of autonomous vehicle technology while mitigating potential challenges. By promoting innovation and inclusive urban development, cities can leverage the transformative power of autonomous vehicle technology to create smarter, more sustainable, and livable urban environments for all citizens.

Nowadays, social responsibility is considered essential for organizations, as it significantly influences various organizational outputs. Many organizations are continually striving to improve their image through the development of their social responsibilities. This study presents a model for measuring social responsibility in Tejarat Bank.

The research was conducted using a mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative). The qualitative sample consisted of 10 experts, and the quantitative sample included 413 managers and specialists from Tejarat Bank, with 203 individuals selected as the statistical sample using a sample size formula. In the qualitative part, an initial model including 3 dimensions, 9 components, and 45 indicators was extracted through interviews with bank experts. Subsequently, the extracted model was tested using structural equation modeling in the LISREL software environment.

Results showed three main dimensions: customer-centricity (including components of responsiveness and service quality), legal and ethical (including stakeholders, employees, community rights, and organizational activities), and environmental focus (including environmental factors, online marketing, and internet service provision).

To improve service quality, it is suggested that managers examine the customer experience in all service delivery processes and assess customers' mental satisfaction. It is also recommended that service delivery channels to customers be standardized, meaning that services received through various means (such as mobile banking, internet banking, etc.) should be uniform, and if a customer begins a service process through one channel, they should be able to continue it through another.

The objective of this research is to design a model of professional ethical ideals based on the dimensions of organizational structure and managers' thinking styles in Islamic banking at the Agricultural Bank of Iran.

This study is classified as applied research in terms of its purpose, and as a descriptive correlational study in terms of data collection methods. The statistical population includes two groups: the first group consists of 50 experts and professors in management and banking and ethics, who hold at least a doctoral degree and were selected through random sampling. The second group includes all senior managers, provincial managers, and top-ranking heads at the Agricultural Bank, totaling 430 individuals. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS23 and AMOS23 software, Pearson correlation coefficients, and structural equation modeling.

The results showed that the direct effect of the exogenous variable of legal thinking style (p < .05, t = 2.11, β = .12), holistic thinking style (p < .05, t = 2.64, β = .13), free-thinking style (p < .05, t = 7.34, β = .57), autocratic thinking style (p < .05, t = 2.532, β = .16), organizational complexity (p < .05, t = 2.65, β = .32), formality (p < .05, t = 5.84, β = .21), and organizational centralization (p < .05, t = 5.99, β = .85) on the variable of professional ethical ideals in Islamic banking is positive and significant. Additionally, the direct effect of the exogenous variable of conservative thinking style on the variable of professional ethical ideals in Islamic banking is negative and significant (p < .05, t = 6.26, β = -.43).

Support for and backing of producers and exporters, farmers, industrialists, and others should be a serious concern for banks. Therefore, it is recommended that Islamic banks fully comply with the policies of the Islamic government and the laws and regulations of the central bank, avoiding any form of sectionalism and profit-seeking outside these laws and regulations.