نشریه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 56 (زمستان 1402)

the guiding elements of security protection are decisive and form the foundation stone and the general framework of the counter-intelligence field. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, which was formed based on the principle of velayat-e-faqih, it is important to know the discussed elements in the discourse of velayat-e-faqih. Therefore, this article is written with the aim of explaining the pillars of the direction of security protection, goals, doctrine and strategic policies in the discourse of the religious authority in the statement of the second step.

This research is of applied type in terms of purpose and of mixed type (qualitative, quantitative) in terms of method and has an inductive approach. The main goal of the research is to analyze the content of the Supreme Leader's orders regarding security issues. The method of data collection is in the form of a library and referring to the sites, and qualitative methods of content analysis and correlation have been used to analyze the data. The statistical community, the leadership's orders in the statement of the second step is the study item of this article and considering that the researcher is trying to answer the questions according to the measures and orders, it is exploratory.

By examining the available data in the content of policies and orders, at first, 55 sub-categories of accessibility were identified, and in the analysis of the findings, finally 26 indicators in three components; Objectives (7 indicators), doctrine (9 indicators) and policies (10 indicators) for the directional elements of security protection from the point of detection and the degree of correlation of the identified cases in the expert group of 30 people have been examined and analyzed with SPSS software, which indicates a direct relationship. And they are meaningful.

In today's era, the cyber space has found its special role and has attracted the attention of the world. Considering the characteristics such as the dynamic and changeable nature of the cyberspace; The institution of crime detection in Iran's legal system is associated with gaps and challenges.

This article is written in a descriptive, analytical and documentary library method.

The crime detection agency in Iran is faced with many gaps and challenges in detecting cyber crimes, the most important examples of which are: unequal attitude towards FATA police based on differential proceedings, lack of legal obligation for specialized training for specialized police officers, lack of special powers For the police in the face of cybercrimes, the lack of effective interaction and cooperation with the police in the detection of cybercrimes, creating a material incentive in the law to attract specialized police such as the FATA police.

In addition to these gaps, the crime detection institution also faces challenges that; Concealment of cybercrime, lack of territorial limitation and international aspect, concealment of criminals, coding and erasure of documents, gap in technological equipment, lack of sufficient expertise of judicial and law enforcement authorities, not prioritizing cybercrime and lack of coherent criminal policy are the most important examples of challenges that In order to detect cyber crimes, they are in front of the Kashf institution.

The issue of the intervention of the armed forces in the elections has always been criticized by the people and candidates due to the dependence of these institutions on the government and due to the organizational nature of the armed forces, their neutrality in the elections. All over the world, elections must be held impartially. Because in the constitution of each country, the duties and responsibilities of the armed forces are defined to maintain territorial integrity, and political affairs are left to the civilian population. In this article, I intend to examine the democratic system of the United States of America regarding the involvement of the military in elections and political activities.

This paper is a research in terms of purpose, application and development that the data were collected by library method and analyzed qualitatively.

The United States of America is one of the countries where many elections are held, although its presidential election is a combination of direct and indirect elections, but the president is also in charge of choosing and commanding the armed forces through national elections. By examining the directive 1344.10 of the US Ministry of Defense, we came to the conclusion that the US legal system considers the involvement of the armed forces in elections and political activities as harmful to democracy. However, in the 2020 presidential election, Donald Trump intended to use the army and suppress democracy in order to stay in power, which was thwarted by widespread protests.

Among the fields that are sometimes heavily influenced by populism in the domestic and international arenas are economic criminal policies. In this regard, the main goal of the research is to analyze the signs of economic populism in Iran's criminal policy and then to explain the most important preventive approaches of countries in the international arena to avoid economic populism.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, which was done by reading books, authentic researches, and exploring legal documents and domestic and international laws and regulations.

The result of the research shows that;

 Iran's criminal policy is facing a kind of populism, the most important signs of which can be seen in: "lack of a clear definition of economic crimes", "inflation and multiplicity of economic laws", "guarantee of purely strict criminal executions", "incomplete differentiation". "economic criminal proceedings" and "insufficient supervision over the good implementation of economic policies" summarized. But in the international arena, the leading countries in this field (such as China, Sweden, Australia, France and Germany)By adopting preventive approaches such as "providing a clear definition of economic crimes", "rational and targeted economic legislation", "avoiding pure strict criminalism", "optimally differentiating economic criminal proceedings" and "effectiveness of monitoring the implementation of macro policies" "Economic" while avoiding populism in economic crimes, have brought economic growth and prosperity to the society and each of its citizens.Populism, economic crimes, criminal policy, preventive approaches, international system

in the detailed educational program of Amin University of Police Sciences during the approved period; Internship courses are planned to improve students' skills. This research has been conducted with the aim of a comparative study of the method of implementing the internship period and the length of the police training course based on skill training in Amin University of Police Sciences with the police of Germany, Russia and China.

In terms of practical purpose and in terms of information gathering method, the current research is among field studies and based on the nature of the data, it is a qualitative study that uses the technique of document study in the way of content analysis for the answers to the research questions. The studied community of the research is the documents related to the field of the method of implementation of the internship course and the length of the training course in the Amin University of Police and Police Sciences in Germany, Russia and China. Sampling method was full count.

Amin University of Police Sciences is similar to China and different from Russia and Germany in terms of the length of the training course. Also, the method of implementing the internship in the university is similar to the countries of the study area. Also, Amin University of Police Sciences has the shortest internship period compared to selected countries.

The results of this research can be used by Amin University of Police Sciences in order to transform the educational process.

Drug trafficking is a global illegal business that includes the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances that are subject to drug prohibition laws. Drug trafficking as one of the criminal and illegal activities is carried out by organized criminal groups and causes abnormalities in behavioral, social, political, economic and even family fields. But what makes this deadly phenomenon as a global challenge, threatening national security and It has become an international and influencing factor on the mental, physical and moral health of people, the spread of smuggling and its trade at the domestic and international level.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose; And in terms of descriptive-analytical method.

Iran's legislative policy towards drug trafficking has always been based on criminal and repressive prevention, in such a way that in determining the punishments, the amount of social ugliness of the act, the character of the perpetrator, human dignity, the type of crime and human rights standards, which are the criteria for proportionality of punishment is not noticed; This is despite the fact that Iran's legislature, by accepting some international documents to create the capacity of the criminal law realm, has not adopted a single criminal policy against drug trafficking from the very beginning. Some times, he has even tried to decriminalize some former crimes.

While adopting reactive policies against drug trafficking at the local, national and international levels by using diplomatic, military, intelligence and law enforcement capacity to prevent drug trafficking, identify criminal networks and prosecute traffickers, alternative development programs such as The product is made for the illegal cultivation of herbal medicines.

Today's crimes are more complex, interconnected and global and are carried out on both physical and virtual levels. Therefore, more than ever, there is a need for multilateral police cooperation to address security challenges affecting communities. The formation and growth of organized crime has also added to this importance, and based on this, in this article, while examining the nature of organized crime, we will deal with the issue of what kind of actions Interpol follows in dealing with it, and what actions are taken in this regard. Has there been a preventive measure?

This confrontation is written in a descriptive-analytical way.

Prevention of organized crime is important for several reasons such as guaranteeing human rights and guaranteeing international security. In this context, many international measures have been taken to prevent and deal with organized crime. In recent years, Interpol has taken several measures to prevent and deal with organized crime, including electronic extradition and regional organized crime threat assessment, for which Interpol has implemented several projects in cooperation with member states. Examples include the Asian Organized Crime Prevention Project, B- The Project for the Prevention of Organized Crime, Terrorism and Firearms Trafficking in Moldova, C- The Prevention of Organized Crime in Interpol's Millennium Project, D- The Prevention of Organized Crime in the Project Fortaleza is Interpol and the prevention of organized crime in the (I-CAN) project. Also, the alliance of Interpol and FATF has been effective in preventing and dealing with organized crime in the implementation of joint projects.