مجله تعامل انسان و اطلاعات
سال دهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

The Covid-19 pandemic crisis has highlighted the importance of open and timely access to scientific information. The aim of this study was to explain the world community's efforts to open access in the Covid-19 pandemic crisis.

This was a review study in terms of approach using documentary research method. In this regard, open access literature was studied using searches on Google search engine, Google Scholar and databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and the websites of publishers, journals and scientific institutions, focusing on the Covid-19 pandemic crisis.

Since the formation of the open access movement, this issue has attracted a lot of attention and extensive efforts have been made in the direction of open access to research publications by the scientific community. Publishers, financial sponsors and international institutions have also entered this arena and various statements and plans have been formed in order to recognize the open access movement and its development. “Budapest Open Access Initiative”, “Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing”, “Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities” are the first measures in this regard. On the other hand, the importance of access to timely information, especially in the fields of medical sciences and information related to health and diseases, is worthy of attention in promoting public health. The need to pay attention to open access and sharing of information and the consequences of not doing so has become more important with the occurrence of critical and emergency situations caused by pandemic and public health emergencies. Along with the emergence of COVID-19 and the pandemic caused by it, many researches have been conducted in order to deal with the crisis of this disease and to find solutions for its treatment and control. The aspects of this deadly disease have attracted the attention of everyone, especially scientists and scholars in various fields around the world, and an unprecedented number of articles have been published in this field. In addition, many international organizations have published various information about the disease of COVID-19 in the form of open access, for example, “WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard” and "Coronavirus Watch". The unprecedented crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of information transparency and timely and open access to it. Access to accurate and timely information about this emerging disease is very important and can help to assess and understand the risks and obtain strategies to contain it, strong evidence, better information and support for decisions and policies in the direction of public health. The need to provide suitable solutions for treatment, prevention and control of the disease on the one hand and the increasing number of researches on COVID-19 on the other hand, has created new opportunities in the system of scientific communication and publication of research findings, and the scientific community has decided to accelerate the cycle of knowledge to find possible solutions to deal with the disease crisis. Explaining the efforts and measures taken in this direction during the COVID-19 pandemic as the most important global crisis and concern can provide useful information to the scientific community, especially those involved in research. Considering the unprecedented nature of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, as well as the importance of timely and open access to scientific information about this disease, the question arises as to what measures have been taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis? Also, what measures and measures have been taken for free access to scientific information about the pandemic? A review of the literature regarding the issue of open access in the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic showed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, a global effort has been made to facilitate open access to COVID-19 research findings. The need for appropriate strategies for the treatment, prevention and control of the disease and the increasing number of COVID-19 research has affected the system of scientific communication and the publication of research findings and the world community, especially reputable publishers and scientific institutions, have made extensive statements, measures and efforts to provide open access to as much scientific information as possible about the disease. During the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, many publishers, journals and funders have committed to open access in a statement to ensure that research findings and data relevant to this outbreak are shared rapidly and openly to inform the public health response and help save lives. The measures and actions of publishers and scientific journals in this regard are worthy of attention. Access to Elsevier's free medical and health research related to COVID-19 is possible through the "Elsevier's Novel Coronavirus Information Center". Elsevier has also created a collection of free resources, including evidence-based clinical guidelines and more than 41,000 research articles to read, download and extract data, in support of the research communities' impressive efforts in the fight against COVID-19. This guide provides an overview of the resources. Through the "COVID-19 Resource Centre", Lancet has provided free access to all research articles, review articles, news and analysis related to COVID-19 from its journals. Springer Nature has provided free access to the latest COVID-19 articles through the "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Research Highlights". The publisher has now enabled free access to articles, book chapters, reference works and protocols on its platforms and has supported all researchers to make their experimental datasets freely available. Springer Nature has made more than 8,700 preprint articles on COVID-19 available through “Research Square”, with links to key resources, free content, and up-to-date information related to COVID-19, along with key information and policies in support of access from placed far away. NEJM has made available a collection of articles and resources such as clinical reports and management guides about the pandemic, as well as a collection of resources about the COVID-19 vaccines. BMJ's Coronavirus (COVID-19) Hub has also supported health professionals and researchers through open access to practical guides, online courses, as well as the latest BMG news, opinions and research. PLOS is committed to publishing research as quickly as possible, especially in public health emergencies. All articles published in PLOS journals are free for all readers. PLOS articles collection highlights all the content related to the COVID-19 pandemic published in PLOS journals. To support the efforts of global health professionals and the scientific research community, Taylor & Francis has created a special collection of research articles related to COVID-19, providing free access to published articles related to COVID-19 in the publisher's major medical journals. he does. This collection is updated weekly. On the other hand, the archive of all research articles related to COVID-19 published in 2020 by Taylor & Francis has also been made available to the audience. Wiley has created the "COVID-19 Resources" in order to help researchers, educators and specialists for online training and access to the latest research on COVID-19. Believing in the power of social and behavioral sciences to transform the best medical research into policies and procedures for development, SAGE has published a collection of the latest medical research related to COVID-19 published by this publisher, as well as the best social and behavioral research in order to help It has enabled individuals, communities and guardians to make the best decisions to deal with the pandemic and its consequences. Science journals are trying to make research related to COVID-19 available in open access. The "COVID-19" option is placed on the main page of the Science website. CABI has also created free access to more than 37,000 records related to COVID-19 in its online platforms, Global Health and CAB Abstracts in order to support global efforts to deal with the disease pandemic. Global Health provides researchers and students with unparalleled access to all public health research and practices in the world - providing knowledge without borders. “Sci-Dev.Net” also includes episodes about the coronavirus in the Health, Science and Development series. Wolters Kluwer is also one of the publishers that has provided free access to publications related to COVID-19 in order to support professionals. According to IFLA reports, the actions of publishers such as Penguin Random House and Macmillan, as well as the measures of Audible and ENSSIB in terms of access to resources, are worthy of attention. Some libraries, such as the National Library and Archives of Iran, have provided extensive access to their users. Some associations and scientific societies, such as the International Coalition of Library Consortia, LIBER and the Association of University Library Directors in France, have asked publishers to facilitate access to works. Italian and Spanish librarians have called for more open access efforts. During the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, open access has also attracted the attention of scientific institutions, and extensive measures have been taken in this direction by them. In the January 30 statement, the Global Preparedness Monitoring Board called for immediate measures such as the free and immediate sharing of all information about the pandemic, the cooperation of countries to immediately allocate resources to prevent, identify and inform about the pandemic and the rapid sharing of research data by the research community, support Low-income countries are advised to ensure proper notification to national and international communities to control the pandemic. On January 30, 2020, following the recommendations of the Emergency Committee, the Director-General of the World Health Organization declared the disease pandemic a public health emergency of international concern. The world's scientists gathered on February 11-12, 2020 at the headquarters of the World Health Organization in Geneva to assess the current level of knowledge about the new virus and about critical questions and find solutions to contribute to accelerating and funding research priorities and solving the pandemic crisis and preparedness Discuss and negotiate for future issues. This meeting led to an agreement on two basic goals. The first case was to accelerate innovative research to help curb the pandemic and facilitate care, and the second case was to support research priorities that contribute to global research platforms. The World Health Organization believes that the coherence of countries is necessary to ensure fair access to the effects of COVID-19. The World Health Organization is collecting global research on the disease COVID-19 and the latest findings and international multilingual scientific information on the pandemic. UNESCO has also emphasized the value and necessity of open solutions in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and believes that open access to scientific information can facilitate better and faster research in the direction of a suitable vaccine, and open Educational Resources help everyone to use their information. updates about COVID-19 and also teaches how to follow public health recommendations. Relying on its mission to ensure global access to information, UNESCO has taken various initiatives to apply open solutions in the fight against the pandemic. For example, the Coronavirus Watch provides a global view of the pandemic situation. The COVID-19 Universal REsource gateway (CURE) is also an immediate response to the pandemic. IFLA has made efforts to encourage the World Intellectual Property Organization to emphasize how balanced intellectual property laws can help facilitate access. IFLA has also provided a list of key resources for libraries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on its website. Open access is also emphasized in the statement of the President and Secretary General of IFLA. Following the COVID-19 crisis, priorities have also been considered in the SPARC program. Also, the Copyright Clearance Center recognizes publishing and information institutions to participate in the public interest through access to scientific, news and educational materials related to COVID-19. The list of institutions is regularly updated. The Islamic World Science and Technology Monitoring and Citation Institute has also launched the "COVID-19 Visualizer" in order to provide up-to-date statistics about the pandemic situation and accelerate the transmission of scientific findings about COVID-19. In addition, government officials have also called for open access to the publications of COVID-19. The National Science and Technology Advisors of the United States of America, Canada, England, Australia, Brazil, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, India, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea and the European Commission have published an open letter asking scientific publishers to Pandemic, make publications related to COVID-19 available with open access through PubMed Central and other public databases such as the World Health Organization's COVID-19 database. The world community’s efforts demonstrate the growing importance of open access and increasing attention to this issue. It seems that the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis could provide lessons for better preparedness for possible future crises. The present study is one of the first studies conducted in our country regarding the free access movement in the pandemic crisis and tried to present a picture of the efforts of the scientific community in this field in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is obvious that future researches on the wide dimensions and angles of this issue can cause the scientific community to become more aware of the importance of free access, especially in crises.

The world community’s efforts demonstrate the growing importance of open access and increasing attention to this issue. It seems that the global response to the Covid-19 pandemic crisis could provide lessons for better preparedness for possible future crises. If open access is considered as a value in the system of publishing and research communications, the development and generalization of this value requires the adoption of policies and requirements of the scientific community in order to develop it as a global value.

Data as a strategic asset in any organization requires proper and effective management in order to provide transformative opportunities for the organization. In addition, the increase in the volume of data has forced organizations to move towards collecting, classifying and analyzing data so that they can identify the customer's needs and respond to them at the right time and in the right way. On the one hand, to manage such a volume of data and on the other hand, to maximize the business value resulting from the analyses based on these data, a concept called data governance has been introduced. Data governance is a system for determining the responsibilities, policies and standards used in connection with data-driven processes at the organization level, which tries to take steps to transform organization's data into business values while maintaining and increasing the quality of data. From this point of view, data governance is considered as a strategic program that aims to guide and monitor the various data dimensions of the organization in order to solve internal problems around data, and to improve collaboration between business and information technology departments. It will lead to increase productivity in data management and use, and help generate value by pushing the organization towards data-driven decisions. Considering the importance and role of data governance, organizations need to have a clear picture of their situation in this field. Therefore, the need for an approach that can evaluate data governance in organizations is strongly felt. For this purpose, this research tries to find an answer to this need by developing a model for evaluating data governance.

In this research, first, a set of criteria for evaluating data governance is extracted from the literature, and according to the structure of the problem and the opinion of experts, a hierarchical structure is developed for evaluating data governance. Then the evaluation method is established using the proposed structure and a hybrid approach based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). In the following, the proposed approach is used in a case study in the food industry.In the evaluation method, first, the weight of each criterion is calculated with the help of AHP. In this regard, the following steps are taken.Form a hierarchy For the elements of each level of the hierarchy, perform pairwise comparisons according to the expert opinion.Calculate the inconsistency rate for each matrix of pairwise comparisons.If the inconsistency rate for the matrix was more than 0.1, review the values of the paired comparisons of that matrix.Calculate the relative weight of the elements corresponding to each matrix of pairwise comparisons.The product of the relative weight of each criterion and the relative weight of all elements related to it, at all higher levels of the hierarchy, gives the final weight of that criterion.Now, with the help of the weights calculated for each criterion and using the TOPSIS method, the alternatives will be ranked. The TOPSIS method is based on choosing the alternative that has the smallest distance from the positive ideal solution and the largest distance from the negative ideal solution. In this method, it is assumed that there are m alternatives (organizations) that must be evaluated based on n criteria. The steps of this method are as follows.Evaluate the alternatives with respect to each criterion according to the expert opinion.Normalize the decision matrix so that the data are on the same scale.Obtain the normalized weighted decision matrix by multiplying each component of the normal matrix by the weight of similar criteria.Calculate positive ideal and negative ideal solutions.Calculate the distance of each alternative from the ideal positive and ideal negative solutions.Obtain the closeness coefficient of the alternatives.Rank the alternatives in decreasing order of the closeness coefficient.Finally, the proposed evaluation method is used to evaluate data governance in five organizations active in the food industry.

According to the results of this research, data governance can be evaluated at the first level from three different dimensions, which are data quality, internal organizational effects, and external organizational effects. Then, at the second level, different criteria are considered for each dimension of data governance. Data quality evaluation criteria include data accuracy, data completeness, data consistency, data availability, data timeliness, and data uniqueness. The data accuracy measure refers to issues such as the percentage of incorrect information, the percentage of the need for manual corrective actions on the data, and the percentage of change in the retrieval of incorrect information after the implementation of data governance. The data completeness criterion seeks to ensure the completeness of various dimensions of information that the organization must use in its business line, and is related to issues such as the percentage of information filled in the required fields, the percentage of usable information, and the percentage of incomplete information. Data consistency refers to ensuring that the data is consistent and aligned with the policies, rules and values set for the data in the business. Data availability seeks to assess the time the business group has access to critical information and data elements.Data timeliness refers to the degree to which the data represents reality at a particular point in time.Data uniqueness means that no information item is recorded more than once in the data set.The second dimension of data governance evaluation focuses on its internal organizational effects,andthe main criteria in this dimension are data governance efficiency, data governance productivity, and business cost savings. These criteria seek to evaluate the level of involvement, participation and impact of data governance in the organization. Among the important things in evaluating the efficiency of data governance are the number of business lines, functional areas, system areas, project teams, and other parts of the organization that have come together to support monitoring and providing resources for data governance, and in addition, categorizing and tracking the status of all issues that fall within the scope of data governance tasks. The data governance productivity considers the impact of data governance in relation to the amount of support and investment in this area, and includes issues such as the amount of reduction in resources required to coordinate members, products and other entities in data systems, the amount of reduction in work required to solve existing data problems, the percentage of projects or initiatives within the organization that have been identified and eliminated as redundant by the data governance program, and the number of redundant systems eliminated in order to create a single definition of customer, product, or other master data. Finally, the cost savings measure reflects the business value of data governance in terms of internal organizational impacts.The third dimension of data governance evaluation considers the effects that go beyond the internal boundaries of the organization and affect the entire business of the organization. The criteria considered in this dimension include obtaining and improving customer satisfaction, complying with laws and creating business opportunities, which express the main motivations and drivers of the organization to adopt data governance in the current competitive environment. The customer satisfaction criterion measures the fruit of the efforts made to govern and manage data and turn it into a real business value. On the other hand, there are laws and regulations that are defined in relation to data and depending on the type of business at different national, regional and international levels, and failure to comply with them, in addition to monetary fines, will sometimes result in the suspension or even termination of the organization's business. Therefore, the level of compliance with laws is one of the key criteria in the evaluation of data governance from the perspective of external organizational effects. Finally, it is expected that high-quality data along with analysis and reporting systems will lead to informed decisions and data-driven insights and provide new business opportunities for the organization, which is the subject of the last criterion in this dimension.Finally, five organizations active in the food industry were examined from the perspective of data governance. According to the information collected from these organizations and using expert opinion, pairwise comparisons were made at different levels of the proposed hierarchy. Then, using AHP, the weight of each dimension and criteria was calculated. According to the results, it can be seen that the external organizational effects is the most important dimension of data governance evaluation in organizations. In addition, customer satisfaction was chosen as the most important evaluation criterion, and compliance with laws and productivity were placed in the next positions. Then, the solutions and the distance of each organization from these solutions were calculated. studied organizations were scored based on the data governance criteria on a scale between zero and ten, and using the TOPSIS method, ideal positive and ideal negative  Afterwards, the closeness coefficient and accordingly the rank of each organization was obtained.The results show that the third organization has the best performance in the field of data governance among other organizations, and the second and fourth or ganizations are placed in the next places with a slight difference from each other.The fifth organization has a much weaker performance and the first organization is in the last place by a large margin. These results emphasize the applicability of the proposed approach for evaluating data governance and show the steps to perform such an evaluation in a case study in the field of food industry. Such an evaluation in the target organizations can be used as a measure to determine the current state of data governance on the one hand, and on the other hand, it can be used to set goals to reach the desired state in data governance. Moreover, considering the comprehensive and general nature of the proposed approach, it enables its application in other organizations, regardless of their size and type, which is one of the advantages of this approach.

The volume of data is exploding in the last decade and its complexity is continuously increasing. Moreover, organizations have become more adept at using data, which has created new demands that require different methods to combine, change, store and present information. Leading organizations are finding that traditional solutions for data management are becoming more expensive and unable to truly manage the business. Therefore, organizations need to solve these data problems in another way and by implementing an effective data governance. Data governance, by monitoring data quality and aligning it with business goals, is one of the causes of internal organizational changes, such as increased productivity. It has external impacts like increasing customer satisfaction and creating new business opportunities. Therefore, organizations need to use, implement, and evaluate data governance in their business to maintain competitive advantage and comply with laws and regulations. The present study tried to provide an applicable approach to evaluate data governance in organizations. For this purpose, the dimensions of data governance and different criteria for their evaluation were determined using the literature review and the opinion of experts. Then, a hierarchical structure was proposed to evaluate data governance. This structure considers data governance from the three dimensions of data quality, internal organizational effects and external organizational effects of data governance. In the following, for each of these dimensions and depending on their nature, different criteria were introduced and explained. Then the evaluation method was developed based on the obtained structure and using a hybrid AHP and TOPSIS approach. In the next step, the proposed approach was used in a case study to evaluate data governance in five organizations active in the food industry. This study, while showing the implementation steps of the proposed approach, specifies its applicability and generalizability in other organizations. In addition, the results of this evaluation can help organizations to improve the state of data governance and while ensuring customer satisfaction and compliance with laws in the field of data, provide a platform for organizational excellence and new business opportunities.

Internet and electronic services have become an integral part of the life of every member of society. People do many of their jobs, including obtaining and collecting information, buying products, booking hotels, banking services, and downloading movies, books, music, etc., through the Internet. There are various methods to gain the trust of customers in electronic business, one of the methods which is an introduction to the subject of this research is the use of electronic word-of-mouth advertising or E-Wom. In such a way that most of the customers are looking for a better evaluation of the products based on word-of-mouth advertising. Information about products and services shared by customers over the Internet is considered cost-effective; Therefore, information can be shared with many people at the same time with minimal cost. This type of communication not only affects the attitudes and behaviors of consumers but also affects the brand image of customers. Today, applications, e-commerce websites, and social networking platforms such as Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook have created enough space for users to connect with brands. Communication that existed offline in the past has become more interactive. Consumers communicate with customers and other brands through mobile phones, and various social websites such as (Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram) by writing comments and online reviews on these sites. Needless to say, as the importance of online reviews is rapidly increasing. Online reviews are comments made by online visitors or potential customers about a product or service. These reviews are known as a tool for social benchmarking. User-generated content helps businesses build an online presence as well as build trust among design visitors. Online reviews have become an important source of information that allows consumers to seek accurate and reliable information by sharing the experiences of other consumers. A product or service review is made by a consumer who has experienced a service or purchased a product. Reviews are posted online on various platforms by consumers who have used or experienced a product or service. Also, a review of a product or service reflects the opinions and experiences of a customer in purchasing a product or service.Online reviews are becoming important sources of infor-mation for shoppers, influencing 20-50% of online purchase decisions. Many customers and consumers look for online reviews as the first step when making a purchase. Online reviews play an important role in predicting sales of many products and services and brand trust. Online reviews are as important to business as they are to customers. There are several reasons why online reviews are important and will help build strong relationships with potential customers as well as increase sales and attract leads.​It is very important to identify the factors that cause consumers to write reviews, and consider the acceptance of a new technology. Intention is not only an expression of clarity about the possible course of future action in a particular situation; Rather, it reflects the degree of preparation and intensity of efforts that are expected to lead to the desired outcome. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) explains how people's performance of a specific behavior is determined by their behavioral intention for a specific task. TAM is developed to predict the possible adoption of a new technology by an individual or an organization. This model is based on the theory of reasoned action, which explains that behavior is determined by the intention to perform that behavior, attitude towards the behavior, and social pressure to perform that behavior  Therefore, the current research was conducted in Hamedan City to investigate the intention of customers to do online review with the technology acceptance approach.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of this research was the citizens of Hamedan. the sample size was 7 times the number of questions, i.e., 161 people, which were selected by the available sampling method. The formula 5q≤n≤15q was used to determine the sample size in structural equation studies. Sampling was obtained on the spot and through the online space. The tool for collecting data and information in this research is the use of an online questionnaire, including 21 questions, and data analysis has been done through the structural equation test and the partial least squares method using SPSS and SmartPls software. For construct validity, the measurement model of this research including convergent and divergent validity was conducted using Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, AVE index, and Fornell and Larcker table. Composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient should be at least 0.7, which is acceptable based on the findings obtained from data analysis. The AVE index and factor loadings should also be greater than 0.5, which showed an acceptable value based on the results obtained from the data analysis.According to the criteria of Fornell and Larker, a structural model should have more dispersion among its observables in comparison to other model structures, to be able to say that the hidden variable in question has high diagnostic validity. Therefore, the root mean extracted from each hidden variable must be greater than the maximum correlation of that hidden variable with other hidden variables. The results of the Fornell-Larker test showed that all the values on the main diameter are greater than the values in the corresponding column, which indicates that the used model has acceptable validity.

This research was conducted to investigate the intention of online reviews by customers according to the technology acceptance approach. According to the purpose and conceptual model of the research, seven hypotheses have been defined for examination. According to the results obtained from the structural equation method, the hypothesis of the significant effect of subjective norms on the perceived usefulness of online reviews is confirmed, and also based on the positiveness of the path coefficient, its effect is also direct. That is, the higher the subjective norms, the greater the understand ing of the usefulness of online reviews. Based on the obtained results, the hypothesis of the significant effect of subjective norms on the perception of ease of use was confirmed. Also, due to the positive path coefficient, this effect is direct. That is, the higher the subjective norms of people concerning writing an online review, the greater the perception of ease of use. So, it can be concluded that when people notice the approval and acceptance of their online opinions by other people and understand that their opinions give other people a correct understanding of the product and service, it causes learning. It is easier for these people to write online comments on the Digikala site than for other people; Therefore, it creates the thought in these people that writing online comments is simple and easy for other people as well. According to the findings, the hypothesis of a significant effect of perceived behavioral control on the perceived usefulness of writing online comments has been confirmed. Due to the positiveness of the path coefficient, this hypothesis has a direct effect. That is, the greater the perceived behavioral control for writing an online review, the greater the usefulness. Considering the results of the research, the effect of perceived behavioral control on the perception of ease of use for writing online reviews by customers has been confirmed. That is, the more a person's behavioral control for writing an online review, the greater the perceived ease of use. According to the confirmation of this hypothesis, it can be concluded that having self-confidence, sufficient resources, opportunity and confidence in their opinions gives users a correct understanding of its simplicity and therefore it is easier for them to write online comments on the Digikala site. Therefore, this mentality is created for them that it is easy to write an online review on the Digikala site. According to the results, the hypothesis of a significant effect of perceived usefulness on the customer's attitude towards writing an online review has been confirmed. Considering the positive path coefficient of this hypothesis, its effect is also direct. That is, the higher the perceived usefulness of writing an online review, the more positive the users' attitude is. It can be concluded that to increase the attitude of users about writing online reviews, the role of these comments in increasing the information of other users and improving the performance and its role in purchasing the product and in general the usefulness of these comments should be understood. Based on the results of this research, the hypothesis of a significant effect of the perceived ease of use on the customer's attitude towards writing an online review was not confirmed and the hypothesis was rejected; Therefore, it can be concluded that the simplicity and ease of writing an online review on the Digikala site does not affect the users' attitude and other factors change the customers' attitude. The results obtained from this research show that the hypothesis of the significant effect of attitude on the customer's intention to write an online review has been confirmed. Due to the positive path coefficient, this effect is direct. That is, the more a person's attitude towards writing an online review is, the more the users will intend to do it; Therefore, it can be concluded that if writing online comments increases the awareness of consumers and changes their attitude, and also causes the transfer of positive and negative feelings about the products and services of the Digikala website, it makes users more intent to write online reviews.

Based on the present research, the online review intention can be explained by the technology acceptance approach. Based on this, having a favorable attitude towards online reviews is the basis of the intention to do it. Also, most of the variables related to the technology acceptanceThe Journal of Human Information Interaction is supported by Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.This work is published under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license. model shape the attitude toward online reviews. Therefore, paying attention to these variables is vital for those active in the field of electronic retailers.According to the confirmation of the first and second hypotheses regarding the positive and meaningful effect of subjective norms on the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, a trained and organized team can be deployed in the DigiKala organization and encourage and accept the online reviews of customers. and remind them that their online comments will make other users understand the products and services correctly and introduce writing online comments as an easy and simple task. According to the confirmation of the third and fourth hypothesis, which shows the positive and significant effect of perceived behavioral control on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, facilities such as praise and discount, as well as assuring users of their purchase, can increase the confidence of users. Also, due to the correct understanding of the beneficial effect of their comments on other users, and also considering the various ways to increase the self-confidence of users, he reminded them of the ease of writing online reviews and encouraged them to write online reviews. participate Considering that the fifth hypothesis is based on the confirmation of the positive and meaningful effect of perceived usefulness on users' attitudes, it is possible to write about the advantages and Positive Effects of Online Reviews on Payment Purchase Decisions. It is also possible to increase users' information about online reviews, which will change users' attitudes and encourage them to write online comments. According to the confirmation of the seventh hypothesis, which shows the positive and significant effect of the user's attitude toward writing an online review on the intention to write an online review, the DigiKala organization can educate users that online comments will increase their awareness. Also, these comments will convey positive and negative feelings about products and services so that users can use these comments before buying. Considering the importance of the role of online review in creating trust and selling more products, it is suggested that the role of online review be done for other areas in the e-commerce industry, such as tourism in Iran, buying and selling tickets, etc. The wider statistical community including the big cities of Iran that have a history of buying and using e-commerce services and online reviews should be considered to obtain more accurate and extensive results in this matter. It is useful to add variables as mediating variables or moderators related to the variables in this research to achieve more accurate results. The role of users' personalities and the moderating role of demographic variables can also be studied in the future to obtain a comprehensive understanding of online review behaviors.

In digital humanities, citizens encounter in the creation and consumption of cultural resources, with activities such as transcription and transliteration of text, text correction, punctuation, Classification, description of metadata, labeling, division and annotation of features leading to the enrichment of digitization or production Digital corpuses with different types of annotations. Digital Annotation Tools (DAT) facilitate the development of new digital-based reading strategies and allow learners to highlight digital texts and add textual, video, and image annotations. Social annotation can become a "novice art" for teaching literature. Also, citizen science projects emphasize that education should be considered as a high priority goal. The successful development of a practical method to use the collaborative annotation system to increase the academic output of digital humanities researchers and improve reading in the digital space is still a valuable research topic. Computer-aided transcription tools can speed up the process of reading and transcribing texts. An automatic method for converting Persian texts into phonetic chains has been presented, but in this context, the problem is not limited to automatic phonetic transcription, where the absence of short vowel letters (short vowels) in replacing Arabic letters with Latin characters (letters) leads to poor readability of transliterated text. Reading skill requires many prerequisites, one of them is phonological awareness. The purpose of this research was to Investigate the changes in users' learning and reading experience using annotation types and Investigate the impact of international transliteration training on users' learning and reading experience.

The approach of this research was quantitative and the research method was semi-experimental and its design was pre-test-post-test. The statistical population includes 30 non-Persian speakers who had no familiarity with the Persian language. In order to reach the target audience and distribute the questionnaires, some Persian language teaching institutions such as Dehkhoda Institute, Persian language teaching center of universities. Also, the sites of some scientific social networks such as Research Gate, Linkedin and Academia were referred and the profiles of people were observed. In order to carry out the research, 30 non-Persian speaking people were selected from the statistical population using a non-probability and targeted sampling method and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). In terms of gender, 12 were men and 18 were women (40% men and 60% women). In terms of age group, most of them were between 19 and 50 years old, and the average age was 33 years old. In terms of nationality, 2 Iraqis, 2 Americans, 5 Chinese, 2 French, 3 German, 5 Ukrainian, 1 English, 1 Swiss, 3 Japanese, 1 Canadian, 2 Andalusian, 2 Italian and 1 person was Indian. In terms of education level, 12 people were in the doctoral level, 9 people were in the master's level, and 6 people were in the bachelor's level. An interface was designed to collect data. a few verses of Saadi's poems in which words that have the same written appearance but have completely different pronunciations, meanings and grammatical characteristics, were searched and selected. Depending on whether there are different options for pronouncing words or not, we deliberately included possible but incorrect pronunciations for some random words in the question so that they would listen to the voice of the local announcer and then choose one from among the transliterated words of the poem. In each pre-test and post-test stage, users were faced with 23 disambiguation items (in the form of disambiguation by clicking on the correct option among multiple choice options) and 2 correction items (by typing the correct form in the corresponding field). For all 23 questions, there were real words in the Persian language.To design the intervention activity of international transliteration education, the Persian book of the first year of elementary school and the second and third sections, which include the signs of the Persian language, were used. The structure of each sign (letter) in the book to read consists of five parts: big picture - small pictures with the word - written text - new sign - learning activities. Under each sign and thumbnails of each word, international transliteration and audio file were added. The training files were provided to the experimental group and trainings were provided in 4 sessions of 30 minutes and Skype and Google Meet communication software were used. Users of both groups were evaluated twice (before and after the intervention of international phonetic training). The tools used in this research were two questionnaires to perform practical work, one of which was used in the pre-test phase and the other in the post-test phase. After the pre-test, the experimental group received an interactive training support introducing the work program and IPA (International Phonetic Association, 1999) in order to improve the learning experience and develop the educational structure, while the control group did not receive this intervention during the research process. To calculate the distance between the answer chosen by the user and the correct answer in the poem, the method of calculating phonetic distances by Faradi et al (2019) was used.

For analysis, three independent variables were identified for each item (question); Two of them were interval variables, i.e., word length and Lonstein's phonological weighted distance between the selected answer and the correct answer, the other parameter was a nominal parameter that indicated whether the correct answer was among the selected options or not. The average scores in the learning and user reading experience of the control group in the pre-test was equal to 18.6 and in the post-test it was equal to 19.8, while the average scores in the learning and user reading experience of the experimental group before the international transliteration training was equal to 19.1 and after the international transliteration training, it increased to 23.2. For this purpose, the t-test of independent groups was used after the international transliteration training. The result of independent group t-test indicates the change of scores in users' learning and reading experience between the two experimental and control group after the international transliteration training. The resulting t (3.08) is greater than the critical table's t (1.96), so it can be said that there is a significant difference between the scores in the learning and reading experience of the users between the two experimental and control groups after the international transliteration training (p 0.05 < ). Therefore, according to the evidence, it can be said that the types of annotations (audio, transliteration) have resulted in a significant change in the learning and reading experience of users. In order to answer the second question, "What effect does international transliteration training have on users' experience in reading Persian language poems?" In the descriptive analysis of the information, first the statistical indicators related to the basic variables of the research were calculated. The results showed that in the pre-test stage, the average distance from the correct answer (error rate) of the experimental group was 4.09 and in the post-test stage it reached 1.1, which shows a significant decrease. In the control group, the average distance from the correct answer (error rate) was equal to 3.4 and in the post-test stage it reached 3.6, which did not change much. According to the quasi-experimental design of this research and the use of pre-test and post-test in it and in order to control the effect of the pre-test in it, to analyze the relevant data, the statistical model of covariance analysis has been implemented. Before running any covariance analysis, it was necessary to have homogeneous regression slopes and a linear relationship between the auxiliary random variable and the dependent variable. For this purpose, the interaction between the random variable and the independent variable has been investigated. On this basis, the assumptions of this statistical method, i.e. the assumption of normality of distribution, equality of error variances and homogeneity of coefficients and regression, have been investigated. In the inferential methods section, in order to answer the second question, "What effect does international transliteration training have on the experience of users in reading Persian language poems?" Between-group covariance analysis was used, and the results are presented in separate tables. Due to the fact that the studied groups have been selected completely randomly in compliance with all conditions, therefore, the distribution of the data was completely normal. Another important assumption of covariance analysis is the homogeneity of regression coefficients. Based on the results, it was observed that the interaction of the pre-test distance from the correct answer (error rate) with the independent variable is significant at the confidence level of 0.95 (p < 0.05). One of the assumptions of covariance analysis is the assumption of equality of error variances (homogeneity of variances), which Levin's F was used to check this assumption (to check the post-test of the dependent variable). Based on the reported results, it was observed that the homogeneity of variances is significant at the confidence level of 0.95 (p < 0.05). In order to analyze the results and changes of the dependent scale of the research, univariate covariance analysis between groups was used. The results showed that considering the pre-test scores "distance from the correct answer (error rate)", the difference between the trained group and the control group is significant in the post-test stage. (p<0.05). Distance from the correct answer (error rate) (F = 12.3). The total effect size is equal to 0.314. Considering the eta square, it can be said that 31.4% of the changes and the reduction of the distance from the correct answer (error rate) are caused by the influence of the independent variable (i.e. intervention and international phonetic training), which is in accordance with Cohen's criteria, close to It is moderate and statistically significant. (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be said that international phonetic training has been effective on the distance from the correct answer (error rate).

Level-based achievement was confirmed in the results of the users' learning and reading tests. Annotations act as an attention strategy. Vocabulary marking and adding various annotations and international transliteration were effective for non-Persian speakers to learn and read Persian poetry.The results of this research also highlight the important role of international phonetic training in phonetic transcription and improving the second language reading experience and show the effectiveness of international phonetic training intervention and phonological memory training as a tool to strengthen second language vocabulary development. The limitations of this research include ignoring the influence of the users' native languages, the difference in the phonological systems of different languages, relatively small sample size, different age groups and different education levels, the influence and relationships of these factors. The output of the text-to-phonetic chain conversion program is used in automatic text-to-speech conversion, correct phonetic writing of texts, teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers, dictionary writing, etc. By performing phonetic transcription work in the form of manual disambiguation or correction, users create a database with possible corrections that are suggested to be used for various purposes, including increasing the accuracy of machine transliteration. Using a digital annotation tool that allows more accurate tracking of how each user interacts with the text (through log files, tracking eye movements in the number of times focusing on a word, attention creation mechanisms) Important points for future empirical work in this field. Implementation of computer-based assessment using machine learning method leads to efficient implementation and improvement of PA skills. Although solutions for computer-based phonological awareness assessment for children have been provided in Persian language, computer-based phonological awareness assessment can also be used in teaching reading literature. Implementation of computer-based assessment using machine learning method leads to efficient implementation and improvement of PA skills. Although solutions for computer-based phonological awareness assessment for children have been provided in Persian language, computer-based phonological awareness assessment can also be considered in teaching reading literature.

Human life has always been subject to crisis. The important thing in dealing with a crisis is the appropriate response. The emergence of information technology has provided crisis managers with the best possible potential and capacities for crisis management. Today, managers should always be ready to deal with crises. These crises can be economic and financial or natural events such as storms, floods, tsunamis, or disease outbreaks. Managers who have not taken measures in advance to deal with such events will lose more. No one is aware of the crisis in advance. Expert managers have basic plans to deal with such situations. To overcome uneven events, managers should use the experiences of their predecessors to get acquainted with crisis coping strategies. Not all managers can overcome the crisis. However, if the managers in their organization believe in crisis management as an inseparable part of their strategic management responsibility, the probability of confronting a crisis will be significantly reduced. Crisis management activities are performed in three stages before the crisis, during the crisis, and after the crisis. The first step consists of the actions needed to prevent the crisis. This stage is the first step in identifying and diagnosing the crisis and also gathering information to deal with the crisis. The second stage includes the stage of crisis occurrence. In this stage, it is necessary to gather information to diagnose the causes of the crisis. The third stage is the actions that must be taken after the crisis. At this stage, we had to ensure that the crisis has resolved or not. Also, learning from the crisis so that it does not happen again occurs at this stage. The crisis is a test for stability in a system. A crisis is an unusual situation in which a problem or sudden event occurs that is not predictable. Etymologically, the word crisis has been derived from the Greek language. In ancient Greek, the word crisis (κριςις) means "judgment" or "decision". The crisis means that it is necessary to make a decision that has not been made before. In the 21st century, the growth of information technology and the expansion of research has created a significant increase in the understanding of the challenges of crisis management when facing a crisis to reduce victims, and thanks to technology and the use of communication technologies, crisis management has become more realistic. During crisis management, by using correct communication, participation, coordination, and integration in information systems play an important role in crisis control. In a crisis, those affected perceive, process, and act on information differently than in non-crisis times. One of the applications of information technology in crisis management is "crisis informatics". Crisis informatics deals with the relationship between people, organizations, information, and technology during a crisis. Crisis informatics means the knowledge of receiving and transmitting information. In other words, crisis computing is the science of information processing and information systems. On the other hand, inaccuracy in choosing and publishing news and information in crisis conditions can be called crisis informatics. The expansion of social media such as Facebook, and Twitter, search based on people, and response to the crisis of Google, YouTube, and Flickr has changed the face of information management in critical situations. One of the capabilities of information science specialists is information monitoring. Information specialists can identify which information is fake and which is valid through information review. Therefore, experts in this field can play an influential role in preparing information reports for decision-makers. Also, by producing correct and reliable content, they should prevent the information confusion of the public. Considering that information forms the link between crisis management, crisis informatics, and information science, the present study was conducted to explain the role and functions of information science in crisis informatics.

 The current research was conducted using a library method with an analytical approach and after reviewing previous studies to identify concepts related to the concept of crisis informatics. In this study, researchers first searched for materials related to the purpose of the research using keywords (crisis informatics, disaster informatics, informatics patterns of crisis, information science and crisis, information science and disasters, crisis informatics in disasters and social media) in databases including Google Scholar, Emerald, WebOscience, Scopus, ScienceDirect paid. The researchers examined the recovered. After reviewing the found texts, the researchers selected the related materials based on the purpose of the research and presented them in this article. In this research, by examining the concept, history, and patterns of information flow in crisis informatics and the role of information science specialists, an analytical review has been made on the importance of the role and position of information science specialists as crisis informatics in times of crisis.

 The findings showed that although the importance of social media in a crisis is critical to researchers and many studies have covered it and paid attention to its role in gathering information during a crisis as well as providing aid, so far Informing people when dangerous events occur in social networks has not been given serious attention. Self-coordination through social media among citizens and providing aid to fellow citizens, through the advice of shared posts, helps to improve crisis conditions, and authorities use media for public communication during a crisis. However, obstacles such as the lack of personnel to verify and disseminate information are still challenges to the efficient use of social media by authorities. Also, data mining of citizens' behaviors is one of the issues through which authorities can identify wrong information and deal with it. Officials and crisis managers can identify the fundamental gaps in society and take action to solve them by obtaining public information. In social networks, due to the existence of two types of official and unofficial information, the flow of communication is also two-way. This means that both people and authorities send and receive information. As a result, the main focus of crisis informatics is information. These findings show that providing information during a crisis, especially health information to accident victims, is still a challenge, despite the commonality of crisis informatics and information science, no independent research has yet addressed this issue. At the same time, the common point of information science and informatics is the crisis and the main topic of both information. Information science specialists can play an essential role in crisis informatics due to their capacities to produce reliable information, verify information, manage and set up information systems, create databases, and facilitate and accelerate information recovery.

Crisis informatics is a field of study that has received much attention and is proliferating. And its importance during the last decade has made it a subject area of research activities. This relatively new field has emerged to ensure that the full potential of information and communication technologies is maximized to improve decisions and actions at various stages of crisis management. Examining the definitions shows that crisis informatics is sometimes defined only in interaction with social networks (Palen et al., 2020), and sometimes it is generally understood in interaction with technology (Soden, 2017; Palen et al., 2009). In some cases, it has been proposed as a social system that is created as a result of communication between different groups (Soden, 2017; Palen and Soden, 2018; Palen and Anderson, 2016). But the commonality of all the above definitions can be seen as the existence of the social system and the interaction of humans and information. This field collects data from social reactions to crises and incidents and analyzes the results. Based on this, crisis informatics can be defined as the response of human groups to crises and incidents in the context of information technology. The increasing importance of social media in conflicts and crises has made people use them with more interest. People share feelings, thoughts and images with their friends on these media. During the crisis, this process increases. Most important events are quickly released to the public before they even hit the news. Although information on social networks may contain true and false information, including rumors. But these media are among the most important media for providing information about accidents and the condition of people who have been injured. Research on crisis informatics and social media has also shown that emergency services departments can use social media to obtain valuable information (e. g. eyewitness reports, images, or videos) that help them Inform about disaster situations so that they can send their immediate aid. Of course, due to the emerging nature of crisis informatics, we can expect to see more precise and more developed definitions in the future. Of course, the maturity of the field of crisis informatics requires providing a comprehensive, accurate, and precise definition, which in this study was tried to be formulated based on the theoretical background of the research.The review of informatics literature also showed that this emerging field is an interdisciplinary research field that includes several different disciplines. Among them, the field of information and communication technology, health/medicine, and information systems play the most crucial role. It was also found that despite the centrality of information and its importance in the crisis, so far no research has been done on the role of information science and information specialists in informatics. Because information is very critical in all stages of a crisis and, accordingly, crisis informatics, the field of information science can play a crucial role in the best performance of crisis informatics. Validation of information was identified as one of the functions of this field, because the combination of a large volume of official information sources and content produced by citizens adds to the information load in crises. This increases uncertainty and difficulty in deciding who and what sources are trustworthy. Deciding which information providers and sources to trust in a crisis is very essential because acting on reliable information can shape and influence the nature of the crisis. Verification of the accuracy of this information can be done by experts in the field of information science.Providing the information needs of people involved in the crisis, such as citizens, organizations, non-governmental groups, etc., can also be included in the scope of the duties of specialists in the field of information science. One of the primary needs after a crisis is accurate information, and this is what information specialists and librarians are trained for. This group can provide critical information to support the performance of local authorities, emergency managers, police, fire, and medical personnel. Librarians are trained to provide accurate information in various formats and are fast to solve problems. Most importantly, the general public considers librarians to be closer, more accessible, and more reliable than the employees of government agencies. Also, the organization of information recovery tools can be part of the roles of this field in crisis informatics. Controlling and directing the correct flow of information, and designing and implementing banks and information systems are also included in the activities of specialists in the field of information science. Summarized to the "right" person at the "right" time using a suitable platform for specific needs and groups. With population growth and ecological changes (such as climate changes, nature changes, and the destruction of many non-renewable natural resources), it is necessary to think of measures to prevent abnormal events in emergencies. The emergence of artificial intelligence technology and its use in information systems as well as social networks promises that the use of this technology will be fruitful in investigating the possibility of accidents and it is easy to provide people with the correct information in an intelligent way. Also, the authorities will strengthen their communication with the community through this technology. Promoting smartphones and increasing bandwidth to high-risk areas will also facilitate data recovery in times of crisis and increase self-organization among people affected by accidents.

Health systems are under pressure to improve their performance due to facing issues such as a sharp increase in expenses, safety, quality and justice, as well as the aging of the population, the spread of infectious diseases. Improving the performance of health systems requires that they work systematically Job performance refers to employee behavior that contributes to the organization's effectiveness. They suggest three possible reasons for the possible effect of knowledge hiding on job performance: First, knowledge hiding reduces the availability of knowledge to facilitate better performance. Secondly, employees who hide knowledge tend to have a mindset that they do not trust the support of other colleagues. The predictable result is that performance decreases. Finally, if knowledge collectors know that someone is hiding their knowledge, trust will decrease (Jiao and Cook, 2018). Therefore, hiding knowledge often reduces employee job performance for three reasons: reduced decision making, problem solving, and creativity (Davenport et al., 2016). Organizational pessimism is one of the topics of organizational behavior that has been raised recently, and its existence can have a negative impact on employee performance and organizational productivity, as well as individual health. Pessimism in the organization, before it is a personality trait, is a learned reaction that occurs among employees and is formed and increased in most cases due to a series of negative communications between employees and managers of the organization (Larinkova, 2017). A large number of employees tend to make deliberate efforts to hide tacit knowledge in organizations, which leads to many negative consequences such as repetitive efforts or reduced job performance (Beijer, Pechi, Veldhoven, & Paure, 2021). One of the reasons for hiding knowledge by employees is that they want to get a superior position and have the positive evaluation of others. It is achieved and also because of the fear of hosting "knowledge parasites" who only want to use the benefits of knowledge. Sometimes, hiding knowledge is done with the aim of avoiding its negative aspects, such as disclosing information to competitors. In addition, personality traits and cultural factors may affect knowledge concealment behavior, those who are not talkative are usually introverted in sharing knowledge with colleagues (Arshad and Ismail, 2018). Knowledge sharing has an effect on increasing efficiency, improving quality and increasing the competitive advantages of organizations, and therefore, organization leaders seek to find ways to increase knowledge sharing (Zhou and Jia, 2019). Leadership style is also very effective in the organization, transformational leaders based on interactive methods with their employees can increase the psychological capacity of employees and ultimately reduce negative attitudes such as organizational pessimism. Transformational leadership has a positive effect on knowledge sharing behavior. Leaders who have more relationships with employees can have a great impact on employees' attitudes and behaviors and ultimately on their level of pessimism. Leaders establish interactive relationships with employees by providing benefits and advantages such as fair and just treatment, support or independence of action. Through transformational leadership, employees can be encouraged, inspired and motivated to innovate, make them accept changes, endure more challenges and help in the development of the organization, as well as transformational leadership by establishing a connection between individual interests and Collectively, they make more efforts of employees to achieve the lofty goals of the organization and they are trying to change and transform in line with the goals and programs of the organization and according to the conditions. (Hosseini, Raij, Stiri Sharifi, 2010) Considering the basic role of health deputy in providing primary services and to some extent secondary services in Iran's health system and also considering the important and serious duties of the employees in the field of health deputy in order to maintain and improve the health of the society and since improving the performance of health deputies It can ultimately lead to the improvement of health indicators, so increasing performance and improving performance is more important than other organizations. Achieving goals in the health system depends on the correct and appropriate performance of employees, continuous and dynamic changes in the health needs of people and the expectations of people from the health system, requires the presence of knowledgeable and optimistic employees in the organization.The Deputy of Health plays a fundamental role in providing primary and to some extent secondary healthcare services in the healthcare system of Iran, and employees in the field of Deputy of Health have important and serious duties in maintaining and promoting community health. Since improving the performance of health deputies can ultimately lead to the improvement of health indices.Therefore, it is very important to know the influencing factors on increasing performance in any organization. Since no study has been conducted in this regard in Isfahan province's deputy health department and most of the studied studies have been conducted in areas outside the health department, which are different from this area in terms of the nature of work, so the importance and necessity of implementing The current research is clear and based on this, the main goal of the present research is to explain the role of pessimism in the job performance of employees of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences' Vice-Chancellor of Health with regard to the mediating role of hiding knowledge and moderating transformational leadership.

The current research is a descriptive study, from the point of view of practical purpose and from the point of view of data collection, it is a survey type. The statistical population of the current research was all the employees of the Health Vice-Chancellor of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, numbering 235 people. According to Morgan's table, the number of samples was 140 people. But to ensure return, 200 people were selected as a sample by simple random method. This research was conducted at the health center headquarters of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and the data obtained from questionnaires completed in the winter of 2011 were analyzed. The method of data collection was library and field methods. In the field method, to measure research variables, standard cynicism questionnaires with 5 items (Maslash et al., 1996), knowledge concealment questionnaire with 4 items (Peng, 2012), job performance questionnaire with 5 items (Chiang and Hsieh, 2012) ) and transformational leadership questionnaire with 4 items (Dai et al., 2013) were used. The spectrum used in the questionnaire is based on the five-choice Likert spectrum. The face validity of the questionnaire was checked and confirmed by experts. Convergent validity was also checked and confirmed with the average variance extracted. Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire, which was obtained and confirmed for the variables of cynicism (0.838), knowledge concealment (0.833), performance (0.822) and transformational leadership (0.927), respectively. Due to maintaining the confidentiality of personnel information, questionnaires were distributed anonymously among the employees. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to analyze the data. For the descriptive analysis of variables and data, statistics such as mean, standard deviation and kurtosis are used. Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling and SPSS25 and Smart pls3 software.

 The results showed that pessimism has a significant effect on the job performance of health assistant staff of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Also, pessimism has a significant effect on the knowledge concealment of health staff of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. But other relationships were not confirmed.

 The most important determining factor in achieving organizational goals is the human resources of that organization. Organizational pessimism is one of the topics of organizational behavior and one of the important and influential factors on the performance of employees of any organization, the existence of which can negatively affect the performance of employees, organizational efficiency, and also individual well-being. The present study investigates the role of pessimism in the job performance of employees of the Deputy of Health of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, considering the mediating role of knowledge hiding and the moderating role of transformational leadership.In examining the impact of pessimism on the job performance of employees, considering the coefficient obtained for the intensity of the relationship between pessimism and job performance and examining the level of significance, a weak significant relationship has been found, indicating a weak inverse relationship between pessimism and job performance. Therefore, with an increase in the pessimism of the employees of the health deputy, their job performance decreases.Furthermore, Soufiani and Safandiaz (2017) concluded in their research that organizational pessimism has a significant negative impact on job performance. By examining the coefficient obtained for the intensity of the relationship between pessimism and knowledge hiding, and also examining the level of significance, we reach a moderate relationship between these two factors, indicating the significant number obtained and the presence of a moderate correlation between pessimism and knowledge hiding. Therefore, it can be concluded that the higher the pessimism among employees, the more likely organizational knowledge hiding behaviors occur. In a study by Babaei Meybodi and Alirezaei (2019), similar results were obtained, showing that rational knowledge hiding has a positive effect on job performance satisfaction as an intermediary role.Jiang, Wang, and Jiang (2019) also in their research titled "Hiding Knowledge as a Barrier to Flourishing and the Mediating Role of Mental Security and the Moderating Role of Organizational Pessimism" concluded that the negative effect of hiding knowledge on mental security is higher at higher levels of organizational pessimism. The results of the research by Neguineh and Maleki (2022) also showed that pessimism has a positive effect on knowledge hiding behavior, and therefore, reducing pessimism can reduce knowledge hiding behavior and indirectly affect the job performance of employees.One of the reasons why employees hide their knowledge is pessimism. It seems that there are reasons that strengthen pessimism, leading to a meaningful relationship between pessimism and knowledge hiding. One of these reasons is the belief that"knowledge brings power". Knowledge has been considered in many past studies as a factor of power, survival, and job security in the organization. Many employees still hold such beliefs, which lead to "distrust of the opposite person" and make them first assess the level of trust in the opposite person when requested for knowledge and then react to the request.The results of hypothesis testing showed that there is a significant negative relationship between pessimism and job performance and also a positive and significant relationship between pessimism and knowledge hiding. No correlation betweenknowledge hiding and job performance was observed. In this regard, the results of the present study showed that pessimism and negative moods of employees have a negative impact on their performance and provide grounds for knowledge hiding. Since pessimism has many negative consequences for the organization, management should identify the factors affecting organizational pessimism, the precursors of creating negative emotions and moods in employees, and also consider the consequences that pessimism will have for the organization and employees, to control and minimize its negative consequences, by creating opportunities and places for expressing problems, needs, conflicts, and harassment that threaten employees, try to create a trusting atmosphere among employees. This action can help employees re-evaluate their mindset and reduce knowledge hiding behaviors