دوفصلنامه پژوهش های آموزش و یادگیری
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

The global spread of COVID-19 has disrupted many aspects of our lives. Education systems around the world have changed dramatically. Several countries have encouraged schools to switch to e-learning, and as a result, parents' involvement in their children's education has changed. This research was conducted with the aim of validating the antecedents, effective factors and consequences of the participation of parents of primary school students in online education.

The statistical population of the present study was all parents, teachers and principals of elementary schools in the 1st and 19th education districts of Tehran. Of these, 328 samples were collected. The tool of the current research was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was calculated using the CVI coefficient for components and items between 77 and 95, and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.85, which indicates that The questionnaire used is reliable. Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire components was calculated between 0.56 and 0.93. Finally, after collecting the data, the relationships between the variables were measured using structural equations with AMOS software with version 24.

The results showed that in order to form a local pattern, the factors affecting parents' participation in the online education process of elementary schools were confirmed as a central phenomenon in the two dimensions of educational care and supervision and control of children. The phenomenon of parental participation in this field is formed under the influence of factors such as parental ability, parental support and infrastructural factors. On the other hand, the use of solutions such as cooperative methods and methods based on social activity under the title of parents' participation solutions leads to the understanding of the necessity of parents' participation.

These results, with their high validity and reliability of modeling, can be a powerful tool for investigating parents' participation and its role in online education in subsequent researches.Keywords: parental participation, online education, cooperative education.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the content of Shaad network educational videos based on the content evaluation criteria of educational videos. The research method was descriptive and content analysis type. The statistical population of all the educational videos of elementary Persian course (4th, 5th and 6th) in the official content section of Shaad network. According to the topic of the research, sampling was not done and all the statistical population was examined by the full number method. The coded categories are extracted from the document of expressions of evaluation of educational films, which are in the form of ten components (objectiveness, learning levels, scientific validity, learning experiences, learning strategies, communication with the audience, artistic creativity, principles of message design, documentation and values). cultural) was examined. The data obtained from the review of the films were analyzed using frequency tables, mean and Shannon's entropy method. The results showed that the content standards of learning levels, purposefulness, cultural values, scientific validity, and learning experiences have been met in the official content section of the Shaad network in the educational videos of Farsi lessons. Also, the content criteria of communication with the audience, the principles of scientific design and documentation, and learning strategies have been observed to a moderate extent, and the content criterion of creativity has been given little attention. Based on Shannon's entropy method, it was also determined that the content criterion of learning levels with the information load of 0.9998 and the importance coefficient of 0.3344 has the most importance and the content criterion of artistic creativity with the information load of 0.9715 and the importance coefficient of 0.32057 has the least importance. In order to determine the stability and validity of the findings, the second coder was used for 60% of the cases, and the agreement rate was 0.92. One of the most important suggestions of this research is to pay attention to the criteria and content indicators for the production of educational videos in different dimensions, which improves learning.

One of the concerns of virtual education during the Corona was the teaching of laboratory courses in universities, which made teaching and learning a challenge. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of virtual training in the plant physiology laboratory course on the academic progress and satisfaction of Biology students of Farhangian University.

The research method is observational-cross-sectional research with a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population is all the teacher-students of the bachelor's degree in biology education of Farhangian University, Shahid Beheshti Center, Tehran, who registered in the plant physiology lab in the first semester of 1400-1401 and were selected by the full number method. The educational content of the lesson was designed in a virtual way and taught in one academic semester for the statistical population. The measuring tools and methods of the variables included the researcher-made cognitive-skill test to evaluate academic progress and the researcher-made questionnaire of satisfaction. The validity of the instrument is considered through content validity and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha (0.85).

The findings show that plant physiology laboratory training in a virtual way has had an effect on increasing the grades of students and their satisfaction in the three areas of learning, knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The highest level of satisfaction was observed in the field of knowledge and the lowest level of satisfaction was observed in the field of skill.

It seems that with the appropriate design and explanation of a strategic plan, it is possible to deal with the challenges of virtual teaching of laboratory courses to a certain extent and provide the basis for improving the teaching and learning of students in laboratory courses in a virtual way.

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between social identity and social adjustment, considering the mediating role of communication skills. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The research population was 6570 people, of which 362 people were selected using a simple random sampling method and using the social adjustment questionnaires of California Clark et al. The standard social identity questionnaire of Safarinia et al. (2013) was examined. In order to analyze the data, the structural equation technique was used using Lisrel statistical software. The research findings showed that the social adaptation of students has a direct and meaningful relationship with their communication skills and social identity. Students' social skills have a direct and significant relationship with their social identity. The research results showed that social skills play a mediating role in the relationship between social adaptation and social identity.

By understanding the process of modernization in various aspects of human life, postmodernism has critically analyzed this process. The main goal of this research is to critically analyze the function of the media with a postmodern approach and provide its educational guidelines. To achieve this goal, a critical analytical method has been used. For this purpose, firstly, the most important components of post-modernism were identified in the subject area, and the categories that looked at the media and its socio-educational functions were examined and identified. In the following, along with a critical analysis of the function of the media based on the most important postmodern components, its educational guidelines have been explained by using examples of media citations - especially movies and social networks. The most important components inferred in this research are the critical use of information, respect for the media fence, acceptance of otherness and freedom from the monotony of thought, fundamental reading of the theme, and finally cultural eclecticism in the direction of tolerance of incompatibilities. The results of this research show that knowing the place of media in today's life and moderation in its use, identifying reliable sources and useful information, acquiring media literacy and familiarity with techniques such as persuasion and stereotyping are necessary for effective educational exposure in this field. Giving importance to the values of local communities against elitism and individual and cultural stardom, critical analysis of messages and diversity in information sources are considered educational requirements of this research.

The aim of the this study is to identify the meaningful experiences of Ph. D college students in city of Tehran based on their academic identity based on the concept of academic aspiration. The meaning of academic identity is a collection of views, thoughts, decisions, behaviors and motivations through academic content and in connection with the elements of higher education such as professors, students, issues related to activity is teaching-learning. The meaning of the concept of academic aspiration is a characteristic or ability through which students and graduates have stepped beyond what is designed for them in the curriculum of higher education, whether hidden or overt. And they discover and cultivate new dimensions of themselves.Method This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and using interpretive phenomenology method. A semi-structured interview was conducted with sixteen PhD students and graduates who were selected by the criterion sampling method. In line with data analysis, interpretive phenomenological method adapted from Ricoeur and MAXQDA2020 software was used.ResultsIn the results section, two types of academic identity were obtained: The academic identity that is forming and the academic identity has been formed.Discussion and Conclusions The findings show that the most influential experiences on the formation and emergence of the academic identity of the participants were the result of their placement in extracurricular situations and in a place other than the university. Especially when there was an opportunity to do things related to the responsibility assigned to them or accepted by them. The reason for this is explained in the way that they felt powerless and confused in converting the learned knowledge into action. But the existence of academic aspiration features that gives the ability to cross the set limits has started to create and additional learning along with responsibility.

In the current era, not only in Islamic societies, but also in many human societies, the ground has been provided for the revival of Islamic thought and the revival of Islamic educational lines and system. Based on this, the aim of the present research is to represent Islamic education in the analysis of the content of Sahifa Sajjadiyeh.

The research is in the form of qualitative research in humanities. Therefore, in order to represent the Islamic education from the book of Sajjadiyeh, a qualitative method with "text analysis" has been used. According to the nature of the research, the statistical population includes the entire book of Sahifah Sajjadieh, which was analyzed using the total number method. To collect information and data in this research, a suitable checklist was designed. In order to check the validity, the findings of the research were presented to the participants and the text of the theory was studied by them and their points of view were applied. To calculate the reliability, the percentage of intra-subject agreement was calculated, and the agreement coefficient was estimated at 0.82. Finally, the data was analyzed by the Strauss-Corbin method and through three stages of open, central and selective coding.

From the integrated and final form of the basic themes extracted from the analysis, the number of 54 sub-categories in the form of 5 components of the paradigm model (main component) was determined. Based on this, the 5 main components include; The meaning component of education has 8 indicators, the factors influencing Islamic education have 7 indicators, the underlying factors of Islamic education have 16 indicators, the dimensions of Islamic education have 9 indicators, and the factors inhibiting Islamic education have 14 indicators.

In order to represent Islamic education, by examining and analyzing the statements of Imam Sajjad (a. s.) in the book of Sajjadiyah, an attempt was made to discover and select the content categories and the characteristics of the elements of a model to represent Islamic education, so that a suitable model for Islamic education can be developed.

The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of happiness based on the life of the Prophet and Imams of Athar on the academic conflict and interpersonal problems of students. This research was conducted using a quasi-experimental method with an experimental group and a control group. The community includes all male students of the second secondary school in Najaf Abad city in the academic year 2022-2023. The method of cluster sampling is multi-stage. to measure academic involvement from Zarang questionnaire (2013); And Barkham's (1996) questionnaire was used to measure interpersonal problems. The validity of these two questionnaires was checked and confirmed by subject experts and its reliability was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that happiness based on the life of the Prophet and Imams of Athar has effects on academic conflict and reducing interpersonal problems of students. In other words, following the happiness mechanisms based on the life of the Prophet (PBUH) and Imams of Athar (AS) on all the components of academic engagement (cognitive, motivational and behavioral), had an impact and improved the academic engagement of students. Also, observing happiness mechanisms based on the life of the Prophet (PBUH) and Imams of Athar (PBUH), on all the components of students' interpersonal problems (the component of openness and people-friendliness, openness, consideration of others, aggressiveness, support and participation and dependence), was effective and led to the reduction of students' interpersonal problems. Therefore, by observing happiness mechanisms in classrooms based on Islamic teachings, it is possible to encourage students to do academic activities and be serious about them, as well as to reduce their interpersonal problems.

Considering the importance of teaching philosophy to teenagers, the purpose of this research is to study and examine the methods of teaching philosophy to teenagers. This research investigates the methods of teaching philosophy to teenagers in secondary school by using the qualitative research method of documentary studies. According to different approaches in the field of teaching philosophy to teenagers, in this research the methods of teaching philosophy to teenagers have been examined in three approaches. Exploratory, collective exploration, discussion, Community of inquiry and question and answer, and in Australia according to Philip Cam, the methods include: story, use of question, Community of inquiry, group discussion and dialectic; and according to Millet, it includes: Community of inquiry and images. And in France, according to Bernafier, it has included the use of questions to start a discussion, Socratic dialogue, and Community of inquiry, and in England, according to Fisher, Garrett Matthews, Sutcliffe, it includes: stories, Community of inquiry, group discussions, plays, role playing, music, handmade things and objects, is a Socratic dialogue. Also, the results of this research show that all three approaches use the methods of philosophical stories, collective exploration, hive-exploration circles, and question and answer, and their differences, especially in the first approach, philosophical stories are used to start the discussion, but in the second approach uses a philosophical question as a starting point.

Most scientific concepts that belong to the field of chemistry are abstract concepts. Therefore, students need mental imagery to understand these concepts. Considering the high goals of the education system, in relation to increasing the quality of teaching and learning of students, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of infographic-based instruction on the learning of the chemistry course of eleventh grade students.

The current applied research was conducted in a quasi-experimental manner on two control and experimental groups, and in the form of a pre-test and a post-test. The statistical population of the research is all the 11th grade high school students of cities of Tehran province. The size of the statistical sample using Cochran's formula was estimated to be equal to 56 people who were selected through cluster sampling. Adobe Illustrator 2022 and Paint software were used to prepare 30 infographics. Compliance of the topics and concepts of infographics with the goals of the textbook was confirmed by four faculty members and five teachers with chemistry experience. The information gathering tool of the researcher-made test contains 20 questions in the fields of knowledge, understanding and analysis. The validity of the test questions was confirmed using the opinions of the expert group. The reliability of the test questions was obtained using the Kuderrichardson method equal to 0.73. Research data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software at a significance level of P<0.05.

The findings show that after the implementation of teaching using the infographic method, the average grades of the students in the experimental group have increased significantly compared to the control group. Also, the average scores in the areas of knowledge, understanding and analysis of the students of the experimental group before and after the implementation of teaching in the infographic manner have increased.

The results show that teaching using infographics can increase the level of knowledge, understanding and analysis of students in chemistry.

Introductoin: 

Reflective teaching is a new nature of teaching that seeks the application of thinking and thought in the way of implementing curricula and tries to provide the sustainability of learning content by continuously evaluating activities. This approach seeks to inform and objectify the range of educational actions that teachers express in a cycle of the teaching process.The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and explaining the dimensions of reflective teaching on improving the Job Crafting of student-teachers of Farhangian University.

The qualitative research approach was thematic analysis with emphasis on the self-perception method. The participants were student-teachers working at Farhangian University of Shahid Motahari Khoi in the academic year 1402-1401, and 17 of them were studied as a purposeful index sampling. In this regard, semi-structured interviews were conducted with them and sampling continued until data saturation. Also, the method of rich description and cross-case analysis was used in order to validate the data, and the the Another review method and parallel analysis were used to determine the reliability of the data. The obtained data were analyzed using a 3-step process consisting of King and Harrocks (2010), Brown and Clark (2006) and Atride-Sterling (2001).

The findings of this research include 6 overarching themes, 18 organizing themes and 159 primary themes, which are the main categories based on the indicators of educational self-evaluation, educational motivation, self-study, narration, educational pathology and self-regulation. Also, the reflective teaching approach in line with Job Crafting emphasizes on revising work goals and creating new procedures in teaching, reviewing and criticizing educational interactions and the situational nature of educational communication, directing teachers' attitudes and forming teaching culture.

The results show that schools, by emphasizing new approaches in teaching curricula, pay attention to the role of reflection and thinking in the way of implementing educational content, the focus of teacher activities, And consider the creative mentality and attitude of teachers in teaching as part of the identity of the teacher's job and revise the teaching standards.

Global competence has profoundly affected all areas of education. In the process of globalization, global competence is a critical competence for graduate students. The Graduate Student Global Competence Questionnaire (GCSG) is a new tool for measuring the global competency of university graduate students. The aim of the present study was to investigate the validity, reliability and standardization of the Global Competence Questionnaire of university graduates in the Iranian student community.

The present research method was correlational and 234 graduate students of different universities in the country at the master's and doctoral level were selected by available sampling method and the global competence questionnaire of graduate students that was first used by Liu, Yin, and Wu (2020) have designed, they answered.

The results of data analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the GCSG scale, like the original form, consists of three main factors of knowledge and understanding, skills, and attitudes and values, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients for The subscales of skills, attitudes and values, and knowledge and understanding are 0.89, 0.82, and 0.82, respectively, and have the required validity of 0.92 for the whole scale. On the other hand, because the correlation coefficients of the sub-scales show a lower value compared to the correlation coefficients of the total scale, it indicates the validity of the measurement scale. The indices obtained from the fitted model CMIN/DF, CFI, GFI, and RMSEA were 1.60, 0.90, 0.82, and 0.55, respectively, with DF = 468, which is at the level of (p< 0.001) is significant and shows the acceptability of the fitted model.

It is concluded that the current scale is a reliable and valid tool for measuring the global competence of university graduates and by using the current tool, extensive research can be done in line with the global competence of students and also the effectiveness of various programs in this field. Keywords: global competence measurement scale, norming, confirmatory factor analysis, validity, reliability, university graduate students.