پژوهشنامه ایرانی روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 1 (تابستان 1402)

The relationship between public opinion and foreign policy has always been one of the topics that scholars and experts in political science and international relations have presented different views on. Some theorists have pointed out the instability of public opinion and its excitement, and they even believe that in many cases, public opinion is directed and formed by governments and affiliated media. Therefore, they believe that public opinion cannot be relied on in foreign policy. But on the other hand, another group believes that the researches, studies and surveys that have been conducted, represent some stable and stable components in public opinion and that there are significant trends in public opinion. Therefore, one cannot simply ignore public opinion and ignore public opinion in foreign policy decisions. Therefore, foreign policy decision makers should consider public opinion as an independent variable influencing foreign policy. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method and using library and documentary studies. The author seeks to examine the relationship between public opinion and foreign policy, and in better words, what role and influence does public opinion have on foreign policy? And to what extent can public opinion influence foreign policy as an independent variable? The findings of this research show that public opinion is considered in the foreign policy decision-making process, both in real form and in the form of guidance and management by governments. And all governments, whether democratic or non-democratic, try to mask the public opinion.

The grand defense strategy of each country is embodied and crystallized in its defense and security doctrine.In order to achieve this goal, the security elites plan and operate the country's defense doctrine according to the level of actual andpotential threats.The insecurity situation in the surrounding environment has caused the decision-making elites in the field of defense-security doctrine,the index of security,to take an explicit proactive approach.and make the central idea in the surrounding turbulent environment the centrality of the country's defense strategy.To explain thatany inaction in security areas leads to spillover of insecurity and chaos from the peripheral environment to the internal environment.Senior military commanders,as decision makers in the security field,play a central role in this important matter by drawing and designing defense lines. Lt. Gen.Martyr Hajj Qassem Soleimani, as a personality who with extraordinary talent and vision,with his strategic decisions, increased the national security factor A. promoted Iran to the highest level in the country's history. In the way that he is considered as the architect of Iran's strategic security and stability. Iran is examined. The main question of the article is emphasized for this topic: What effects has the strategic thinking of Shahid Soleimani had on the orientation of the security doctrine of Iran? The increasing search for security, geopolitical dynamics, active deterrence, strategic depth,continuity of hard and soft power, active strategic and idea-oriented activism" has had a direct and decisive impact onthe direction of the Iranian defense-security doctrine.Specific findings The research shows that: "J.A. Iran's defense-security doctrine is influenced by the wise thinking of Martyr Soleimani in the form of a fixed model ofIranian realism, from the perspective of the realist government,there is a paradigm shift from a reflexive and reactive approach to a proactive approach to active security and "Strategic frankness has been proportionate to the threats."

This article discus the relationship between the Doctrine of Resistance and political developments in Iran's foreign policy, as well as in regional and international politics. It begins by discussing the issue of instability, insecurity, and war in the Middle East in the 21st century, and questions the influence of political movements on the region's developments. In response to this question, the article presents a multi-layered hypothesis, which is explained in three sections. The hypothesis suggests that the Islamic Doctrine of Resistance, as the most significant political, cultural, and military movement, has had a significant impact on military-political developments. In fact, the comprehensive impact of the Islamic Resistance movement on Iran's foreign policy, the developments in the Middle East, and international politics and system constitute the overall structure of this hypothesis. The mobilization, organization, training, and deployment of volunteer forces from various Islamic countries against the Western invading and occupying front led by the United States and regional allies such as Israel and Saudi Arabia have been the most important function of the Islamic Resistance front. Through the formulation of grand and shortcut strategies, designing operations, long-term planning, and overall management, the Islamic Resistance movement, led by the 21st-century strategist martyr Qasem Soleimani, has been able to overcome heavy and unprecedented military attacks on the Middle East and achieve significant victories in regional and international arenas, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy front.

The Shanghai Pact is one of the most important security-economic blocs in the Asia-Pacific region and one of the few successful international organizations among Asian countries. A significant part of this success can be attributed to the benefit of the mentioned organization from the integrated infrastructures that its members designed and implemented step by step since its establishment. This research, using the analytical and explanatory method as much as possible, tries to provide an accurate and scientific answer to the question raised in line with the goals of the organization. Dealing with this issue requires the analytical method of documents and library data and among the factors affecting the countries that are members of the Shanghai Treaty. One of the fundamental elements of the structure of the Shanghai Treaty is the multi-part dispute resolution system in which the present article will examine the scope of the competent authority's actions in the proceedings in each of the disputes. The present article is based on the fact that the description and recognition of this part of the Shanghai legal system can be effective in implementing its dispute resolution models in other international organizations among developing countries; Organizations whose lack of proper infrastructure has made their efficient operation face many obstacles.

The developments known as the Arab Spring began in 2011 with the popular uprising of Tunisia in the Horn of Africa and quickly spread to other countries in the region and led to dramatic changes in the political and social structures of some countries in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. In the meantime, in particular, the country of Saudi Arabia, which has a closed system of the royal type, considered its existence to be seriously exposed to the damage caused by this wave of transformation in both domestic and foreign spheres. As Umm al-Qari, the Islamic world has defined the continuity, expansion of its presence and influence in the region, and specifically "Syria and Yemen" in line with the strategic interests of Iran, as a result of which the emotional and non-constructive reaction in It appeared before the This country, which is known for adopting conservative policies in its foreign policy, has tried to protect its interests, expand its influence in the region and maintain its position as the leader of the Islamic world by adopting an aggressive approach. In this article, the author tries to is to compare the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia in the crisis of Yemen and Syria by using the approach of aggressive realism. The findings of the research show that: "The two countries of Syria and Yemen are the focus of strategic competition between the two countries, Saudi Arabia by transferring terrorist groups "Takfiri to Syria and direct attack on Yemen has appeared in the role of an actor in the atmosphere of conflict, and with an aggressive dynamic approach, it is acting in maximum conflict with the strategic interests of J.A. Iran".Middle East developments

In recent years, India has tried to introduce itself as a world power and therefore has made various efforts to accept its position under this title to other actors. From the perspective of the theory of regional security complex, whenever a regional power projects its power to another security complex, it is actually trying to act as a great power. India, as a country that is part of the security complex of South Asia, has tried to project its power to the security complex of the Persian Gulf and therefore applies its own strategy in communicating with the countries of this region. According to the theory of regional security complex, In this situation and by merging two security sets, a super set is created. The main question of this research was, what effect will India's presence in the Persian Gulf have on the regional security complex of the Persian Gulf? Based on this question, the research hypothesis states that India's presence in the Persian Gulf leads to the creation of a super-complex due to the integration of the two security complexes of the Persian Gulf and South Asia. This research, using the content analysis method, examined the documents and statements contained in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India and analyzed them based on the theory of the regional security complex. The findings of the research showed that India's presence in the security complex of the Persian Gulf is a result of the change in the paradigm of India's foreign policy during the Modi era and has led to the creation of a super-complex.