International Journal of Pediatrics
Volume:12 Issue: 122, Feb 2024

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex and multifaceted disorders characterized by recurrent and persistent intestinal inflammation. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is on the rise among both children and adults worldwide. In this review, we provide an update on genomic studies of IBD, with a particular focus on Very Early-Onset IBD (VEO-IBD), which often presents with a more severe phenotype than IBD at an older age.

The methods used in this systematic review were performed according to the guidelines of the PRISMA checklist. A search was conducted by two independent researchers in international databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) to find relevant studies published in English.

Patients with VEO-IBD have rare or novel genes associated with immunodeficiency that may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. To date, ten regions for 240 genes, which are usually monogenic, have been identified for this disease, mostly due to mutations. But the most important cause of VEO-IBD is mutation in interleukin 10. It has also been reported that VEO-IBD is associated with increased expression of S100A8 and S100A9 genes in rectal mucosa and serum.

Considering the multifactorial nature of IBD, all the changes that cause protein expression and function should be taken into account; so for early diagnosis and timely treatment of this disease, more extensive phenotypic sequencing is needed to discover new gene loci. And these children can be treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as the most efficient method.

Knee and ankle joint proprioception plays an important role in balance. Balance can also be influenced by non-environmental conditions such as anthropometric dimensions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between knee and ankle proprioception and anthropometric indicators in elementary school children. The present study is a semi-experimental research in correlational design. The statistical population of this research included all male students in the second to fifth grades of elementary schools, in north of Marand city, 160 of whom met the conditions to enter the research. Anthropometric dimensions were measured by calipers and scanners along with a tape measure; and photography was used for the accuracy of proprioception in ankle and knee joints (ICC ≤0.97). Data analysis was done by Pearson correlation test. All statistical calculations were done at a significance level of p≤0.05. Knee joint proprioceptive sense was negatively correlated with the length difference between thumb and third toe (r=-0.240, p=0.030), and with the second and third toe length difference (p=0.022 r=-0.253). Also there was a significant negative correlation between ankle joint proprioception sense and foot width (r=0.363, p=0.001), ankle circumference (r=-0.240, p=0.030) and hip circumference (r=-0.242, p=0.02). The anthropometric dimensions that are subject to heredity and are least affected by the environment, are effective for developable and changeable functions such as proprioception sense.

Intestinal malrotation presents with symptoms that can be easily confused with other non-surgical conditions in children. In this case series, we aimed to increase awareness about this condition for its early recognition and management; and contribute to the current knowledge on this condition.Case report: In this case series, we present five cases of Intestinal malrotation where the diagnosis was not suspected by the primary physicians. They subsequently had delayed surgical referral leading to morbidity and mortality.

Intestinal Malrotation in older children is usually not suspected due to atypical symptoms. Its diagnosis should be considered in older children with recurrent abdomen pain, especially if there is an associated history of malnutrition or poor weight gain. Early identification of malrotation by the attending physicians is of utmost importance. The patient should be referred for early surgical intervention to prevent morbidity and mortality. Education related to the timely diagnosis of malrotation in older children is crucial.

Studies have shown that Celiac Disease (CD) can present with patchy mucosal lesions. The aim of this study is to investigate the utility of duodenal bulb biopsy in the diagnosis of CD in some Iranian children. Moreover, we compare disease characteristics in children with CD consistent histology limited to the duodenal bulb (D1) with those of children with CD-related histology in the second part of duodenum (D2) with or without histology changes in D1.

This is a cross sectional study on anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti TTG Ab) positive children in Mashhad between 2019 and 2021. Intestinal biopsies from D1 and D2 were done. Diagnosis of CD was defined by the Marsh classification above 1. Patients of 2 groups compared in terms of clinical and laboratory parameters.

from 81 serology positive patients, 70 patients were diagnosed with CD, based on Marsh classification. Among them, 6 patients (8.6%) had exclusive involvement of D1, and 64 cases (91%) had involvement of D2 with or without D1. The two groups did not have a statistically significant difference in terms of clinical presentation, serological and histopathological values.

Taking D1 biopsies can improve case finding of CD in the pediatric population.

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) have long been used to provide intravenous therapy to premature neonates. The advantages of PICCs for neonates include avoidance of the pain and handling associated with repeated peripheral intravenous cannulation as well as the ability to safely deliver concentrated parenteral fluid or nutrients. Malpositioned PICC line tips can cause life-threatening complications. There are different intra- or post-procedural techniques to confirm line-tip placement to decrease the potential complications. These include plain radiographs, fluoroscopy, ultrasonographic detection, digital imaging, computed radiography, and intra-cavitary/ trans-esophageal/ and thoracic electrocardiographic monitoring. Each method has advantages and disadvantages and some methods have benefits in specific situations. The present study provides a literature review of common methods developed for detection of PICC tip positions over the last two decades.

The results of the studies on the aetiology, pathogenesis, and treatment recommendations of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in different age groups are limited. We analysed ASD patients immunogenetically and analysed the effects of regular intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment on their quality of life and clinical improvement.
Information about 96 patients was obtained from hospital system records and patient files.
Seventy-seven patients were male (M/F-3.4/1; p=0.001). In lymphocyte subsets of the patients, mean gamma-delta (γδ) T cell percentages were high, whereas mean naive CD8 T cell percentages were low in all age groups. Parents of 51 patients completed the quality of life questionnaire. The mean score was 41 (±10.26) before IVIG and 72.67 (±9.79) after IVIG. They were significantly different (p=0.001), and the effect size was 𝑡 = -23.001. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) analysis was performed in 21 of 51 patients, and 27 mutations were associated with ASD.
Regular IVIG treatment significantly improved ASD symptoms and family quality of life.

Nocturnal enuresis has negative effects on children's sleep habits and quality of life. Implementing physical activity and regular exercise can probably have an effect on improving sleep habits and the quality of life of these children. Core Stability exercises can be mentioned among these exercises. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of core stability exercises on sleep habits and quality of life in children with nocturnal enuresis.

In this clinical trial, 70 children with nocturnal enuresis referred to the educational-therapeutic Shahid Mofateh polyclinic, affiliated with Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 2022, were selected using a convenient sampling method from the available population. Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory generic version 4 were completed before and 48 hours after the end of the intervention. The intervention was conducted in 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week and each session lasted 45 minutes. SPSS software version 21 and chi-square, independent T and paired T tests were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that after the completion of the intervention, the changes in the mean score of sleep habits and quality of life in both groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Core Stability Exercises are effective in the sleep habits and quality of life of children with nocturnal enuresis.

Blood pressure measurement in newborns using conventional auscultatory and palpatory methods is technically difficult. As a result, different blood pressure measuring devices such as oscillometric and doppler devices have been developed. However, in resource challenged environments, these devices are not widely available unlike pulse oximeters which are relatively cheap and portable. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the reliability of using the pulse oximeter in measuring systolic blood pressure in normal, term neonates whilst comparing it to oscillometric and doppler/aneroid blood pressure measuring devices.
This was a prospective, cross-sectional study involving 192 healthy terms, appropriate for gestational age neonates who were recruited. Their systolic blood pressures were measured simultaneously using oscillometry, doppler/anaeroid sphygmomanometer and pulse oximetry at 12-hour intervals for the first 48 hours of life.
One hundred and eighty-five babies were analyzed. Mean systolic blood pressure readings using doppler with anaeroid sphygmomanometer was 60.35(SD 2.27), by Oscillometric device, it was 69.83 (SD 12.55) and by pulse oximetry 55.08 (SD 2.11). Systolic blood pressure readings using a pulse oximeter were significantly lower compared to the other methods and the degree of absolute agreement between the rating instruments was poor especially with oscillometric measurements where the level of agreement further declined with time.
Pulse oximetry is a better alternative to oscillometry in systolic blood pressure measurement in newborns especially in resource challenged environments but it cannot be used interchangeably or substituted for doppler anaeroid systolic blood pressure measurement