نشریه مطالعات کتابداری و سازماندهی اطلاعات
سال سی و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 137، بهار 1403)

 Policy-making based on research evidence is a management approach that is based on moving from the completely intuitive and unconscious spectrum to the scientific spectrum and considering all organizational capacities. Most of this scientific evidence has been obtained through academic institutions and research centers. Many countries of the world establish many scientific institutions and associations and employ a wide range of researchers to analyze and evaluate the results of academic research to align their decisions and programs with the latest research and scientific findings. Therefore, this research aimed to examine how to link the decisions and policies of the National Library and Archive of Iran (NLAI) with scientific and research evidence, to identify possible obstacles and solutions to overcome them. The current survey was conducted with an analytical approach. The main tool for data collection was a semi-structured interview designed via a questionnaire with open and closed questions. The research community and sample size were purposefully selected from among the employees of NLAI so that they have at least 15 years of work experience and a master's degree or higher. 164 people agreed and answered the questions. To measure validity, the questionnaire was provided to 5 librarians and experts in the field of evidence-based policy and management. To measure the reliability, 35 questionnaires were distributed and collected among the studied population, and then the reliability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's alpha test. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (k-s), univariate t, and Friedman tests were used in the analyses. The employees believed that the use of data and research findings for decision-making and planning in specialized departments of the organization is necessary (4.25 on a scale of 5). To solve the work problems, they have faced so far, many employees (4 out of 5) have found the need to use scientific data and research evidence can improve their efficiency in performing specialized activities. On the other hand, they believed that scientific and research evidence is used less than average for decisions and planning at the macro-organizational level. NLAI planners and managers who want to avoid failure in decisions and programs should pay more attention to the use of scientific and research evidence. In this way, they can improve their knowledge and awareness of the consequences of uncertainty and risk reduction in the work field.

The purpose of this study was to systematically examine dimensions and categorize the indicators of ego-centric networks in the literature to create a basis for evaluating the performance of scientific outputs or networks of people The current research was done with an analytical approach and a systematic review method. The steps of data search and analysis in this study were developed based on the standard guidelines of Prisma. For this purpose, 23 researches related to EGO network indicators from 2003 to 2023 have been presented in the core collection of Science, Scopus, and IEEE websites after refining the results. Moreover, in all three databases, restrictions on the type of documents (articles and books), period (2003 to May 22, 2023), and language (English) were applied. The reviewed studies have identified three levels of ego network indicators according to structural and combined characteristics in the form of 21 indicators: ego-alter ties indicators, alter attributes indicators, and Alter-alter ties. Four indicators of ego-alter ties include network size, Multiplexity, Tie Strength, and Tie Dispersion, which show different dimensions of relationships between the central entity (ego) and alters. The indicators related to the altered attributes in the ego network include six indicators of network composition: ego-alter similarity, heterogeneity, alter centrality, altered dispersion, and geographical dispersion. Two common social sciences concepts, social capital, and social support, can be defined and calculated as a subset of the combination criterion. Eleven indicators in the category of alter-alter ties include density, number, and size of components, Burt's Structural Hole Measures (four measures of effective size, Constraint, efficiency, and hierarchy are proposed to calculate this index), Gould and Fernandez Brokerage, Ego betweenness index, Degree centrality, closeness centrality, Alter Betweenness centrality, cliques, number of isolates nodes and Core-periphery. Some network structural metrics are graph-based and based on graph theory. Among others, we can refer to density, closeness centrality, degree centrality, alter Betweenness centralization, cliques, number of isolates nodes, and Core-periphery. When applied to personal networks, these metrics typically have a particular meaning and interpretation, especially if the ego is excluded. These meanings are different from their socio-centric network meaning. Several kinds of research have been conducted on ego-centric networks, each dealing with some specific number of criteria related to the characteristics of these networks, and have tried to be a basis for evaluating the performance of the networks. Research gaps we identified in this field include reviewing the software required to implement the indicators and how to illustrate, validate, and apply these indicators in scientometrics, science evaluation, and technology research and policy.

 Designing metadata ontology model for semantic representation of Theses by using the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies. This study was an applied form and two methods were used, Content Analysis and mapping. The metadata of 69 theses and dissertations on the National Library and Archive of Iran in three Databases: 1) Digital Library of National Library and Archive of Iran. 2) Rasa Software and 3) Ganj in the Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology were selected modified and completed by mapping. On the other hand, by analyzing the entities of each SPAR ontology and suggesting another entity to the researcher, the checklist was formed. This checklist included classes, properties, and individuals. At last, by entering them into Protégé software version 5.5, the model of metadata ontology, MdOntTDs, was drawn. Findings identified deficiencies in the existence of four important metadata elements (subject, supervisor, advisor, and abstract) in RASA and NLAI Digital Library. Among the 18 SPAR Ontologies, the most entities were selected from FaBiO, FRAPO, and CiTO respectively. All entities of BiDO, BiRO, C4O, Fivestar, FR, FRBR, PO, PRO, PSO, and PWO were suitable for theses. 195 individuals from 6 SPAR Ontologies, 292 individuals labeled with MdTDs from theses, and 100 individuals labeled with SUNMdTDs were selected by the researcher and entered into the software. 1558 entities categorized by class, Properties (object, data, and Annotation), and individuals along with the description and definition of each entity were placed in the software, in the form of hierarchical and determining axioms for classes. And specifying domain and range for relationships. Finally, the RDF graph was drawn using the OntoGraf plugin, and the final Model, MdOntTDs was developed. this research has proposed three new types of metadata: 1) Except for the existing keywords, topics have been categorized and modeled up to three levels including 4 main categories, 16 subcategories, and many units. Each of these final topics has been related to “hasSubject” and “isSubjectOf” properties. 2) The research methods of Theses that were connected with “hasMethod” and “used in” properties. 3) The papers taken from Theses were also searched, as far as possible, and were connected with “hasJournalArticle” and “journalArticleOf” properties. This model, if implemented, can overcome keyword search limitations, the problem of linking and Data sharing on the web, and the inconsistency of data. In the software, classes and their related individuals are visible in the form of a hierarchical network in RDF triples, and the connection between entities with increasing access points promises deeper semantic searches. However, due to the absence or lack of tagged and linked data, usage of the some of selected entities is not possible.

 This research deals with the problem of innovation and optimization of providing services related to the library stack to facilitate the restoration and accurate arrangement of books and the protection and maintenance of resources. In this regard, the innovative book locator device tool has been evaluated in libraries. To achieve the goal of this research, an experimental method has been used. The type of this research is also applied. Data collection was done through the distribution of two types of questionnaires "pre-test" and "post-test" in two stages with a time interval of two months. To collect this information, 50 employees working in the stack of target libraries participated in the period of December 2020 to February 2022. The target community of this research included 10 important libraries in Tehran which had similar sections and the same row. Therefore 50 book locator devices were produced and their use was tested for 60 days. The main components of this research on the effectiveness of using the book locator device to solve book stack problems are: reducing waste of time, reducing the amount of disorganized resources, reducing depreciation of resources, reducing empty places of books and archival items, and increasing accuracy in the exact arrangement of resources. Questionnaire data was collected using a control group and a Likert scale test. The reliability of the research was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient higher than 0.7. Finally, the answers were analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. The results of this research showed that more than 71 percent of the statistical population of the research consider the use of the book locator device to reduce the depreciation of books in the library stack to be effective. Also, the use of the book locator device has solved 98 percent of the problems related to displacement and mistakes in the arrangement of books in the library stack. After testing the book locator device, 87 percent of users mentioned that the correct and accurate arrangement of books on the shelf saves time and increases work speed. Additionally, 96 percent of sample individuals reported that, during book returns, the flashing light of the book locator device increases work speed and attracts librarian attention. The results of this research showed that none of the studied libraries have a book locator device and the arrangement of books is done by librarians. 90 percent of people participating in the research evaluated the book locator device as a useful tool which indicates the efficiency of this device in the library environment. In general, the use of the book locator device is an example of innovation and creativity in the stack of libraries and can have general and practical aspects and help to increase the efficiency in the management of library resources.

Understanding the information environment and the extent of its utilization in sharing information is highly effective in strengthening the most commonly used channels for information dissemination. Informal communication plays a crucial role in scientific relationships, and women, as a social group holding a dignified position in society, often rely on informal information channels to meet their information needs. Therefore, it is important to examine the information environments of women The objective of this research was to analyze the key components of women's information environments, in terms of sharing information, using the grounded theory.

The current research method was developmental and has been conducted using a qualitative approach and the foundational data theory. The statistical population of the study consists of 26 female experts in information science and librarianship who are employed as professors or work in one of the country's library centers at a university and have been selected by purposive sampling (snowball sampling). The data were collected through interviews with them and were analyzed through three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The paradigmatic pattern, including causal conditions, the main phenomenon, contextual conditions, interventionists, main strategies, and environmental consequences of women's information environments in sharing information, was designed based on them. The interview tool was validated using the respondent method, and the tool's reliability was measured using the double coding method.

The findings indicate that 18 main and 48 sub-components have been identified in 6 categories for women's information environments and sharing information behavior, including: causal factors with 7 main components (friendliness, personal tendency, individual and personality compatibility, personal interests, environmental compatibility, ethical compatibility, scientific motivation) and 18 sub-components; contextual factors with 3 main components (social interaction, environmental factors, temporal factors) and 7 sub-components; intervention factors with 4 main components (social motivation, ethical motivation, cultural motivation, political motivation) and 10 sub-components; strategic factors with 1 main component (information sharing method) and 3 sub-components; outcome factors with 2 main components (acquiring knowledge, sharing information and knowledge) and 8 sub-components; and the main phenomenon (exploring the information environment of women with an emphasis on their information sharing behavior) with 2 sub-components. 

This model, which is derived from the opinions and views of experts in information science and science in the country, specifies that strengthening the information environment for women requires solutions in the field of their information-sharing behavior. Its results, in scientific, educational, cultural, and social institutions, especially universities and organizations in charge of scientific and cultural policies, will have an important and special application in improving the informatioلn-seeking behavior and information-sharing behavior of women, and as a result, the development and progress of information science and scientific development of Iran.

 Organizing Indigenous knowledge in libraries, archives, and museums with conventional methods of organization, cataloging, and classification is not possible due to the lack of terms and vocabulary of Indigenous knowledge and the lack of written sources of this knowledge. To enter indigenous knowledge that is the result of centuries of local people's experience, it seems appropriate to use ontology in the semantic web. This article aims to discuss and investigate the necessity of using ontologies to store and retrieve Indigenous knowledge of agriculture by studying existing ontologies in the field of agriculture and Indigenous knowledge.

This study employed an evidence-based systematic review methodology. The literature search was conducted using a defined set of keywords in the Google Scholar database without restrictions on publication date. To enhance subject differentiation, keywords were separated and combined in pairs. The search yielded 12 articles for the term "ontology and indigenous knowledge," 83 articles for "agricultural ontology," and 143 articles for "agricultural indigenous knowledge." A total of 238 articles were retrieved from the English search using the three key terms "Agricultural Ontology," "Agricultural Indigenous Knowledge," and "Indigenous Knowledge Ontology." Six additional articles were included through manual search, and nine articles were added following a search using the Persian keywords "ontology," "knowledge organization," and "local knowledge organization." Ultimately, 37 articles were selected and reviewed based on a comprehensive evaluation of their abstracts, findings, and relevance to the research topic.

 A comprehensive review of the literature revealed three prominent and widely recognized ontologies: Agricultural Ontology Services (AOS), Plant Ontology (PO), and Crop Ontology (CO). Additionally, the study indicates that countries such as Spain, China, Iran, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia, India, and Pakistan have undertaken initiatives to design and implement ontologies for indigenous agricultural knowledge. Furthermore, the analysis of retrieved articles suggests that Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and India have made significant strides in this domain.

While traditional methods, such as educational and promotional printed brochures, can effectively disseminate indigenous knowledge to a localized audience, disseminating this valuable knowledge globally necessitates its integration into the semantic web. This entails providing seamless access to indigenous agricultural knowledge resources on the web, enabling users to retrieve and utilize this knowledge through semantic search. Ontologies, specialized tools within the semantic web, offer an ideal solution for organizing, storing, and retrieving indigenous knowledge effectively. These ontologies categorize topics within the domain of indigenous agriculture, defining the logical relationships between them, and thereby maintaining the intricate interrelationships inherent in this knowledge system. By incorporating indigenous agricultural knowledge into the semantic web and utilizing ontologies, we can achieve global dissemination of this invaluable resource, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of indigenous agricultural practices and their contributions to sustainable food production and resilience.