نشریه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی
پیاپی 49 (بهار 1403)

Urban governance seeks to limit the role of the government to the extent of harmonizing and guarding the laws and to reduce its direct interference in decision-making, administration and implementation of affairs related to people's daily lives. The purpose of this research is to investigate the status of good governance indicators in the urban areas of Zahedan. The research method of the research is descriptive-analytical and library and field method (questionnaire tool) was used to collect the required information. The statistical population of the research consists of the citizens of Zahedan, including 592,968 people. The sample size was calculated by Cochran's formula of 360 people and the questionnaire was completed according to the population of each region by a simple random method at the level of the regions. In order to compare pairs of each of the indicators of good urban governance, after obtaining the opinions of 17 experts who have full knowledge of the city under study, using model A. H. Fuzzy foundation has been applied to the weighting of each index. To analyze the collected data, SPSS software, one-sample t-test and TOPSIS fuzzy model were used. The findings showed that the indicators of good urban governance in the areas of Zahedan city are in an unfavorable situation. Also, the results obtained from prioritizing the five regions of Zahedan city with the Fuzzy Topsis model in terms of good urban governance indicators show that region 1 with a weight of 0.818 ranks first. Region 4 is in the fifth and last place with a weight of 0.000. Region 2 with a weight of 0.722, Region 5 with a weight of 0.636 and Region 3 with a weight of 0.289 are in the second to fourth ranks respectively in terms of good urban governance indicators.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the amount of soil loss in the land uses of the Nirchai watershed using the RUSLE model in Ardabil province. In order to carry out this research, first, the satellite image of the studied area related to the year 1400 and the month of June was received from the American Geological Research Center, and after atmospheric and radiometric corrections, a land use map was prepared using the supervised classification method using the support vector machine method. Then the RUSLE model was used to estimate the erosion rate. SPSS 21, Excel, ArcGIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to analyze and produce maps in this research. RUSLE model parameter layer includes rain erosion layer, soil layer, topography layer, vegetation layer and soil protection factor as well as various statistics related to rain gauge stations, hydrometry, topographic maps 1:50000, geology 1:100000 as well as DEM (20 meters area) and GIS geographic information system and remote sensing have been used. The results of this study showed that the average amount of annual soil erosion for the whole basin ranges from 0.5 to 14.25 tons per hectare per year. Also, the investigation of the regression relationships between the factors of RUSLE model and the amount of annual soil erosion showed that the topography factor (LS) with the highest value of the coefficient of determination R^2=0.93 is the most important in estimating the annual soil erosion using the RUSLE model.

Water is the most precious wealth available to mankind; Especially in the dry areas of the country, which covers a huge area of our country. At the national level, a large share of investments is spent on infrastructure and infrastructure and improving the management of water resources and its transmission. These mentioned factors will show the importance of the water sector and economic and social security at the national level. One of the inter-basin water transfer projects that is being studied and implemented is the transfer of water from Beheshtabad to Zayandehroud. Beheshtabad project is the name used to transfer water from Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces to Isfahan, Yazd and Kerman provinces. The purpose of this article is to analyze the situation of inter-basin water transfer in Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces, which has been collected using descriptive-analytical research method and using library resources and internet sites. The results of the findings show that most experts believe that the implementation of this plan has negative consequences on the provinces of origin in particular and on national security in general. Political activism, security challenges (ethnic conflicts), social, economic and environmental tensions resulting from not studying and incorrect feasibility of the plan are among the issues that make the justification of its implementation appear unjustified.

The requirement to achieve national development is to improve the level of capabilities of rural communities in the economic sector. In this regard, it is considered necessary to evaluate the existing policies for the economic development of rural communities. For this purpose, the current research was written with the aim of evaluating the impact of government policies on the economic development of the villages of Astara County, with an emphasis on the fourth and fifth development plans. The research method in the present research is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with practical purpose and analytical-exploratory nature. The statistical population of the research also includes managers, officials and experts on rural issues in Gilan province and Astara county, and using Cohen's formula at the 95% confidence level, 70 people have been determined as the sample size. Also, in line with data analysis were used one-sample t-tests and linear and logarithmic regression in SPSS software. The findings of the research show that the level of employment during the fourth and fifth development plans in the villages of Astara County had an upward trend, although with a slow slope. Also, commercial-industrial centers under the support of the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization have experienced a growth of 26.56 percent during the fourth plan and a significant growth of 155.7 percent during the fifth development plan. Rural food industries also increased by 87.5 percent during the fourth period of development, which shows a growing trend during the fifth development plan as well, but with a lower slope. On the other hand, the examination of 5 major policies during each of the 4th and 5th plans shows that the influence of the 5th plan on the economic development of the villages of Astara was much greater.

The city of Kermanshah, due to the large increase in population and unbalanced expansion, has many issues and problems related to sustainable urban development. With the increase in population growth rate in recent decades, the city has witnessed unequal urban spaces, so that the areas of the city show an inequality trend in terms of development indicators. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate sustainable development based on structural equation model in Kermanshah. The type of research is applied and the method of its study is descriptive-analytical. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect information and data. The study area is Kermanshah and the statistical population of the study includes 946,651 citizens of Kermanshah, of which 356 were the sample size selected by Cochran's formula, which was distributed using a simple random sampling method. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. Data analysis tools are SPSS and Amos software. The results of one-sample t-test, at a moderate or normal level, indicated that the social, economic, physical, environmental, physical and managerial dimensions in Kermanshah are in an unfavorable situation. Therefore, the situation of the management dimension in the eight districts of Kermanshah was more unfavorable. Also, in this article, the deterrent and accelerating factors on the sustainable development of Kermanshah city have been studied using the structural equation model in AMOS software. Based on the results, it was found that all research indicators have a significant effect on sustainable development in Kermanshah. The most important accelerating factor in sustainable urban development in the study area is the managerial factor. Based on the results, the factor load or regression weight for the managerial factor was 0.87 at a significance level of 0.000. After the management factor, the physical factor with regression weight was 0.8. The factor load or regression weight of the environmental factor was 0.77, the economic factor was 0.75 and the social factor was 0.69.

Due to the effect of climate change, the frequency and intensity of wildfires is continuously increasing. Wildfire risk assessment is an important part of fire prevention because pre-fire planning requires tools to monitor an area in terms of when and where fire is most likely to occur, or when a fire will have the most severe negative effects. Wildfires are one of the most important natural hazards in Zagros forest ecosystems in western Iran. This study was conducted to analyze the risk of fire and investigate the factors affecting fire in the forest area of Dore Chegeni County. The main goal of the current study is to try to prepare a wildfire risk zoning map by combining topographic data and other auxiliary data through the geographic information system and using the Best-Worst Method for the study area. The fire risk map was obtained by scoring and weighing the layers of effective fire factors (vegetation, slope, aspect, elevation, climate, and distance from settlements and roads). Based on the results, the study area was classified into four fire risk classes. Very high (7%) and high (11%) fire risk areas were identified in the study area. Furthermore, 8% and 74% of the study area were placed in medium and low fire risk classes, respectively. This analysis helps land managers to understand patterns of vulnerability and fire risk in the landscape. By using the analysis of the results, investments in conditions of limited resources, forest restoration, fuel treatments and other mitigation measures to reduce fire risk can be targeted in areas with high fire risk.

People spend a significant part of their time in the outdoor environment. Desirable open spaces encourage people to spend their time for various activities and traffic in these places. It is very important to pay attention to quality criteria in the planning and design of these spaces. Wind flow plays an important role in the quality and stability of urban open spaces, as well as an important and influential factor on heat exchange, humidity, particle transfer and ventilation of the urban environment to establish thermal comfort. The purpose of this research is to analyze and evaluate the effect of climate on human comfort and physiological comfort in urban open spaces. The research is of applied type, which was done with descriptive-analytical method. The data used include the average minimum, maximum and monthly cloud cover, sunshine hours, temperature and wind speed in the statistical period of 40 years(1979-2019). The main analysis tools include Penn Warden, Badad and Baker indices and Excel, Arcgis and Autocad software. The area studied in this research is the city of Rasht in Gilan province. The findings show that favorable winds blow from the northeast and unfavorable winds are more from the west and northwest directions. Cold discomfort is seen only in January and February. The amount of calories lost daily and hourly is the highest in February and the lowest in July. The amount of calories received from sunlight is the lowest in December and the highest in Jul .The days of the four months of July, August, June and September need not only shade but also natural air flow to establish thermal comfort, and the hot period of the year occurs between 11 am and 5 pm in the two months of July and August. In order for the wind to enter Rasht in the summer season, the communication network must be in the north and south direction so that these currents can cause blinding, soften the air and reduce the humidity above the city. But these winds have faced a problem by hitting large and high-altitude structures that have been created in the northern part of the city without proper planning.

The main goal of this research is to investigate the relationship between development and resource allocation in the creation of new human settlements during the years 2011 to 2021 and in Iran. The present research method is applied in terms of its nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of the data collected in a library. The analysis of the collected data has been carried out quantitatively. Several methods have been used to examine the collected data, so Shannon's entropy method is used to weigh the indicators, To evaluate the state of development of the country's provinces using the VIKOR multi-indicator decision-making method, To find the relationship between the variable of human settlements (city and village) as a dependent variable and the variables of resource allocation (property acquisition budget) and development as an independent variable using the Geographical Weighted Regression method and to evaluate the distribution of settlements, the directional distribution method has been used. The results show that most of the human settlements in 2011 were scattered in the northwestern geographical location of the country, and with the passage of time and the increase in the number of human settlements, this trend has changed and the dispersion of human settlements has been more towards the center of the country, Also, the relationship between the variable of human settlements (city and village) and the variables of resource allocation (property acquisition budget) and development shows that the influence of the development of provinces and the share of resource allocation in the creation of human settlements increased from 28% in 2011 to 58% in 2021, The main reason for this is the accumulation of capital and facilities in highly developed areas, which is the reproduction of regional inequality in the country