نشریه تعاملات دیپلماتیک
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1402)

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the United States of America tried to be at the forefront of the fight against Russian expansionism in Europe by creating an international diplomatic coalition against Moscow on the one hand and equipping and strengthening the Ukrainian military forces on the other hand. The question raised in this article is what strategy and goals does the United States pursue by accepting the leadership of the fight against Russia's presence in Ukraine? A review of the existing literature shows that American thinkers and policymakers are satisfied with generalizing about a series of principles of the Neoliberal system such as the "defense of democracy", "defense of liberal order" and "human rights" and have avoided explicitly stating the goals and interests of that country. However, the findings of this research, which were obtained by using the descriptive-analytical method of the available data, show that due to the focus of America's strategic policy on East Asia and China and the lack of strategic importance of Ukraine in the Western-oriented international order, Washington will soon sacrifice Ukraine and force it to accept some of Russia's demands.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, in the fast-paced process of transformation in the world economic order, needs a fundamental transition from a vulnerable resource-oriented economic structure (oil) to a manufacturing-oriented economic model (industrial production). China, as one of the emerging powers effective in the formation of the new economic order, has an important capacity to create a new role for Iran at the regional and international level, but the bilateral relations between Tehran and Beijing have remained limited to the sale of oil and oil products. The main purpose of this research is to answer the question of how to redefine strategic relations with China according to the characteristics of the new world economic order. The findings of this research show that the most important concern that can cause a strategic link between Iran and China in the future is the overlap between China's need for continued economic growth and forming a new value chain and Iran's vision to become the factory of West Asia. With a new design, Iran can define an important part of its industrial development strategy and technological transformation program in the form of cooperation between Iranian and Chinese companies around the Belt and Road initiative corridor from Iran, and by learning and transferring experience and technology from China in A period of 5 to 10 years to become the main producer of factory industries in the region.

The energy crisis of the European Union, which started in the first place with the increase in the price of natural gas at the end of 2021 and intensified with the Russian attack on Ukraine. The present article tries to define the policies adopted by the European Union in the background of Brussels-Kremlin energy relations by combining the realism and constructivism approach in the dominant discourse of securitization of security dimensions. Thus, the upcoming article seeks to answer the question of the 2022 Ukraine crisis on the energy policies of the European Union with a qualitative method based on library-internet resources. The current article is based on the assumption that with the beginning of the crisis on February 24; In addition to expediting the implementation of proposed plans for changing the European energy system and accelerating energy transfer, the European Commission has put a new energy strategy on the agenda with the aim of becoming self-sufficient as soon as possible with respect to Russian gas resources through diversification of business partners and alternative sources. has put himself as a result, it can be acknowledged that, once again, Brussels' energy strategy has taken steps to promote security, fair and regular energy transfer resources under the umbrella of environmental issues as the unifying driver of the mentioned goals.

Due to its geopolitical position and energy resources, Iraqi Kurdistan is considered a strategic and important region for regional and extra-regional powers. This issue has caused the formulation and follow-up of a special policy towards this region in the past, in line with or in some cases in conflict with the strategy of these countries towards Iraq, a part of their policy to achieve their interests and goals in West Asia. These conditions have intensified especially since the US invasion of Iraq in 1991 and the establishment of a very distinct state of self-government in this region, followed by the occupation of this country in 2003 and the recognition of the autonomy of the Kurdistan Region in the 2005 Iraqi Constitution. In this context, the main question of this research is how the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States towards the Kurdistan region of Iraq can be explained and evaluated in the period from 2003 to 2023. The findings of this research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and using documentary sources, show that the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the Kurdistan region of Iraq is in the framework of the foreign policy of defensive realism and based on the strategy of balancing threats and the foreign policy of the United States. In this region, aggressive realism foreign policy based on the strategy of shifting responsibility has been pursued.

Iran's foreign policy has always been faced with various opportunities and threats due to reasons such as its territorial position and political forces that arise from specific historical conditions. Especially in the past few centuries, due to the formation of national governments and the consequences of international politics on them, along with domestic political tendencies or foreign invasion and influence, this historical process of foreign policy has always taken an outstanding course. With this explanation, since the historical relations between Iran and Russia are considered an important chapter in the history of politics and modern foreign relations of Iran, in this article, an effort has been made to focus on the course of historical developments between Iran and Russia to achieve a common Explanatory and historical classification, the effective factors that cause challenges or create opportunities in the relations between the two countries should also be identified. This view led us to assume that with the general study of the history of Iran-Russia relations from the beginning of their formation, the effectiveness of this issue from internal political structural developments in the two countries, as well as independent environmental and international factors and variables, in addition to The advantage of bilateral trade is obvious. As a result, it seems that these factors have pushed the history of the two countries forward. Therefore, the main question of this research will include the issue of how historical factors and requirements have shaped the relations between Iran and Russia.

In today's world, sports diplomacy is considered as one of the most important factors for producing soft power for the countries. The purpose of this research is to compare the sports diplomacy of Iran and one of the countries of the Persian Gulf region, Qatar, which has made significant achievements in this field. The main question of this research is, what are the similarities and differences between the sports diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Qatar? This research was done by using a comparative method, and the method of collecting information is the library. The theoretical foundations of this research are based on Joseph Nye's soft power, as the use of sports diplomacy is one of the tools of soft power. The Findings of this research show that in the field of investment in sports, the country of Qatar has made huge expenses to promote sports diplomacy. While the state of investment and sports facilities and infrastructure in Iran is experiencing disorder. In terms of power and influence in international sports forums and in terms of obtaining the privileges of hosting world-class and prestigious competitions Qatar has more ideal conditions than Iran; But in winning international sports honors, Iran has performed better due to its large population compared to Qatar. In the field of sports development, Qatar has more significant progress and development than Iran, and finally, Qatar benefits from a better media power than Iran to promote sports diplomacy and gain soft power.