نشریه جامعه شناسی فرهنگ و هنر
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 19، بهار 1403)

The aim of this paper is to explain how subalterns are represented in Tangsir and Sang-e Sabur, two novels by Sadeq Chubak, a renowned Iranian novelist. By critically reviewing some famous subaltern studies approaches, we have developed a new concept of subalternity: marginalized-enclosed subalterns. Subalternity, based on the themes of the mentioned novels, is depicted in the following ways: amoral life in a filthy and dirty situation; severe social deviances consisting of murder, depravity and child abuse; superstitious and religious beliefs that relieve pain. Subalterns are also represented in the novels as victims of individual non-subalterns, with women appearing as double victims. Therefore, this representation produces passive subalterns. Moreover, without considering diversity, subalterns have been represented as a homogenous group with more or less similar characteristics. Subalternity has not been represented as an outcome of macro social structures, but rather as an outcome of their behaviour and beliefs. Due to the said context, subaltern resistance has become rare, and inevitably, heroes have emerged. The subaltern has been introduced with certain inherent characteristics by emphasizing behaviour, characteristics, and environmental stereotypes, in addition to the absence of structural factors. As a result of subalternity culture, subalternity has been reproduced. Subalternity culture has also produced passive, guilty and ignorant subalterns.

The Iranian virtual space has had an impact on the discourse relations between the two sexes. This research aims to investigate the gender space that governs the Iranian virtual space, including definitions and meanings, the discursive relationship of power and the symbolic forms of the relationship between the two sexes through virtual ethnography and semiotic and thematic analysis. The findings indicate the importance of sexual and erotic aspects between the two sexes and the emergence of generalized intimacy. Gender relations are unequal at the power discourse level. Men have different mechanisms against masculinity crisis which include the rejection of new changes and the stabilization of women in the form of sensitive beings, the creation of a new face of masculinity, as well as the use of previous mechanisms as don juanism and jealousy. Although women have resistances in the form of Female self-discoveries, they ultimately by taking refuge in modernity/decency, being sensitive and being love nurturerer, passively establish themselves in the face of previous stereotypes. In the semiotics of space, not only have women in their most commodified form and along with other elements of hedonistic bricolage and through compliance with luxurious object become hedonistic along with other subjects of pleasure, but also in their fantasies, despite some resistance, they seek convergence with men in recklessness and hedonism, and also consumerization and romanticizing relationships which ultimately lead to the consolidation of previous discourse relations.

Paying attention to the negative effects of the culture industry is among the principles of critical aesthetics of Frankfurt School. Culture industry eliminates one's creativity and individualism through their assimilation. In this documentary research that was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, the first five books of Simin Behbahani, including Jay-e Pa (Footprints), Chelcheraq (Chandelier), Mar Mar (Marble), Rastakhiz (Resurrection), and Khatee ze Sorat va az Atash (A Trajectory of Speed and Fire), were analyzed from the critical aesthetics perspective. The results of this research showed that besides depicting the life narration of the persons such as the dancer, the prostitute, the employee, and the rich man as some manifestations of the culture industry like beauty industry and entertainment industry in her poems, Simin Behbahani has represented reification as the consequence of the culture industry in the form of gender reification and administrative reification. Regarding the form area, Behbahani is, at first, an imitator by following the literary tradition, but she has liberated her art from imitation and entered the creative art area by bringing a manifesto in Khatee ze Sorat va az Atash manuscript and using the unprecedented and rare weights in Persian poetry. It can be said that her poem is an authentic one and complies with the principles of Frankfurt School. This way, Behbahani has, in fact, criticized the consequences of the culture industry by negating the status quo and presenting an indictment against the established rhyme.

Most of the ancient prehistoric cultures of Iran remain. The prehistoric criterion of Iran is before the formation of the Achaemenid Empire. It seems that some of these stained devices are not unrelated to cultural-mythical rituals. Meanwhile, depicted images of human figures with icons, status, position, and performing specific ritual and epic movements and actions are also impressive. The relationship between the mythical functional system and the images on those devices and drawings will be the fundamental issue of this article. The fundamental question in this regard is how is the quality of the relationship between the stained devices and drawings with the ritual- mythical system in receiving and transmitting explicit (explicit) and hidden (implicit) meanings and is interpretable? This is important research exploring the relationship between the nature of the surviving documents of the instruments and the ritual-epic images of that prehistoric culture with the four ritual-mythic functions proposed by Joseph Campbell. In order to achieve the functionalism of the nature of these works, the paper interprets the relationship between those motifs and mythical functionalism, belief and worldview of the post-narrative culture of ancient Iran. Authors make this happen by relying on the opinions of experts in the cultural-social and mythological domains. To realize this important essay, the essay uses a positivity-interpretive approach. The research method is qualitative and applied research is descriptive-analytical. Research data is prepared by historical method and library studies. The result of the research reveals that the devices and images of the ritual-epic drawings of the prehistoric culture of Iran are the explicit religious-cultural message and the implicit cultural message-myth related to the ritual-mythical system of that culture.

The effect of social capital on the academic resilience of Farhangian University students has been investigated in this research, considering the emphasis of the general policies of creating transformation in the education system on the Ministry of Education as a producer of social capital. Following the method of case study and analysis of open interviews conducted with students with high, low and medium academic resilience in the mentioned research (32 people). The findings show that out of 37 concepts in open coding, 8 concepts in axial coding in explanation vertical and horizontal trust and participation were extracted at the top and bottom levels. High horizontal and vertical trust with the concepts of "existence of high social responsibility of students" and "high level of individual and intra-group trust" were raised mostly among students with high and medium academic resilience. The main components of high and low horizontal and vertical participation among students with high and medium academic resilience are, respectively, "high civic participation" and "face-to-face relationships and having high mechanical solidarity"; "Lack of effective communication with students" and "Having a limited idea of good". According to the results of the research, it is necessary to re-emphasize the clauses of the general policies of creating transformation that have a lot to do with strengthening the political participation and participation of students in university issues, the involvement and participation of students at the community level in the policies and programs of the university.

The distance between the real self and the ideal self as a problem that generates other social problems has been less noticed by sociologists. This study is conducted in terms of qualitative methodology and using semi-structured interview technique. After reaching saturation with 33 students and scholars from Tehran University, he wants to answer what social issues society should expect after facing the reality of employment and understanding the distance between the real self and the ideal self. The results of this study show that abnormality, cultural conflict, and disorder are three social problems that a disorganized society must prepare to face. This study also found that the distance between the real self and the ideal self can lead to social disorganization and disorganization. leading to a personality. In the discussion of social disorganization, the disorder of lack of specialization, lack of attention to business regulations, lack of business regulations, administrative corruption and lack of meritocracy, and in the discussion of social disorganization, cultural conflict, entry into illegal issues, immigration, lack of job dignity, and degree orientation are considered. take Personality disorganization is also described in the codes of philosophical despair, anger, feeling of shame, lack of independence, materialism and scientific miserliness. In this research, the students and graduates of the field of psychology, which is one of the trends in the field of humanities, showed that it was less difficult than other fields, so the structure of the field of psychology as a representative of pure soft sciences showed stronger with the attention of students and graduates of graduate studies.

Peikar-e Farhad, which is among the successful works of the famous writer Maroufi, uses a narrative configuration and a kind of relationship between its several subplots, which are different from other literary works. Maroufi’s method in this novel, is to enter the world of the painting in Hedayat’s The Blind Owl and give action to its images.In this research, we have explained the narrative competence and the writer's way of acting on this competence to determine how the narrative competence is activated based on the painting, and how these verbal images are formed in the story as focalizer or focalized.What is the relationship between the focalized subject and the focalizer, and what is the reason for the author's use of this configuration method, and what ideological meanings are expressed in this particular form of narration? Instead of a male narrator in The Blind Owl, the author has narrated the narrative from the viewpoint of the image on the pen case in order to highlight the woman's voice and to provide a woman’s view on the relationship between men and women in the contemporary world. In our cultural tradition,women have always been narrated from men's eyes,but in this novel, the woman in the painting is the focal character of the story so that she can look at the situation and issues of women through the lens of a woman's eyes.This novel tries to liberate the woman from being an object and make her the subject of her own story and destiny.

Food in the field of sociology and cultural studies generally has a strong connection with the issue of consumption. Examining the taste of the food consumer has been the subject of many researches in this field, on the other hand, in today's society, identity is formed incrementally with the fading of tradition, around the wildness of consumption processes. In this article, an attempt is made to investigate the sociological analysis of the construction of social identity through food alcove choices as the basis of differentiation and social similarity of Tehrani citizens based on Bourdieu's theory of differentiation and the role of capitals in the formation of habits, as well as Giddens' theory of reflexivity. The study method in this article is the survey method and using the researcher's questionnaire, 400 Tehrani citizens between 15-65 years of age have been investigated in 2018. The findings show that the luxurious or modern food alcove is the most frequent among the statistical population, the status of the amount of capital distribution is at the average level, with the increase in the amount of each of the capitals, the choice of the luxurious food pattern is more according to the model The research structure of economic capital has the greatest impact on the choice of a luxury food pattern. That is, people with higher economic capital tend to choose a luxury food pattern.

In the Persian Lyrical genre, the relationship between the lover and beloved has varied into different forms from the beginning to now. This relationship seems too distant and unusual in classic Persian odes, while the situation of the subjects must be discovered in the concept of their social class, which is hidden in the context. Explaining this issue requires finding the implication of the textual agents’ actions and situations as the lifestyle and the separation of their identity and social classes. Based on this, in addition to explaining the aspects of spacing between the lover and beloved, the reasons for their spacing are interpreted, based on the opinions of some philosophers of cultural studies, anthropology of space, and sociology of the body, considering the social-cultural background of creating the text, in Saadi's ghazal. The result shows that in Saadi's ghazal, the beloved's lifestyle can be classified into three levels: belongings and possessions, state of physical activity, and actions, as her class and personal and social distance symptoms. All three levels are graded refusals, which appear as a form of natural or stilted superiority by beloved: starts from a mild and relatively implicit form, i.e. displaying assets and expressing specific body gestures or an apparent refusal that arises from defensive actions - forms of disregard- and continue in its violent and aggressive form under all kinds of spoliation. Spoliation in the Turk governors' culture or bondman and bondwoman is assumed as the example of identity and social class dignity and honor and a sign of natural or stilted convenience.

This research answers these questions: Who are the influential actors in the field of health communication in Iran and what issues and concerns are controvercial in this area? Joint interviews with groups conducted with relevant members shows that eleven institutions and individuals are involved in the issue as actors. Also, according to the main purpose of the research on the subject, it is around six key controvercial issues. The mutual influence of the actors, the competition of each of the actors towards the goals, the convergence and divergence of the actors and the relationship of the actors with each of the goals have been analyzed using Mactor's theory-method. The findings show that the most important strategic health actors in the field of media are communication Also, according to the competition of communication players, iT engineers, media, future research researchers and health startups are the strongest players respectively. From the point of view, the ratio of actors to goals is also among the goals proposed by the actors, the explanation and evaluation of remote medicine and the explanation of accompanying health evaluation are of greater importance and priority. From the point of view of actors, explaining, evaluating and formulating social criteria is the least important and the last priority. From the perspective of convergence among actors, the strongest convergence in the future of health communication is between the Ministry of Health, medical assistants and future research researchers, and from the perspective of divergence, there is a greater distance between the two goals of explaining companion health assessment and explaining and evaluating remote medicine. This means that these two goals in the future field of health communication are not aligned with each other.