فصلنامه راهبرد
پیاپی 108 (پاییز 1402)

In recent years, the recognition of cyberspace as an emerging military domain has prompted significant changes in the approaches of countries and organizations to the concept of cyber defense. NATO, as an international military organization, has also been impacted by this process and has undertaken the task of updating and redesigning its cyber defense strategy for nearly a decade. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of identifying cyberspace as a new military domain on NATO's cyber defense strategy and to analyze these effects descriptively. The findings of this research indicate that recognizing cyberspace as a new military domain has significantly influenced NATO's cyber defense strategy in recent years. NATO has developed new policies and frameworks to address cyber threats and has substantially increased its investments in strengthening cyber defense capabilities. Moreover, ensuring the security of cyberspace, as a fundamental aspect of creating an effective cyber defense strategy, has played a prominent role in realizing the principle of NATO's collective defense in the cyber domain. Given the importance and necessity of updating cyber defense strategies based on current requirements and complexities in this field, the results of this research can be a valuable resource for policymakers, military commanders, and researchers active in the field of cyber defense in the Islamic Republic of Iran to make innovative decisions and develop effective strategies in this area.

Nowadays, good governance (GG) is considered as a dominant theory and pattern in administration and located at the focus of development thinkers and activists as well as the agenda of modern states and societies. However, GG is not perceived as a contemporary issue and its theoretical and practical roots refer back to Islamic teachings and are reflected in Alavi Governance as a turning point in human governance history. The purpose of the present study is to read comparatively the modern GG indexes and Alavi governance teachings reflected in Letter No. 53 of Nahj-Albalagheh (Alavi Governance Charter) as a reference document and comprehensive roadmap. Having applied a descriptive-analytical methodology, the present paper seeks to read the principles and pillars of this new managerial-political paradigm and then investigates the given features with reference to Alavi teachings. The findings indicate that not only the GG features have been introduced and emphasized in Alavi governance teachings, but also the teachings, with a futuristic orientation as well as trans-temporal and trans-spatial nature, envision and present the GG requirements of modern societies. Accordingly, GG requirements have been introduced and emphasized in Alavi Governance Charter through the principles of accountability, transparency, participation, rule of law and effectiveness ruling on the mutual and balanced relationship of government and civil society based on justice as the spirit of governance.

Crises, including drought, armed conflict, climate change, etc., are emerging issues that threaten national and international security, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, including Iran. Along with the efforts of the governments involved in the crisis to get out of the mentioned situation, some international organizations and institutions, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, are helping countries by emphasizing the promotion of humanitarian rights and the adoption of operational, educational and development-oriented mechanisms. Examining the records of the Red Cross Committee shows the activity of this humanitarian organization during armed conflicts and natural disasters. It is important that the committee needs to pay more attention to the promotion of its support-protection position, taking into account all the facilities and experiences it has acquired. The current research, with an analytical-descriptive approach and the use of international authentic documents, examines the procedures with the aim of developing humanitarian principles and helping the victims of critical situations. The innovation of the research is in examining the approaches, missions and challenges of the Red Cross in protecting water during special situations, and its achievement is that due to the changing shape and nature of armed conflicts and global trends such as climate change and digitization, the Red Cross must adopt systematic solutions in order to maintain readiness and strengthen quick response in critical situations, promote a flexible, sustainable approach and develop expertise in the fields affecting humanitarian actions.

The public mentality regarding the level of corruption in Iran is expanding and there is a clear difference between people's perception and what is happening in the society, the current research was qualitative approach based on data-oriented theorizing and by using the in-depth interview technique with 15 general managers of the inspection and supervision of the country's executive bodies. 13 men and 2 women) were interviewed. The sampling method was purposeful and based on theoretical saturation. The text of the interviews was coded using MAXQDA10 qualitative data analysis software and the results of open and central coding led to the identification of 99 concepts and 19 central categories, which is influenced by causal conditions (numerous disclosures; lack of circulation of elites; lack of rule of law; media, satellite and social networks) and in addition to intervening conditions (activist, structure) and background conditions (gender, socio-economic base) affect the construction of the mentality of corruption and political instability in society, which results in provoking public anger towards injustice and the spread of rent; lack of society's cooperation with the government; turning the supporters of the Islamic Republic into protestors; Frustration of the police department due to the corruption of some officials; spread of civil disorder in administrative spaces; the demand for authoritarianism and its historical revision; Believability of the society towards the concept of blockage and change; Institutional mistrust in the government structure has led to the spread of corruption, which has jeopardized the country's political stability.

The special features of cyberspace, such as universality, providing the possibility of anonymity and rapid changes, along with its great impact on individual and collective life, make its policymaking and regulation challenging. The security and resilience of cyberspace as one of the complex aspects of cyberspace policymaking and the intersection point of technical, security, cultural and social points of view has also been considered in upstream documents and Tadbir No. 15 of the document of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress is dedicated to the security and resilience of cyberspace and the need to use local knowledge and global partnerships in it. An issue that seems to have been left aside in many policies and practical decisions related to cyberspace in favor of a non-specialist security perspective. This article based on qualitative research methodology and analytical-descriptive research method, by examining some of the most important challenges of cyberspace and its security and resilience in Iran and comparison with similar global samples, tries to provide suggestions for policy regarding cyberspace in Iran. Staying away from the security discourse in everyday life issues, reducing criminalization, improving the conditions and attracting foreign companies in the field of cyberspace instead of repelling them, improving the economic and cultural conditions for the non-immigration of specialists in this field, leaving space for popular regulation of cyberspace away from governmental interventions and attention to upstream documents, including the Islamic-Iranian Model document, are the progress of some of the solutions and policy proposals presented in this article.

The concept of nuclear Iran is repeatedly used by theorists and strategic planners of great powers to contain and limit and control Iran's nuclear capability. The main axis of Iran's action in the nuclear process has been aimed at optimizing strategic and tactical capabilities. Some theorists of international politics point to the fact that in 1991 onwards, Iran has improved its nuclear capabilities endlessly.The model of Iran's strategic action in the field of nuclear capability indicates that power building to deal with threats has been a part of Iran's strategic goals in the regional environment. The actors of international politics always tried to place Iran in a space of geopolitical limitation. The reality of regional Iran is dangerous for many actors of the surrounding environment and great powers, and for this reason, the ground has been created to limit Iran's power in the regional environment.The main question of the article is, "In what sense has nuclear Iran been used by the media, strategic study centers, and diplomats of international politics, and what ideas have been placed on the agenda of great powers and international institutions to confront Iran?" The hypothesis of the article refers to the fact that "the concept of nuclear Iran is considered a part of the strategic literature for limiting the power and technical and tactical capabilities of the Islamic Republic, and this has created the basis for limiting Iran's power." Stephen Walt's threat balance approach is used in the organization of the article.