مجله سیاست کاربردی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The paper focuses on the rivalry between China and the United States in the Middle East and examines how China has acted in the face of US sanctions against Iran, despite the threat of sanctions for countries that violate them. Iran is facing sanctions whose purpose is economic collapse and pressure on this country to submit to the demands of the United States. Tensions between the United States and Iran have been steadily rising since the country withdrew from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2018. However, in addition to internal challenges for Iran, sanctions are also an obstacle for foreign relations. Due to the maximum pressure policy of the United States with the aim of economic isolation of Iran, trade is facing difficulties. Iran must maintain its most important trading partners to ensure a degree of economic stability. While China is Iran's biggest trading partner, it has to deal with these conditions. In various sectors, sanctions are obstacles in the way of China-Iran relations, such as investment, crude oil trade or the implementation of projects in Iran. These are the challenges that both countries must overcome to maintain exchanges. Considering that sanctions are the main factor preventing the continuation of relations between these two countries, this research asks: Why does China want to maintain close relations with Iran despite US sanctions? And what effects does China's rise to power have on the relations of this emerging power with America in the Middle East region?

Modern sports have an important role and position in the contemporary world. Despite the assumption of "separation of sports from politics", it must be acknowledged that there is a stable two-way relationship between sports and politics in the domestic and foreign spheres. Considering the impact of sports on the public mind, today sports is not just a competition for entertainment in international arenas, but it is a factor for transferring feelings, experiences of cultures and an effective tool for pursuing foreign policy and national interests.The results of the research indicate that the Arab sheikhs, aware of the sports potentials and capabilities and the use of soft power, are looking for a kind of branding and presentation of Saudi Arabia as a modern and peace-loving land. Therefore, by hosting sports competitions and employing the stars of the sports world, it has strengthened its mental and objective power, and by using economic and commercial opportunities, it has strengthened its credibility and Increase their international prestige. In addition to this, reducing dependence on oil resources, diversifying income sources and increasing the flow of capital, as well as playing a new role in the field of geopolitics, are other reasons for Saudi investment in the field of sports

Cyber ​​threats are a global phenomenon that is becoming increasingly complex and influential despite advances in technology and cybersecurity performance. Cybersecurity issues depend on a variety of factors: the growing reliance on information technology for various functions, the behavioral characteristics of political actors that lead to conflict and war, and the vulnerabilities of information technology that disrupt performance. This article addresses this fundamental question: Given the main sources of cyber insecurity in the region, how have states responded to this challenge? Relying on a realistic approach and a descriptive-analytical approach, this paper seeks to confirm the hypothesis that regional governments, as key players, have responded differently to cyber insecurity. At the national level, some states have sought to increase cybersecurity capacity, prioritizing important institutional and administrative changes such as digital defense and integration into military capabilities. At the international level, some countries in the region have also participated in negotiations on international cyber norms, while others in the region are outside the process. The results of this paper are based on several recommendations at the national policy level and also on cyber changes in the region.

With the victory of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in February 1357, the fight against Zionism became one of the most important discourse elements in the discourse of the revolution, and confronting the Zionist regime was placed in the ranks of the government's vital interests arising from it. Contrary to this orientation of the Islamic Republic, in recent years, the takfiri group of ISIS, by marginalizing the fight against Israel and arrogance, has become the anti-discourse of the Islamic Republic and is trying to turn this element into anti-Shia with its activities. The present study is an attempt to answer the question, what is the position of the fight against Zionism in the discourse of the Islamic Republic and the discourse of ISIS? The findings of the research indicate that the discourse of the Islamic Republic with elements such as justice-centeredness, revisionism in the international system, arrogance and negation of dominance and dominance, support for the oppressed and deprived and anti-Zionism, which are articulated around the axis of the Islamic government , it inevitably ends in confronting the hegemonic policies of the Zionist regime. But the takfiri group ISIS, despite the takfir of other religions, including Jews, and a serious confrontation with them, due to its special definition of a close enemy, the fight against Muslims, especially Shiites, is at the top of its work. The data of this research has been collected using the library method and has been analyzed using the discourse analysis theory in a descriptive-analytical way.

The structure of fashioned global capitalism has identified with the predominant mechanisms of stabilisation and the desultory mechanisms of domination. In effect , non—class global relations and complex interdependency have formed the underlying structural layers that bolstered the stabilisation -rules ,even if the stray presence of domination -rules, would not authorize them to fully establish . By and large, structure of the global system can be characterise as "turbulent non-polar world" which mainly portray the characteristics of an "asymmetric social order" .From a discourse perspective, sedimentation of stabilisation -rule , require intersubjectivity between agents , or, otherwise , in the presence of normative obstacle between them ,as it is the situation in IRI-U.S relations, intersubjectivity fall out of favor. So in the absence of reassurance, instead of forming a legitimate longstanding accord ,entitled as institutionalised one ,the final result , so far as possible, have been, and would be a designated accord

Globalization is a process that has transformed the world in different dimensions since the middle of the 20th century, so that as a result, different regions, countries and people have become more dependent and influential on each other. The aforementioned process, with the changes it has brought in various fields, has affected the structure and functions of states, including their policy-making functions, so that states no longer have the absolute authority and authority that they had previously in the field of The policymakers were privileged, they are not benefited, and they cannot do this without considering the effects of globalization and its factors. The basic point here is that one of the important areas of states policy that has been affected by globalization is policy in the field of nationalidentity. National identity is one of the important fields that governments always try to adopt policies to manage and protect. In the past, the function of identity formation was the sole responsibility of states, but today, as a result of the globalization process, states have lost their absolute control over the process of policy-making of national identity and are influenced by subnational and transnational factors.But with all this, due to the fact that the states are still the main players in the domestic arena, they can face the challenges ahead by carrying out appropriate policies in the field of national identity. Focus on their national identity in the era of globalization and prevent the emergence of nationalidentity crisis in the society.

Environment has always been an important component of human life throughout history. today, human beings have dominated the nature. This has resulted in a wide variety of dire issues for themFormulating the relation of human and the nature since 19th became the crux of the matter for the community and the politics in the world, especially in advanced countries. Since then, tens of thousands of conferences, including Stockholm' conference in 1971 and Rio de Janeiro's conference have shaped to cope with ecological risks. Beside these governmental players, other groups, particularly environmental social movements have played a leading role in this case. These movements in 1960 shaped in the western world and spread all over the world and these days no one dares to deny the importance of their part. but these movements are more important in industrialized countries compared to third world comminutes. Thus, the main question of this article is analyzing and finding the main reasons of mentioned developments in the western countries. To respond to this question, we are going to exam following assumption: it's crystal clear that political culture, especially civic political culture has played c crucial role in creating, growing, continuing and changing the nature og mentioned movements to a great extent. Methodical research in this essay is descriptive-analytical. The ways of collecting data are using various books and utilizing net - based recourses

Despite its importance at the international level, West Asia has not been able to achieve its full influence and active role for many years.Today, however, West Asian countries are seeking increased influence and power within the international system. Furthermore, to achieve this influence, the creation of convergence at the regional level is necessary to increase cooperation and activities in a variety of areas, including economics, politics, culture, and even military affairs.As we approach the third decade of the third millennium, West Asian actors are increasingly aware of the importance of regional integration, and they are slowly making decisions to enhance regional integration. The question of "how to make continental convergence possible or impossible" stands out as a central issue in this and has attracted the attention of thinkers.There are numerous and unique obstacles that prevent convergence in West Asia, but the author believes that by recognizing, analyzing, and removing these obstacles, we can see a clear horizon for regional convergence.

Knowing Imam Khomeini’s intellectual system needs achieving knowledge about different dimensions of his thoughts that spreads a wide ground of studying possibility in front of researchers. Among these possibilities, studying and understanding of »Guardianship of Islamic Jurists« is by the help of philosophic bases to present the results in a rational language to prove the effectiveness of this progressive principle. Answering to what's basics of political philosophy, using the word "Absolute" in »Guardianship of Islamic Jurists« from Imam Khomeini's view, is the main goal of present article and confirms this hypothesis and claim that describing »Guardianship of Islamic Jurists« is a prior plan in the "Absolute" sense that explaining is on the basis of Imam Khomeini’s philosophical thought, is also possible. So this applicability is not merely a political strategy to pass from crisis and affected by historical changing objective conditions and is advanced to the text of the events. This research has a descriptive approach and the author is looking for an answer to the said issue by checking case study review and Imam Khomeini’s ideas and present studies. The finding of study indicate that it’s possible to explain such as application by understanding to role and position of the jurist in Imam Khomeini’s political philosophy, especially in the four areas of the "necessity of law enforcement", "the important of expediency", "the necessity of justice" and " need of education".

The Role of Farabi's Idea in Configuration of Iranian Revolution Political Thoughts with Relevance of Dr. Tabatabai’s ThesisThe Fall Down Theory after Dr. Tabatabai’s books placed on Pivot pinpoints in these era of Iranian Political Thoughts, but till now we don’t confront to an enhanced reply to these problematical ideas. This idea has a good and strength theses which completely ignored. This essay will try to put an idea which contemplate that Fall Down means continuity vice versa. On the other hand if this idea means irrelevant and a deep gap with Machiavellianism, is absolutely correct. Because when we go beyond rhetoric ideas about Aristotle, Islam and Machiavel we confront with the exact idea of Dr. Tabatabai which spoke about the array of powers and ideas in Iran not about a Falling Down of an Idea. As a matter of Fact the conclusion is that till this idea we could not rely on sky and the roots come back to terrestrial matters.