فصلنامه پازند
پیاپی 15 (زمستان 1387)

Agrammatism is a language disorder (i.e. a syntactic one) that has attracted neurolinguists’ and language-speech therapists’ attention in recent year. There are different approaches to this problem.Many researchers consider agrammatism to be a psychological or motor disorder rather than a linguistic one. However, the purpose of this article is to introduce agrammatism from a linguistic point of view, and to analyze and describe the disorders that agrammatic patients show in comprehending different syntactic structures,especially those containing anaphoric expressions (specifically reflexive pronouns) and Pronominals.

The theory of "Enunciation" presented by Antoine Culioli takes the grammatical categories of natural languages into consideration and aims at presenting explanations for the questions put forward. The afore mentioned theory rests on experiential principles. In the philosophical and scientific framework adopted by culioli issues such as metalanguage, the asymmetry between production and recognition and the concept of lexis are important. In exploring this theory, certain issues such as formalization, the formulation of linguistic act, the problem of meaning and the theory of linguistic operation and Culiolَis philosophical approach are introduced.

The object of this survey is to explore semantic changes of European non - professional loan words in new Persian language in the last century. Loan words meanings in the borrower language are usually different from the original meanings in the lender one. In this way, semantic changes happen. The author believes that surveying semantic changes of loan words can be instrumental in historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and in translating text from foreign languages. Moreover, the study of loan words semantic changes can be culturally informative. In this study, four hundred and three words are selected among three thousands European loan words in which semantic change occurred after entering Persian language. These semantic changes have been investigated. Then, statistical analysis of various semantic changes are presented.

Propounding generative grammar, involves a broad range of changes, in its body from standard theory to minimalist program,in this case the amount of information which exist in different modules like lexicon, has been changed and the enhancement of different kinds of features in this modules causes deletion of complex transformational and grammatical processes. The present essay's main objective is to explore factors which have strong influence on Chomsky’s approach from auto syntax to lexica list theory and arguing the place of lexicon in minimalist program according to which the definition of lexicon in minimalist program will be prepared.

Understanding situational relationship between things and their location in the outer world is the primitive and at the same time among the basic cognitive achievements of man kind, which is acquired from early childhood. On the other hand, prepositions are linguistic devices used for the linguistic codification of the situational relationship between things and their special situation in the outer world. This paper is an attempt to introduce the concept of Landmark and Trajectory, considering the concept of Perspective within the cognitive framework, different kinds of relationship between Landmark and Trajectory and the fact that these relations can be used in abstract cases. In the latter case we face the expression Imagery Schema. Authors have used their intuitions in considering the degree of naturalness of linguistic structures and have found out that factors like size of objects,movement or steadiness, fore grounding and back grounding are determining factors in considering a linguistic element as the Landmark or Trajectory in linguistic structures. These factors are those used by children in early stages of cognitive processingwhich have a close relationship with visual perception.

Typology has numerous applications in linguistics and other sciences.Typology means taxonomy or classification. Asher encyclopedia (1995) defines typology as structural variations among languages. Typology classifies languages on the basis of some criteria. These criteria fall in linguistic universalities and exist in native speakers’ minds. One of these criteria is the connector which acts between identifying element and identified element. This connector connects subordinate clause and the main clause. This connector is “KE” in Persian language. The researcher aims at studying the structures after “KE” and their related information structures. The researcher draws the conclusion that verbs coming after “KE” should be finite in relative, cleft, pseudo-cleft,subordinate and question structures. Different kinds of tenses can appear in structures after “KE”. Noun phrase is the freest phrase; it can be questioned in all these structures. Finally, what Holliday specifies as old and new information is compatible with structures after “KE”. It means theme and rhyme are old and new information respectively. In question statements “KE” is new information.