فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 81 (تابستان 1403)

In Mazandaran province, nearly 230,000 hectares of land are used for rice cultivation, and in recent years, approximately 85,000 hectares of land have been under second rice cultivation. In 2021, about 300,000 tons of paddy rice were harvested in the rice fields of Mazandaran from the second cultivation, which had a financial turnover of more than 10,000 billion tomans for the agricultural economy of the province. Therefore, organizing the second cultivation is undoubtedly better than its complete elimination. Nowadays, second cultivation is done in different parts of the world. Farmers in Southeast Asia and some countries of Latin America, which are located in the tropical region, cultivate rice up to three times a year due to abundant rainfall in all seasons and suitable climatic conditions.Every year, the first cultivation of rice is done in 110,000 hectares of paddy fields in the Haraz catchment area, which is located in the counties of Amol, Babol, Fereydunkenar, Mahmoudabad, and Babolsar, about 20 to 30 days earlier than in the eastern part of the province. For this reason, the largest area of second cultivation is also in this area. Rice farming is one of the most important agricultural activities in Mazandaran and a significant source of income for farmers in the province. With an annual production of over one million tons, 42% of the country's rice needs are met in this province. Statistics demonstrate that the per capita consumption of rice for each Iranian is about 36 kilograms, indicating an annual consumption of more than 3.1 million tons in the country. Approximately 2.2 million tons of rice are annually supplied from domestic production, and the remainder needs to be imported. Therefore, governmental supportive policies for self-sufficiency on the one hand, and the financial needs of small landowners on the other hand, urge farmers to engage in second rice cultivation in some coastal areas of Mazandaran Province due to favorable climatic conditions. However, considering the water scarcity challenge in Iran and the transfer of flowing water from Mazandaran Province to other parts of the country, the second cultivation of rice caused some worries and concerns that should be taken into consideration.

This study is in review form and the terms of the method is descriptive-analytical based on field studies. The method of collecting data is based on library and field research.  The study population consists of 2,565 households from eight villages in Laleh Abad District of Babol County, with a sample size of 330 rural households determined by using the Cochran formula. Multiple indices were included in the questionnaire and measured at different levels (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and its reliability, using Cronbach's alpha, was calculated as 0.86 in the SPSS environment. The distribution and completion of questionnaires among rural households were conducted based on the proportion of the population in the villages by systematic simple random sampling. Data analysis was performed using gamma correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis in the SPSS software. In addition, ArcGIS software was used to prepare and adjust the map.

The results of the Friedman test, while indicating the significant impact of second rice cultivation on the economic prosperity of rural households, also reveal significant differences among various economic indices. On the other hand, the results of Gamma correlation analysis represent a significant relationship and correlation between various environmental damages and the unchecked expansion of second rice cultivation. Moreover, the calculation of the adjustment coefficient and coefficient of determination in multiple linear regression analysis indicates that the environmental threats surveyed in the current research are up to 65% dependent on the indiscriminate expansion of second rice cultivation. Therefore, in order to strengthen the economic prosperity of the second cultivation and prevent the possible destruction of the rural environment, optimum planning of the second rice cultivation is inevitable in order to maintain the rural environment in the framework of land-use planning.

Unfortunately, in recent years, there has been a dual policy regarding the second cultivation of rice, which has confused many farmers and villagers. On one hand, government support policies in the Sixth Development Plan emphasize rice self-sufficiency, and on the other hand, provincial managers encourage farmers to cultivate other crops with less income that do not require as much water as rice.However, field studies indicated that the second rice cultivation needs Well water only in the first four weeks and the rest of the growing process is provided by rainwater, which is not part of flowing water, and its consumption has no effect on reducing the level of underground water. Given that the coastal villages of Mazandaran are considered highly water-abundant areas with surplus water resources, presenting an appropriate cultivation pattern, seed modification, encouraging farmers to cultivate early-yielding and resistant crops, adhering to cropping calendars, and presenting a comprehensive and executable plan can bring a portion of the land under second rice cultivation. So, within the framework of sustainability principles and land-use planning, it prevents possible damage to the rural environment, while providing comprehensive benefits.

The coastline is defined as the contact line between the land and the lake. Any fluctuation in the lake level creates significant changes in the beach. Extreme changes in the status of different wetlands in the world have occurred mainly through the expansion of urbanization and the growth of agriculture. Changes in the coastline are supposedly essential in environmental management. This is important in coastal erosion monitoring, flood forecasting, and water resources assessment. Remote sensing images are the most reliable type of information data in the world. Various satellite sensors have been placed in Earth’s orbit since 1960 to monitor the Earth's surface. Regular monitoring of lakes can provide a basis for understanding human impacts and managing the lake more efficiently. Nowadays, remote sensing and geographic information systems have presented new methods for ecosystem management. These systems allow the development of an automated system for extracting specific elements such as coastlines. GIS system is a useful tool in spatial analysis, accurate description of spatial correlations, and providing effective outputs. Remote sensing systems have been widely used to analyze and evaluate images in different intervals and have made it possible to examine beaches by comparing old and new images. Researchers so far have used no learning algorithm to check the changes in the coastline and the level of Zarivar Lake. This research uses the maximum probability model (MLC) and support vector machine (SVM) to evaluate the change in the coastlin e and water level of Zarivar Lake.

At first, 3 Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images were selected for Zarivar Lake in the periods of May 1993, 2010, and 2023. The amount of rainfall reaches its peak in May. Therefore, the processing is done in the best conditions so that the maximum rate of expansion and retreat of the lake water level can be obtained in 30 years. The specifications of the images should be free of cloud cover to assess shoreline changes over time. Satellite images depict the state of Zarivar Lake from 1993 to 2023. The 1993 TM sensor map of the Landsat 5 satellite was supposedly a base map to obtain and compare the amount of changes in the years under study. This research uses a multivariate spatial analysis tool. At first, the lake water level was obtained for all three images through the maximum probability method. The support vector machine technique was also used to classify the area under study and gain the amount of surface reduction. The extracted vector layers determined the regression of the lake since 1993. This research used the Kappa coefficient to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of each model and calculated its values ​​ for each of the desired years. It estimated, as the last step, the correlation between the NWI and WRI spectral indices and the bands used in their preparation and drew a scatter diagram to determine the relationship between the spectral indices.

The water level of the lake in 1993 is supposedly a basis for evaluating the amount of regression. The total area of ​​the lake according to the MLC model in 1993 was equal to 5.4 square kilometers. The surface area of ​​the lake in 2010 was approximately 8.28 square kilometers, which has increased by 52.7% compared to 1993. The area of ​​surface water reached 21.6 square kilometers in 2023, which has decreased by 25% compared to 2010. The maximum retreat occurred in the southern part of the lake, and a significant deformation was observed in the western part of the lake. Both methods have shown similar results. NWI and WRI spectral indices besides MLC and SVM algorithms were also used to investigate changes in the water’s broad stretch of Zarivar Lake. The above indices correctly separate the blue broad stretches from other ones, but it is necessary to reclassify the above maps to gain the area of ​​the blue broad stretches. As the classified map shows, it is possible to estimate the area of ​​Zarivar Lake in spectral indices. The area of ​​the lake has increased from 8.28 square kilometers to 9.26square kilometers and has increased by 11.8 percent according to the NWI spectral index. The area of ​​the lake in the WRI index has increased from 2.8 square kilometers to 9.06 square kilometers, showing an increase of 10.48%. This shows that the lake level has increased in both indices and the resulting values ​​are very close to each other and only differ by 1.32%. A correlation diagram was established between indicators and the spectral bands used in their preparation to investigate their correlation. The results show that the Pearson correlation coefficient between the two spectral indices NWI and WRI is equal to 0.97 percent and the R2 coefficient is equal to 0.95.

New techniques based on learning algorithms and spectral indices make it possible to investigate the changes of water broad stretches in intervals of two years. Free satellite images such as Landsat 5 and 8 enable long-term observations. Different spectral bands can show the reflective behavior of water and help to identify them. Likewise, the changes in water broad stretches in semi-arid land like Iran are of great importance. Thus, changes in the water area of Zarivar Lake were investigated in the period 1993-2023. The area under study was divided into three water broad stretches, agricultural lands, and barren lands, through the SVM and MLC algorithms. It showed that the water broad stretch in the SVM model for the years 1993, 2010, and 2023 is equivalent to 8.62, and 10.13, respectively and it was 12.75 square kilometers. The above values in the MLC model are equivalent to 5.42, 8.28, and 6.21. Both models showed an increase in the lake level, but the obtained values had significant differences. For example, the changes in 2023 showed different values for both models. The results of the Kappa coefficient for the SVM model were equal to 0.94 in 2023.

Rural development is one of the goals of governments, especially in developing countries; Because the villages, having many natural resources and agriculture, due to the existence of many problems and problems such as poverty, unemployment, weak economic infrastructure, lack of endogenous service activities, low productivity rate in the agricultural sector and rural production sector and decline Natural resources, development and creation of sustainable employment are limited in it. This issue has caused rural development to receive special attention in recent decades, and theorists, planners, and government executives are trying to come up with new strategies and solutions for the problems and issues that these areas are facing. , reduce One of these strategies that is of interest in most countries of the world and its implementation has brought positive results is the development and expansion of industries in rural areas; In other words, by increasing public welfare, reducing poverty and creating positive effects in other dimensions of development, the action for the development of rural industries can provide the basis for creating a suitable living space in environmental, social and cultural dimensions for the villagers. The creation of towns and industrial areas is one of the common approaches of industrialization in order to facilitate and concentrate activities and actions. The development of industrial areas is a suitable stimulus for the formation of industrial units and a suitable platform for increasing the production and productivity of active industries and As a result, it increases the sustainability of industrialization in the village. One of the most important duties of the government is planning to reduce the problems of the people. In the third world countries, especially in Iran, the problems in rural areas are doubly burdening the villagers, so that the pressure on agricultural land, the low standard of living and the unemployment of the rural workforce are among the most important of them, which seems to be Industrialization of villages can be the best strategy in this regard.

According to the nature of the problem and the subject under investigation, the research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and a questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population under study includes 5 villages around Shirin Asal Shabstar industrial town, which according to the census of 2015 has a total of 6357 people based on Table 1, and the sample population is estimated to be 350 people according to Cochran's formula. The selection of the sample population to complete the field questionnaires was done by a systematic random method, and the number of samples was distributed according to the stratified method and based on the population ratio. In order to analyze the data, the results of the questionnaire have been analyzed in the SPSS software environment with relevant statistical tests according to the nature of the research. In this context, 2 dimensions (social and economic), 39 indicators have been compiled for the purpose of evaluating the effects of industrial towns in the development of rural areas around Shirin Asal Shabster industrial town. For data analysis, the mean difference and significance of different dimensions have been measured through independent one-sample t-tests and Anova test.

The results of the descriptive findings of the research based on 350 questionnaires distributed among the sample size indicate that 319 were men and 31 were women. The highest frequency of 156 respondents were in the category of 41-50 years, which accounted for 45% of the sample size. In terms of level of education, among the four levels of education, elementary and illiterate, under-diploma, post-diploma, bachelor and above, the highest frequency of respondents with 194 people, equal to 55%, was in the diploma level. According to the results of the research on the effect of industrial towns on the development of the economic indicators of the villages of the region, 5 people (1.42 percent) answered very little, 21 people (6 percent) answered moderately, 55 people (15.71 percent) answered high. And 269 people (76.85 percent)answered too much. The average economic impact of the industrial town in the villages of the region has been obtained with a 5-point Likert scale of 4.74. The mean difference was obtained with t-test -0.41. According to the results of the research on the effect of industrial towns on the development of the economic indicators of the villages of the region, 15 people (4.28%) answered very little, 42 people (12%) answered moderately, 68 people (19.44%) answered high. And 225 people (64.28%) have answered too much. The average social impact of the industrial town in the villages of the region is 3.91 on a 5-point Likert scale. The mean difference was obtained with t-test -1.27.

In this research, the economic and social effects of Shirin Asal industrial town in the rural area of Eastern Goni district in the central part of Shabastar city have been investigated. The research data shows that the establishment of the industrial town has had positive and negative effects on the villages of the region in economic and social dimensions. The results of the industrial town in the studied villages show that the total average of the economic indicators is 4.74 and the social dimension is 3.91. Therefore, according to the respondents, relatively, the industrial town has been relatively effective in both economic and social aspects. The examination of each economic and social indicators shows that the greatest and the least impact of the industrial town in the economic indicators included employment opportunities for local people and the reduction of the labor force in agriculture, respectively, in the social indicators also included the acceptance of immigrants respectively. villages and increasing the opportunity to continue education for the villagers. The presence of an industrial town in the area has overall positive effects on rural development indicators, and the degree of impact includes economic and social dimensions respectively.

Cultural tourism refers to a trip whose purpose is to experience and get to know the culture of a country or region. Cultural tourism is a great opportunity and a growing trend. At least 40% of all tourists around the world can be considered cultural tourists. Cultural tourism can help preserve tangible (material) and intangible (non-material) heritage in society. Cultural tourists travel to enjoy the history and heritage, culture, lifestyle, traditions, art, music, literature, architecture and religion of the destination. Traditional cultural tourists are attracted by major cultural sites and attractions. Gilan province is one of the provinces that, according to the published statistics of the national tourist census, nearly 28 to 30 million people travel to this province every year. According to the field observations, these tourists travel to this province with the aim of using the natural features. This is despite the fact that Gilan province, as one of the coastal provinces, in addition to its natural features, has many cultural, historical and even commercial attractions for planning in the tourism sector, which has received less attention from tourists so far. Examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of urban tourism development with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province is the subject of this research. The research questions are; what are the development strategies of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province? What are the prioritizations of strategies in the development of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province?

Cultural tourism refers to a trip whose purpose is to experience and get to know the culture of a country or region. Cultural tourism is a great opportunity and a growing trend. At least 40% of all tourists around the world can be considered cultural tourists. Cultural tourism can help preserve tangible (material) and intangible (non-material) heritage in society. Cultural tourists travel to enjoy the history and heritage, culture, lifestyle, traditions, art, music, literature, architecture and religion of the destination. Traditional cultural tourists are attracted by major cultural sites and attractions. Gilan province is one of the provinces that, according to the published statistics of the national tourist census, nearly 28 to 30 million people travel to this province every year. According to the field observations, these tourists travel to this province with the aim of using the natural features. This is despite the fact that Gilan province, as one of the coastal provinces, in addition to its natural features, has many cultural, historical and even commercial attractions for planning in the tourism sector, which has received less attention from tourists so far. Examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of urban tourism development with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province is the subject of this research. The research questions are; what are the development strategies of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province? What are the prioritizations of strategies in the development of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province?

The results obtained from the weighted average of the social items show that the item "the amount of tourists entering Gilan province" with the highest weighted average of 3.813 is in the first place, the item "the presence of security in the urban and rural areas of Gilan province" with the weighted average of 3.640 is in the second place and The item "Acquaintance of the native people of Gilan with cultural-historical monuments in Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.360 is ranked third. The results obtained from the weighted average of the economic items show that the item "location of Anzali Free Zone in Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.387 is in the first place, the item "low permanence of tourists in Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.267 is in the second place and the item "existence of Businesses related to cultural-historical tourism" ranked third with a weighted average of 3.093. The results obtained from the weighted average of infrastructure-enjoyment items show that the item "prominence of natural features of the province with a weighted average of 4.20 is in the first place, and the item "Handicrafts of Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.987 is in the Second place, and "local music of Gilan province" were ranked third with a weighted average of 3.853. The results obtained from the weighted average of policy-institutional items show that the item "Negative advertisements in mass media against Iran" with a weighted average of 3.933 is in the first place, the item "Approval of practical and up-to-date training for tourism graduates of the country" and the item "Compilation of laws of Written in order to maintain the security of foreign tourists" equally with a weighted average of 3.307 ranked second and the item "unsettled situation in the Middle East countries" ranked third with a weighted average of 3.293. From the intersection of the coefficients of the internal and external factors obtained in a coordinate system, the position of the superior strategy in the studied area is identified. Based on this, the offensive strategy shows the state of tourism in Gilan more than other strategies and is considered as the most effective strategy in the development of the province's tourism industry.

Cultural tourism is a great opportunity and a growing trend that can help preserve tangible and intangible heritage. As one of the coastal provinces, Gilan province, in addition to its natural features, has cultural and historical attractions for planning in the tourism sector. In this research, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing this type of tourism were analyzed with the SWOT model, and finally offensive strategies or SO were identified for the development of this type of tourism in Gilan province. When, according to the weighting and analysis by the SWOT model, the SO strategy is selected from among the 4 strategies, it means that in the phenomenon under investigation, there are so many strengths that one can easily take advantage of the previous opportunities by using them. The offensive strategies are: developing marketing and advertising programs (local, regional, national and international) for branding Gilan province as a cultural-historical provinceplanning to use the human resources of the host society (forming think rooms and using the ideas of tourism-hospitality graduates) in line with the development of cultural-historical tourism; Development of incentive schemes (tax exemptions - granting of facilities, etc.) to use local, regional and international investment opportunities; standardization of infrastructure as much as possible for the international registration of Gilan as a cultural-historical province; Developing joint training programs with leading countries in tourism education (to receive the most up-to-date practical training in the field of tourism and hospitality).

With the intensification of global climate change and geophysical movements since the beginning of the twenty-first century, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, and other natural disasters have occurred repeatedly, profoundly impacting global economic and social development. Among these disasters, earthquakes are the most devastating, and therefore, disaster risk management for earthquakes has become a hot topic in academic and political forums. Earthquakes are considered one of the most significant natural disasters, causing numerous natural and human problems upon their occurrence. Iran is among the ten earthquake-prone countries globally due to its geographical and geological location. When an earthquake disaster occurs, it leaves significant destruction in rural areas in terms of environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Therefore, it is essential to take action to reduce the adverse effects of natural hazards in these areas by adopting sustainable rural development based on risk management, devising and implementing appropriate methods.

This research is descriptive-analytical and focuses on rural areas in Khonj County. The data collection methods used in this research are library and field studies, where the current situation was examined in the field, and collected information was adapted to the study environment. The research begins with a review of previous studies on rural settlements and natural hazards, including earthquakes. The sources from which data were collected include existing library resources, Landsat 8 satellite images, topographic and geological maps, and meteorological data. To identify earthquake-vulnerable rural areas, maps of faults, earthquakes, elevation, river networks, distance from rivers, slope maps, precipitation and temperature maps, and geological maps were prepared. Then, using Geographic Information System (GIS), each layer was assessed, and the final map resulting from the overlap of all factors was obtained.

The minimum altitude in Khonj County is 229 meters above sea level, and the maximum altitude is 1746 meters above sea level, which corresponds to the heights present in the county. The study area does not have uniformity in altitude, and the settlements in this county are mainly located at its average altitudes. Most of the villages in Khonj County are situated on southwest slopes, with 17 villages, representing 0/021 of the total settlements. This slope has been more attractive for settlements. While the southern and southwestern slopes encompass most of the spaces in this region. Out of 64 urban and rural settlements in the study area, 35 (0/030/46) settlements are located on the Gachsaran formation. Most parts of Khonj County are exposed to severe erosion, indicating a severe need for erosion control measures. Two villages are located at the highest risk distance from faults. These villages, Qasemabad and Talmeh, should consider relocating their settlements to safer areas away from the fault lines. Five other villages are located within 200-400 meters of faults, necessitating a reconsideration of their resettlement plans. However, it's evident from the study of Kangan County villages that nearly 0/060 of these villages are located at a reasonable distance from fault lines, which serves as a positive aspect of the settlements in this county.

Based on the final map obtained by combining all the maps, rural areas exposed to severe earthquake hazards include 14 villages. These 14 villages are mostly located in the eastern part of Mahmaleh and Baghan districts. Villages located in areas with lower risks are the second group, facing lesser risks compared to villages in high-risk areas. A total of 15 villages are situated in these areas, scattered around high-risk rural areas and distributed across all four districts of the county. The rest of the county areas indicate the locations of settlements where earthquake risks are not evident, with 45 villages settled in these areas, representing the highest number of settlements according to the map.

Land use and land cover change includes the conversion of natural land cover into impermeable surfaces as a product of the rapid growth of urban and rural areas. One of the topics that has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years is the impacts of these changes on the temperature of the earth's surface as a vital parameter for the environment and human life. In this study, the relationship between the changes in land cover and the temperature of the earth's surface has been investigated using Madis sensor satellite images, focusing on Mazandaran province. In order to analyze the data, Moran's index and hot spot analysis have been used from 2012 to 2022. The findings showed that following the changes of the land cover in the studied area, the surface temperature of the province has increased by 1.46 degrees during the studied decade. Also, during the same period, the night temperature of the province has increased by 1.02 degrees Celsius and its daily temperature has increased by 1.89 degrees Celsius. Also, more than 98% of the urban lands, which are considered as the hottest parts of the province, are located in hot clusters. The results of this study can play an important role in better planning the regional development of Mazandaran province and create healthier residential environments and provide very useful information to help manage and plan the development of residential land in order to achieve environmental sustainability.The results of this study can play an important role in better planning the regional development of Mazandaran province and create healthier residential environments and provide very useful information to help manage and plan the development of residential land in order to achieve environmental sustainability.

Today's metropolises are always exposed to damage caused by natural hazards for various reasons. These risks require immediate prevention and measures due to the many human and financial damages. One of the most destructive and common natural disasters is the earthquake, which has caused the greatest damage to human society from the past to the present day.Several studies have been conducted in relation to the resilience and management of natural hazards at home and abroad; Among these studies, we can refer to the researches of Ebrahimzadeh et al. with the title of analysis on the vulnerability caused by earthquakes with emphasis on providing the optimal model for the location of special uses for health care and education, a case study of the worn out fabric of Tabriz city. Mansour Naimi et al.'s research titled "Earthquake Risk Microzoning with Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis Model in Zone 1 of Ahvaz Metropolis", Alexander with a research titled "Resilience against Earthquake", Kusumastoti et al. Natural Indonesia as well as the doctoral thesis of Boston in relation to building resilience through design with the approach of improving the efficiency of hospitals after earthquakes.Resilience as a concept can be used for any community and any type of disorder, whether natural, man-made or a combination of the two. The definition of resilience includes: 1. The ability of a system to absorb damage and loss, without going out of normal state 2. The ability of a system to organize and reorganize itself in different conditions 3. The ability of a system to increase and create Capacity to learn and strengthen its adaptability.Vulnerability is the possibility that a person or group is exposed to the incompatible effects of a hazard, which is actually an interaction between spatial hazards and social forms of societies.One of the goals of this project is to provide solutions to improve resilience according to the results and the strengths and weaknesses of Khalkhal city. Knowing the characteristics of the resilient city, measuring the level of urban resilience and also determining the effective methods of evaluating the resilience of Khalkhal city are among the main reasons for conducting the present research.

The method of collecting information in this research is mainly field and library method was also used during the research. In this research, first, the theoretical framework of the research was done by collecting information using documentary studies.In the following, in order to check the degree of resilience of the studied cities by examining previous researches, criteria and sub-criteria of resilience were determined; Then, in order to analyze the data, from weighting to the research indicators, the ANP network analysis model was used in the form of Super Decision software, and in the Arc GIS environment, after preparing a vulnerability map for each criterion, using the technique of layer weighting and scoring the main and sub criteria. Its criteria have been used to prepare the final map of the natural index of Khalkhal city in Arc GIS software.Considering that some criteria are more important than other criteria and had a decisive role in the physical resilience of the city, a questionnaire was prepared to determine the relative importance of each of the indicators and it was distributed and completed among 15 expert experts.

It should be mentioned here that in order to evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city, all the layers and sub-criteria effective in the natural resilience of the region, which was the result of applying the weights obtained from ANP in the GIS environment, were analyzed and integrated, and then after standardizing all the indicators and using From the weight obtained from the network analysis model (ANP), standard balanced maps were prepared and finally zoning of resilient urban spaces. Therefore, at this stage, the resilience of the natural dimension was calculated using the Raster Calculator tool to be used in the final zoning of this dimension of resilience. This process was carried out for each index, and finally, the general natural resilience map of Khalkhal city, which is the result of combining 8 sub-criteria of the research, was extracted.

In the researches that are formed with the aim of analyzing the state of resilience, the most important issue that should be paid attention to is the analysis of vulnerability and the recognition of upcoming threats in order to identify the capacity and capabilities of resilience. The city of Khalkhal has little resilience against the earthquake crisis due to its geographical and tectonic location, numerous active faults, the irregular growth of the city in the boundaries of the faults and unstable lands, so planning to deal with this risk is considered vital. The current research aims to measure and evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city against different earthquake intensities and to achieve the first step of planning to deal with the earthquake crisis, which is to identify the overall resilience of the city. In this research, using standard indicators, the degree of vulnerability of Khalkhal city has been determined, and taking into account the results of the methods and combining them with the geographic information system, the vulnerability map of the city has been drawn. According to the final map, which is the output of GIS software, it can be said that the western part of the city is naturally highly vulnerable. In the current research, it was determined that the conditions in the western part of Khalkhal city are critical and during an earthquake, the number of casualties and financial damages will be high. Finally, in this thesis, the obtained results showed that the method used in the research was able to evaluate the studied area well and showed the vulnerable parts, which mostly include the western areas of Khalkhal city, in the final map.

The national security strategy of the United States of America has always fluctuated between the two attitudes of isolationism and internationalism, due to the fixed goals and economic capacity, physical security. The National Security Strategy document of the United States of America, compiled in 2022, shows an important part of the foreign, security, commercial, economic, technological, and geopolitical relations between the two countries, the United States and China, and their allies during at least one term of the Biden presidency., and the expansion of its values.

This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to examine the national security strategy of the United States of America during the presidency of Joseph Robin Biden Jr. (known as Joe Biden 2020–2024), focusing on the geopolitical behavior of this country in confrontation with China. The methods of collecting information in this research are documentary and library. The method of analyzing the information collected in this qualitative research was done using logic, thinking, and geopolitical arguments. In this research, geopolitical sources and texts, international relations, regional studies, and national security strategies of the United States of America in different periods (1986–2022) have been used. One of the qualitative features of this research is that it benefits from the opinions of specialists and experts in the fields of geopolitics, national security, and think tanks in the United States of America regarding the strategic document of this country's national security regarding China from the perspective of the geopolitical approach.

The National Security Strategy document of the United States of America at any time is a combination of the fixed indicators of the national security system of the United States of America and the plans and preferences of the President and his cabinet. Maintaining and protecting the territory, people, and way of life of the United States of America, the leadership and dominance of the United States of America in the outside world, strengthening the alliance with friendly governments, and confronting the enemies of the United States of America are among the constant factors that can be found in almost all the strategic documents of the national security of the United States of America. On the other hand, the preferences of the president and the government of the United States of America, such as those expressed during the election campaigns, also form an important part of the strategic documents of the national security of the United States of America. The national security strategy of the United States of America during the Biden era has dealt with China's geopolitical behavior more than eight times and more than ever due to the promotion of military power, the development of military weapons, and China's nuclear activities, as well as the claim of China's interference and influence in the affairs of other countries and the challenge Padayar has included human rights in China in this strategic document and has reminded its allies and strategic partners of the necessity of diplomacy and the continuation of geopolitical confrontation with China.

Joe Biden, who won the US election in 2020, wrote his government's national security strategy and sent it to the House of Representatives in 2022. From the perspective of this strategy, China's geopolitical behavior can be categorized into three types:geopolitical challenge, geopolitical competition, and geopolitical cooperation. This strategic document of the Biden era and the NATO strategic document show more concern about China's geopolitical challenge than the six strategic documents of the past six American presidencies. In both strategic documents, America considers China its most important geopolitical challenge in the global geopolitical system and the Indo-Pacific geopolitical region as the most important region where the geopolitical challenge and conflict between these two countries will be formed in the future. The authors of this document believe that geopolitical competition is changing and often complex. A context in which common challenges can be addressed, while these problems often exacerbate competition and further geopolitical challenges.

Tabriz is located a short distance from the fault north of Tabriz, which is one of the areas with a very high relative risk in earthquake risk. The region of 2 municipalities of Tabriz, where many scientific and tourism centers are located, is at risk of earthquakes. In this study, according to the possibility of earthquake crisis, the level of urban resilience and the response capacity of the district 2 of Tabriz were evaluated against earthquakes.

At first, the effective indicators in resilience were prepared by interview and nominal group method and Delphi technique and were categorized into 12 criteria. Next, the indices were weighted by ANP, the layers (indices) were superimposed with the SUM fuzzy. The neighborhoods of the region 2were clustered by SVM, in terms of resilience and the spatial pattern of the clusters was analyzed by Moran's autocorrelation model; The relationship between the indicators and the level of resilience was analyzed by the GWR model. Finally, SWAT technique and QSPM matrix were used to develop operational strategies for poor neighborhoods.

The results showed that the indicators of access to urban open spaces, urban impermeability and quality are the most important in resilience with fuzzy membership degrees of 0.174, 0.137 and 0.137 respectively. Approximately 35% of the district 2 of Tabriz has weak resilience against earthquakes, but about 65% has moderate to almost adequate resilience. The weak neighborhoods are related to the north-western neighborhoods (Golbad, Halmeh, Qorkhaneh, Shahid Montazeri and Gol-Gasht) and the suitable neighborhoods are Tabriz University, Elahi Parast, Zafaranieh, Sari Zira, Abbas Mirza and Golshahr. Moran's model shows the confirmation of the urban resilience clustering model of the region against earthquakes. The coefficients of the GWR model indicate the validity and accuracy of the model for predicting the level of resilience. The results of the SWAT technique show that the studied factors are placed in the district 2 of Tabriz and in the fifth house (V) that the residents of the neighborhoods of district 2 of Tabriz in terms of being able to deal with the earthquake in the condition is medium to low. The strategies are also aggressive (SO) and its goal is to make maximum use of external opportunities with internal strengths and in this way maintain the external factors of the current conditions and grow and strengthen these conditions in the future.

The urban resilience evaluation framework and the preparation of spatial maps for resilience evaluation can be a practical guide to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a city against earthquakes. These results can help planners in spatial planning and urban environment. In addition, authorities can use the results to develop disaster risk reduction programs and policies. They can use the framework introduced in this study to identify areas of vulnerability that should be prioritized during resilience efforts.

As one of the key countries in the Middle East and home to two of the most important cities in the Islamic world, developments in Saudi Arabia inevitably impact the broader Muslim world. However, the nature of political legitimacy, acceptance, and the challenges faced by the government remain uncertain. Moreover, understanding the relationship between the people, religion, and the state in this monarchy is crucial. Approximately 50% of Saudi Arabia's population consists of young people. Managing this segment of society presents a significant political, economic, social, and cultural challenge for the Al Saud regime. If the government fails to control the energy and frustration of these youths, it seems likely that the foundations of the regime could become unstable. This could potentially lead to the rise of social movements in Saudi Arabia. As witnessed during the Arab uprisings of 2011, the possibility of a domino effect in the region exists. Additionally, given the secular behaviors the government is employing to manage this situation, it appears that the relationship between religion and the state in Saudi Arabia is changing. Should this phenomenon continue, the social contract itself may also evolve. Even if social movements emerge in the country, analyzing and predicting their nature from local, national, regional, and even global perspectives is of great importance.

The present research adopts a qualitative methodology with a descriptive-analytical and historical approach. Data collection involved documentary-library research and interviews. The study also utilizes books, academic and research articles, both domestic and international, as well as online resources to answer the research questions. The data analysis strategy is inductive.

The government of Saudi Arabia was established in 1932 based on the ideology of Wahhabism and the Al Saud tribe, and these two pillars have remained the foundation of the state until today. The rise to power of Mohammad bin Salman can be seen as the pinnacle of the liberal movement's ascension against the Wahhabis and the Muslim Brotherhood. With the changes introduced by Mohammad bin Salman in recent years, it appears that Wahhabism and the monarchy may no longer continue. The alteration of this alliance poses a significant threat to the future of the Al Saud regime. Therefore, these changes are being implemented cautiously and gradually. Distancing from religion is a major risk that could lead to challenges for the future of Saudi Arabia. The underlying framework of Saudi Arabia's political and social order is based on Sharia, specifically Wahhabism. This is an inseparable part of the country's character and the foundation of the legitimacy of its political and social order. The Saudi government neither created nor inherited religious institutions. In this country, religious elites and politicians have cooperated for many years to establish and protect the state. This explains the overlap between religious and political discourses and also highlights the reason behind the opposition of religious clerics to certain secular actions taken by the government. The Saudi regime derives its legitimacy from Islam.The king, as the ruler, is responsible for enforcing Islamic laws, and the constitution repeatedly emphasizes the implementation of Islam. Saudi Arabia is known for three things: its unique position in the Middle East, being the world's largest oil exporter, and hosting pilgrims to the Holy Kaaba and the Prophet's Mosque. The religious role remains a high priority for the people. However, with the rise of bin Salman, Wahhabi institutions and movements have become isolated, gradually losing their power, and government policies have leaned towards secularism. Examples of this include the decline of the religious police, changes in the role of women in society, shifts in academic institutions, and the organization of events and festivals where Islamic symbols are absent, such as the Riyadh Season.

Iconography, as a spiritual factor and a force gravitating toward the center, is most prominently represented in Saudi Arabia by religion (Wahhabism), which has solidified the state's current structure. However, the government, through its recent actions, has sought to change its relationship with religion, opting for a different narrative of Wahhabism, which it refers to as "moderate Islam." Given the historical background of the Saudi people and the importance of religion and tradition in this country, this shift will likely lead to centrifugal tendencies among the citizens. Initially, it will create dissatisfaction among the people, and secondly, it will integrate citizens into the global context. This will result in a form of dislocation that has not been experienced in Saudi Arabia until now. With the new policies adopted by the Al Saud regime, religion's ability to serve as a unifying force is weakened, turning it into a centrifugal factor. In reality, the iconographic factor has transformed into circulation. Now, with the new religious policies, the government intends to no longer accept Wahhabism as the source of its legitimacy and instead seeks to adopt moderate Islam as its legitimacy factor. Until now, Saudi Arabia has positioned itself as the standard-bearer of Islam, as evidenced by the first article of the country's constitution. Therefore, neither bin Salman nor any other ruler in this country can govern outside the framework of Islamic laws or norms. Bin Salman is aware that he cannot change the country's constitution, or if such a change were to occur, it would come at a high cost with an uncertain future. Therefore, he is seeking to construct a new narrative of Islam, called moderate Islam, to govern based on the same Islamic laws created by himself and his allies. It seems that if bin Salman fails in this endeavor, the legitimacy of the state will face challenges, particularly in the eyes of various social groups and especially the religious elite.