نشریه دانش حکمرانی
پیاپی 2 (بهار 1403)

This study investigates the perceptions of Iranians regarding energy subsidies, specifically exploring the key obstacles to reforming gasoline subsidies. Through a mixed-methods approach combining focus groups and two social surveys, this research identifies the primary concerns of the general public regarding subsidy reforms. The results reveal that individuals' resistance to subsidy reform is rooted in uncertainty about the government's motivations for the gasoline subsidy reform and the way in which benefits would be distributed. Notably, the central obstacle to successful reform is the government's dominant role in setting prices and redistributing resources, leading to a price shock. To address this challenge, this study proposes a policy recommendation: establishing an exchange market with a floating price for gasoline, while allocating a tradable quota to diminish the government's central role in the reform process. By democratizing the reform process and redistributing benefits, this approach aims to increase public acceptance and support for gasoline subsidy reforms in Iran.

One of the most important areas that can have a significant impact on maximizing the country's national interests in the policy sector is the type of financial relationship between the oil industry (the National Oil Company on behalf of the oil industry) and the government. It is also a tool for the government to intervene and make policies that can play a significant role in the commercial performance of the National Oil Company. On the other hand, regulation is one of the main components of energy governance, which in coordination with other components can ensure the proper functioning of the upstream oil and gas sector. In the present research, by collecting a set of necessary information for the pathology of the regulation system of the Iran oil and gas upstream and the financial relationship of the government with the National Oil Company through library studies, comparative studies and interviews with experts in the field of energy and scenarios of transitioning from the current situation to the desired situation was compiled by the expert panel and validated and finalized by the expert panel. In the first stage, it is suggested that the Plateau 1 scenario, which is the preservation of the National Oil Company under the Ministry of Oil and the transformation of the headquarters of this company into the upstream regulator of oil and gas, and the conclusion of development and exploitation contracts by this regulatory body with governmental and non-governmental exploration and production companies is to be implemented and gradually after the complete separation of the governance layers from each other move the peak scenario (optimal situation) could be achieved.

Artificial intelligence, as one of the advanced and innovative technologies, has a significant impact on the development and progress of various industries. In recent years, artificial intelligence technologies have been recognized as one of the main drivers of economic development in various countries, and leading countries' governments are taking the lead in adopting governance policies to develop these technologies. This study aims to examine the governance experiences of selected countries (China, England, the Netherlands, Brazil, and Canada) in the development of artificial intelligence technologies from a policy perspective and providing lessons learned for Iran. Selected countries were chosen based on three criteria: being advanced in AI governance, having the most regional and economic similarity to Iran, and ultimately the extent of researchers' access to information.In this study, the identification and analysis of the policy programs and overall governance strategies of selected countries were conducted through a systematic review of documents and qualitative content analysis. Finally, based on the framework derived from the literature, this study categorizes the governance strategies for the development of artificial intelligence technologies in selected countries into four categories: 1) data-informed decision making, 2) automation-centered governance, 3) productivity-enhancing governance, and 4) greater equality and poverty reduction.

Despite the high importance of public procurement for innovation (PPI) in developed countries, this policy tool has received less attention from policymakers and researchers in Iran. The significance of public procurement policies has made it one of the industrial development policies in some countries. On the other hand, the critical role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and knowledge-based companies in technology development and national economic development has been emphasized in many developing countries, including Iran. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to review the public procurement process with an emphasis on PPI and support domestic SMEs. To this end, related laws and policies to support public procurement in the country and several countries with comparable conditions to Iran (Brazil, Turkey, South Korea, and India) have been reviewed. Based on the findings, consideration has been adjusted to policies to support the supply of innovation in the country's public procurement to an acceptable level. However, there are various challenges and issues in its implementation. Nevertheless, what is seen in the country's public procurement system, especially in the PPI, is the weakness in implementing and enforcement of policies to stimulate the demand side of innovation. Therefore, ten policy suggestions and solutions resulting from policy analysis and interviews with domestic stakeholders, as well as an international comparative study, have been provided. These are all for further support and create a role for SMEs and domestic knowledge-based companies in public procurement and foster technology development and innovation of these companies through public procurement.

Today, by shifting the main sources of economics from assets and physical resources to knowledge and technology, technology plays a crucial role in the economic progress of countries and their per capita income growth. This increasing role of technology in the economy, has led to technology being taken into account in new economic schools. On the one hand, the successful performance of new industrialized countries in the 70's and 80's inspired new perspectives in the global economy, which emphasized on efficient technological activities at the core of its analysis. On the other hand, because of changes in the global economy and the transformation of the nature of the beneficial economic activities, due to rapid technological changes, economists have also been unwittingly focused on the dynamics of the economic structure. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to study various economic schools from the three perspectives of the global conditions that school emerged in, considering the approach of schools to the dynamics factor and, finally, their approach to the technology and its development, the position of each school Economics is presented in the form of a typology based on attention to two factors of attention to dynamism and technology.

Good governance is the practice of political-economic-social management of a country's resources to achieve specific and determined goals. This practice includes solutions and methods through which individuals and institutions have the ability to pursue their interests and legal rights according to the limitations.Good governance is aimed at finding a new model and combination of cooperation between the three sectors of the government-civil society-private sector. Good governance shows governance as a responsibility to citizens, which is due to the rule of law and transparency of fair and equal opportunities in all fields provides for citizens. These equal opportunities are not created only by domestic policy, and the foreign policy of any government can directly and indirectly affect it.The main question of this research is: How have the requirements of good governance and the foreign policy of the 13th government of Iran affected each other?An attempt has been made to answer this question by using documentary-archival sources in a descriptive-analytical way.The 13th government of Iran with two important principles in its foreign policy: expanding international and regional cooperation and strengthening the neighborhood policy on the one hand, and striving for economic growth and growth of capital formation along with the growth of the middle class in Iran, on the other hand, has been able to increase the rank of Iran. improve in good governance indicators.