نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال سی و چهارم شماره 2 (تابستان 1403)

a field experiment performed to evaluate the effects of peppermint and sage intercropping with application of different fertilizer resources on the dry matter yield, essential oil content, and ecological indices under drought stress.A field experiment was carried out as a split split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 36 treatments and three replications . The main factor was three irrigation regimes included 25 (MAD25), 50 (MAD50), and 75% (MAD75) maximum allowable depletion (MAD) percentage of the soil available water (SAW) as normal irrigation, mild and severe water stress, respectively. The sub-factor was different planting patterns included peppermint monoculture, sage monoculture, and intercropping of peppermint + sage and also sub-sub factor were application of different fertilizer sources including no‐fertilizer as control, TiO2 nanoparticles (100 mg L−1), arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) inoculation, and integrative application of AMF and TiO2 (AMF + TiO2).The maximum essential oil content of peppermint (1.51%) and sage (1.33%) was observed in intercropping plants with integrative application of AMF + TiO2. The essential oil content of peppermint and sage increased by 13.1 and 41.2% under mild stress in compared with normal irrigation, respectively. Also, the highest LER, K, AYL,, and monetary indices were achived in mild water stress with integrative application of AMF + TiO2. it can be concluded that the application of AMF + TiO2 in intercropping of peppermint/sage could be suggested as a sustainable strategy to increasing the quantity and quality of essential oil of both plants under drought stress conditions.

In order to study the production potential and competitive power of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and the use of nitrogen fertilizer, an experiment was carried out in the 2017-2018 crop year in two research stations of Sisab and Shirvan in North Khorasan province. The type of experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized complete block design, the main factor including nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha)and the sub-factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels(barley monoculture, vetch monoculture, Incremental ratios:15, 30, and 45 increased the density of vetch to barley)and the cultivation was mixed and additive. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region.

The results showed that the interaction effects of pumice and the simultaneous foliar spraying with seaweed extract and Hoagland's solution caused a 97% increase in pod length and 112% in width, a 73% increase in plant dry weight, a 39% increase in seed number per plant and 55% increase in seed yield compared to the control plant. The plant height increased under 60 tons.ha-1 of pumice application alone and in combination with foliar spraying with both fertilizers. Foliar spraying with Hoagland's solution, along with simultaneous foliar spraying of both compounds (seaweed extract + Hoagland's solution) with pumice application enhanced the number of nodes, sub-branches, and the weight of 100 seeds of the plant. Pumice application (zero and 60 tons.ha-1) along with the spraying alone and simultaneous spraying of both fertilizers, increased the nitrogen content of the plants. Potassium content was increased when 60 tons.ha-1 of pumice + simultaneous foliar spraying of both compounds and algae extract spraying was applied. The effect of pumice application (60 tons.ha-1) influenced the pod number per plant, as well as the flavonoids and phenolics, calcium, magnesium, and manganese content of the plant. The co-application of seaweed extract + Hoagland's solution raised the protein (40%) and oil (21%) percentages of the seeds. There was a positive correlation between seed yield, elements content, oil percentage, root dry weight, and biological yield, and this shows that a balanced nutrition with nutrients is necessary to reach reliable yield components.

Mung bean is a suitable plant to enrich the agricultural systems diversity and to benefit from positive ecological effects. A total 47 mung bean lines along with control genotypes (Parto cultivar and 6173 line) were planted in Latis square design (7 × 7) in two replications at three different environments conditions . The most important agronomic traits including grain yield, pods and racemes number per plant and pod length were evaluated and different lines compared to each others. The results indicated existence of diversity in the under-studied lines and emphasized that it would be possible to perform selection the appropriate one for utilization in the future breeding programs. Inconsistent performance of lines across three different environments necessitate that appropriate line selection was done in each environment separately. Generally based on lines performance at three different environments, lines number 24, 25 and 41 from pod length point of view, lines number 23 and 42 from pod number per plant, lines number 43 from grain number per pod and lines number 5, 11 and 42 from raceme number per plant point of view ranked as appropriate lines at all three environments, The high genetic diversity in these lines make possible the introduction of new cultivars and the expanding the cultivated area of this plant at different regions with different climate conditions.

The purpose of the experiment was to determine and identify new cultivars to replace them with old cultivars in two climates, cold-temperate (Alborz province) and humid warm-temperate (Golestan province).

The experiment was carried out during two years (2017-18 and 2018-19) in Alborz and Golestan provinces by using 14 spring and 10 winter rapeseed varieties in a randomized complete block design with three replications.

In Gorgan region, cultivars DK 7170, Trapper, Hyola 50, Hyola 401 and Hyola 420 had more grain yield potential with lower ADD for the beginning of flowering and more leaf area index and SPAD index compared to RGS003 cultivar (control). In the Karaj region, the new and intermediate-maturing winter genotypes (Nafis and HL3721 line) had the higher seed yield due to less ADD for the beginning of flowering and the growth period duration, more silique per plant, and higher seeds per silique, thousand seed weight, leaf area index and SPAD index (significant difference) compared to okapi variety (control).

Trapper, Hyola 50 and Delgan cultivars with seed yield ranged from 2500 to 3000 kg.ha-1for planting in Gorgan region and Nafis cultivar with seed yield ranged from 3200 to 3300 kg.ha-1 for planting in Karaj region were recognized as suitable and high potential and good substitutes for the old RGS003 and Okapi cultivars, respectively.

The research was carried out in order to investigate the yield, yield components and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the oil extracted from 19 double haploid lines of Camelina.A field experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design with 20 treatments and three replications at the Serarud Rainfed Agricultural Research Institute of Kermanshah, Iran in 2021 growing season. The results demonstrated that the highest seed yield of camelina was obtained in DH100 line, which showed an increase of 43.5% compared to the control variety. Also, the lowest seed yield was related to DH105 line, which showed a decrease of 67.3% compared to the control variety. In addition, the highest oil percentage and oil yield were obtained in DH100 line, Chemical analysis of camelina oil showed that the major fatty acids constituents in this plant's oil include linolenic acid, linoleic acid , oleic acid and eicosenoic acid . The highest amount of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid was observed in DH100 line. In addition, the highest amount of eicosenoic acid belonged to the DH10 followed by DH100 line. It is worth mentioning that the amount of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and eicosenoic fatty acids increased by 10.9, 5.6, 6.4 and 8.7%, respectively, when compared with control variety.it can be concluded that the DH100 line is recommended as the best line for releasing new cultivars of this oil-seed crop in rainfed conditions due to the highest oil quantity and quality in comparison with control variety and other double haploid lines.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria , trichoderma fungi and humic acid on the yield and physiological characteristics of wheat (Var. Ofogh) as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three factors and three replications at the research field of the Kashan during 2017-2018 growing season. The first factor was plant growth promoting rhizobacteria such as Azotobacter chroococcum + Azospirillum lipoferum + Pseudomonas putida (application and non-application), the second factor was two concentrations of trichoderma fungi (application and non-application) and three factor was humic acid soil application (0 and 200 kg. ha-1). The Results showed that plant growth-promoting bacteria, trichoderma fungus and humic acid led to an increase in plant height, chlorophyll a and b, grain yield and yield components of wheat. Growth-promoting bacteria, trichoderma and humic acid led to an increase of 43.8, 21.7 and 6% in grain yield compared to the control, respectively. The combined use of growth-promoting bacteria, trichoderma fungus and humic acid led to an increase in grain yield, yield components and harvest index compared to single application and control.The highest grain yield was obtained with the combined application of growth-promoting bacteria and trichoderma fungus amounting to 7466.7 kg per hectare and the highest harvest index was obtained with the combined application of biological fertilizers at the rate of 32.3%. In general, it is possible to obtain a significant grain yield increase in wheat with the combined application of plant growth-promoting bacteria, trichoderma and humic acid.

Excessive reliance on the use of chemical fertilizers to produce agricultural products today has led to major environmental problems. Therefore, in order to reduce the soil pollution and the cost of producing chemical fertilizers, it is necessary to use bio-fertilizers. This research was done to aim of determining the appropriate amount of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in combination with bio-fertilizers for soybean. The experiment was conducted as a factorial base of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor included the application of phosphorus chemical fertilizer (zero, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha triple superphosphate) and the second factor included the application of phosphorus bio-fertilizer (control, Behroshd bio-fertilizer, mycorrhiza and Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhiza) The increase of phosphorus chemical fertilizer from zero to 180 kg/ha increased chlorophyll index (17%), plant height (8.5%) percentage of absorbed light (1.6%), biological yield (24%) and yield components of soybean significantly. The use of biological fertilizers also caused a significant increase in the mentioned traits. The interaction effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers was significant on the leaf area index and soybean yield, so that at each level of chemical fertilizer use, the highest of these traits was related to the application of Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhizal. Increasing of phosphorus chemical fertilizer, reduce the bio-fertilizers application efficiency in soybeans yield improving. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable soybean production, the combination of biological fertilizers and lower amounts of chemical fertilizers should be used.

The effects of biochar (zero, 10 and 20 tons per hectare) and foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (zero, 2 and 4 ml L-1) were assayed on the growth and physiological responses of Tanacetum balsamita as a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications during 2019-2020 under the field condition.The interactions of biochar × algae foliar application influenced the dry weight, leaf area, essential oil content and also the protein, phenolics, flavonoids, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of plants. The utmost plant dry weight, leaf area, proteins, phenolics, flavonoids, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content was recorded in 20 ton/ ha of biochar × 2 and 4 ml L-1 of algae extract and, 10 ton/he of biochar × 4 ml L-1 algae treatment. The highest chlorophyll index belonged to the application of 10 and 20 ton/ha of biochar × 4 ml L-1 of algae extract. 20 ton/ha biochar × 4 ml L-1 of algae extract enhanced plant height up to 76 cm which was 59% higher than the control. 20 ton/ ha biochar × 4 ml L-1 of foliar treatment increased the essential oil yield in plants. Conclusion The overall results revealed that 20 ton/ha biochar along with foliar spraying of 4 ml L-1 algae extract had promising effects on essential oil yield of Tanacetum balsamita. The results with some more detailed studies would be advisable to the extension section.

In order to investigate the effect of different mulches on weed biomass weight, yield and some physiological characteristics of onions, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at sample field in Jiroft area at 2019-2020 growing season. Experimental treatments included levels five inorganic mulch of black plastic, white plastic, organic mulch of wheat straw, weeding and control treatment. Traits such as plant height, bulb height, bulb diameter, neck diameter, bulb yield, TSS, bulb sulfur content, percentage of acid, soil temperature, soil moisture content and weed biomass weight were evaluated in three stages. The results showed that all the studied traits except TSS were significantly affected by different mulches. The highest bulb height (73.1 mm), bulb diameter (69 mm), neck diameter (13.3 mm), bulb yield (55707 kg/ha), The highest amount of sulfur was observed in the straw and stubble treatment, There was no significant difference with black mulch treatment. Three types of dominant weeds such as wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), malva (Malva neglecta L.) and leek (Chenopodium album L.) were observed in the studied onion field. The highest and lowest weed biomass of weeds were obtained in the first and third stages of sampling in control and black mulch. The use of appropriate mulch was effective in reducing the number and biomass of weeds and producing optimal yield of onion. According to the research results, black mulch treatment is the best treatment to control weeds and produce optimal yield.

There are several ways to control weeds in a tomato field.The use of cover crops can be considered a good alternative to unprincipled tillage and the use of herbicides. This research was conducted in the years 2020-2021 in the research farm of Razi University. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover plants of cluster flower vetch and Iranian clover as pure and combinatorial cultivation on yield and weed control of tomato field. Treatment of 50% vetch residues + 50% clover residues and 100% clover residues were better in control of weeds and tomato yield than control and other treatments. In the control treatment, the lowest tomato yield and weed control were observed. Yield in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues were 67.25 and 66.51 t ha-1, respectively, while the yield in control treatment was 14.43 t ha-1. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was 9 and 8 plants per square meter, respectively, and in control treatment was 30 plants per square meter. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was 9 and 8 plants per square meter, respectively, and in control treatment was 30 plants per square meter. In general, the use of cover crops and their residues in the field can be a good environmental and economic method to control weeds and reduce the use of chemicals in the field.

This research was conducted in order to investigate competitive ability of four rice cultivars in competition with in interference with barnyard grass.A field experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on RCBD with three replications in Babolsar. Factors included rice cultivar (Tarom Hashemi, Shiroudi, Deylamani and Hasani) and and barnyard grass density (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 plants m-2).The highest and lowest amount of barnyard grass biomass was observed in Tarem Hashemi at a density of 50 plants m-2 and Shiroudi at a density of 10 plants m-2 (301.3 and 68.3 g m-2, respectively). The highest and lowest biological and seed yield of rice were observed in Shiroudi at weed-free conditions and Hasni in interference with the density of 50 plants m-2, respectively. The amount of decrease in grain yield in the conditions of interference with the investigated densities of barnyard grass compared to weed-free condition are 2.6-30, 3.2-18.8, 2.8-31.5 and 5.6-30.8%. , it was in Tarem Hashemi, Shiroudi, Deylamani and Hasni cultivars, respectively.The rice yield data cultivars fitting in competition with barnyard grass densities indicated that Shiroudi cultivar had higher competitive ability than other cultivars. So this cultivar can be recommended for cultivation in paddy fields with a history of high sorghum weed infestation. The use of its higher competitive power against the weed of barnyard grass reduced the use of herbicides and minimized the harm caused by their use, and took a step towards achieving sustainable agriculture.

This research was conducted in order to reduce or replace phosphate fertilizer with humic acid to investigate growth characteristics, grain yield and absorption of macro and micronutrients in safflower plants in order to reduce costs and increase the harvest. Cultivation of safflower of Goldasht variety with 9treatments were carried out a randomized complete block design. Morphological, vegetative growth and Yield traits and nutrients were measured in safflower leaves.The P50H100 treatment had the highest values in plant height, stem diameter, number of main branches, photosynthesis, chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, capitol number, 100-grain weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield. After P50H100treatment, H200andP25H150 treatments had better results in these indicators. P50H100treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf nitrogen, P50H100and P50treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf phosphorus, H200, P25H150and P50H100treatments have the highest significant amount of leaf potassium, H200treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf calcium, P25H150treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf magnesium, H200 treatment has the highest significant amount of iron and zinc in leaves, The H200 and P25H150 treatments had the highest significant amount of leaf manganese and the P25H150 treatment had the highest significant amount of leaf copper.This research showed that the most significant performance can be achieved with P50H100 treatment. After this treatment, H200 and P25H150 treatments had significant results and were appropriate. P100 and P50 treatments as well as H100 and P25H50 treatments did not have significant results compared to the superior treatments.

Background & ObjectiveThe aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of nanosuperabsorbent treatments and biofertilizers on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and yield components of Spring Canola seed under different levels of irrigation.Methods & MaterialsThe field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 as a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The treatments include irrigation at three levels (irrigation after evaporation of 70, 120 and 170 mm of evaporation from the Class A pan in the main plots) and nanosuperabsorbent treatments at two levels (0 and 45 kg/ha) and fertilizer treatments at four levels: control, Chitosan, growth-stimulating bacteria and chitosan + growth-stimulating bacteria were factorially placed in sub-plots.ResultsNitrogen and phosphorus content, leaf water percentage, green cover percentage, chlorophyll content, plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield and consequently grain yield decreased, but the temperature Canola leaves increased. The application of fertilizer treatments, especially the combined treatment of biofertilizers + nano-superabsorbent under all irrigation levels, led to the improvement of these traits and rape seed yield, especially under severe stress. ConclusionImprovement of morphophysiological traits and product components ultimately increased seed yield. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combined application of nanosuperabsorbent with biofertilizers can be an effective method to improve grain yield under drought stress conditions.

To evaluate the effect of planting density and harvest stage on dry forage production in alfalfa, an experiment was performed during cropping years2017-2018and2018-2019 in BuAliSina University of Hamadan.The experiment was performed as strip split plots design with randomized complete block design(RCBD)in four replicates.We studied planting density at three levels and forage harvesting time at four phenological stages.The results of the mean comparison showed that forage harvest at 10% flowering stage led to a significant increase in dry forage yield in the first and second croppings and annual forage yield in the two years of the experiment.The results of mean comparison of interactions between planting density and forage harvest date in the first year of the experiment showed that increasing row spacing to 50 and 60 cm and forage harvest at 10% and 50% flowering stage led to a significant increase in dry forage yield in the second cropping and annual forage yield.In this study in both years of the experiment, the delay in the forage harvest time led to a significant increase in the plant height. Harvesting at early flowering stage leads to a significant increase in the canopy height compared to harvesting at early budding stage.Reducing crop density through increasing row spacing to 50 and 60 cm and harvesting forage at 50% flowering stage led to a significant increase in dry forage yield of first harvest.Therefore lower density planting and delay in forage harvest time up to 50% flowering is suggested aimed to increase the annual dry forage yield.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and pre-planting of cover crops on some vegetative traits and yield of rice plants.

This was conducted over 2017-2018 and 2018-2019, at the research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The experimental design employed a three-replicated split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design. The main plots involved five nitrogen consumption levels (0, 120, 240, 320, and 400 kg ha-1). The sub-plots included four types of pre-planted cover crops (no cover crop, canola, bersim clover, and rye).

Based on the findings, employing berseem clover as a cover crop in pre-sowing resulted in a significantly more favorable rice yield than others. Nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 320- 400 kg ha-1 led to enhanced vegetative traits, yield, and various yield components, including leaf area index and tiller number, ultimately resulting in increased overall yield. Results revealed that planting bersim clover cover crop before planting rice, along with 320 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer, leads to 41.5% higher yield compared to no fertilizer).).

Bersim clover stood out among the pre-planting cover crops, significantly enhancing many rice traits. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between urea fertilizer levels of 320 and 400 kg ha-1 in several measured traits. Thus, the integrated treatment of bersim clover cover crop and 320 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer is recommended before planting rice.

The aim of this research was to select promising durum wheat lines in terms of stability and high grain yield by combining BLUP and AMMI methods and using REML/BLUP based on different indices.

In this study, 20 durum wheat genotypes were compared in five research stations of Karaj, Kermanshah, Khorramabad, Dezful and Darab based on randomized complete blocks design in 3 replications and in two growing seasons (2019-2021).

The results showed that the genotype × environment interaction was significant for grain yield. Comparison of the predicted averages of grain yield by BLUP method and HMGV, PRGV and HMRPGV statistics showed that genotypes G10, G8, G18, G9 and G14 with the highest predicted average were superior compared to genotypes others. According to the third type biplot, G1, G8, G10, G18 and G19 genotypes with high yield and low WAASB value were among the superior genotypes. Based on the polygonal biplot, G19, G1 and G10 genotypes with the lowest line slope were more stable. Based on the heat map of WAASB/Y, genotypes G8, G19, G18, G4, G10 and G1 were introduced as superior genotypes. The comparison between stability statistics and BLUP-based indices showed that there is a high agreement between their results.

In general, according to the results of BLUP based on methods and stability statistics, genotypes G8, G10, G18 and G19 were introduced as stable genotypes and can be candidates for new cultivar introduction.

This research was conducted in order to compare conservation tillage methods compared to conventional tillage on the moisture retention, organic matter and bulk density of the soil. Experiments were conducted on permanent raised bed (PRB), no-till with SFOGGIA (NT) and Jab Planter (JP) equipments, in a wheat- rapeseed-corn cropping system, during 2018-2020, as a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Barzegar and Neptune cultivars and SC704 hybrid were used for wheat, rapeseed and corn, respectively. The examined characteristics included levels of soil moisture, bulk density and amount of soil organic matter. Average of organic matter in 0-30 cm soil depth was increased from 0.23% at the beginning of experiment to 0.53%, 0.67% and 0.48% at the end of experiment in PRB, NT and JP treatments, respectively. The amount of soil organic matter in CT treatment was about 0.49% at the end of the experiment. The highest amount of available water was observed in PRB (0.207 %), CT (0.193 %) and JP (0.163 %) treatments, respectively. The lowest value of this parameter was observed in NT treatment (0.143%). The lowest value of the average bulk density of soil was observed in the CT treatment (1.47 g/cm3) and the highest value was observed in the NT treatment (1.60 g/cm3). The use of conservation tillage methods and preservation of residues in the field can help to improve soil organic matter. Also, the average bulk density, water holding capacity of the soil are strongly affected by the application of different tillage methods.

Considering the extensive cultivation of wheat in the drylands of Kermanshah province and the lack of proper management of plant residues by farmers, it is necessary to think of a solution for the proper management of residues and wheat cultivation. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different tillage systems on soil physical characteristics and quantitative traits of different wheat cultivars in the drylands of Dalahoo region. A split-plot experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Tillage systems (conventional tillage, no-tillage, reduced tillage) were investigated as main plots and 26 wheat genotypes as secondary plots. Soil physical characteristics and wheat yield and yield components were investigated. The results showed the physical characteristics of the soil, the change of soil organic matter, and the yield and yield components of wheat significantly. They were affected by tillage systems, genotype, and interaction effect of tillage in genotype. The results showed that with increasing depth, soil temperature decreased and soil moisture increased. In no-till cultivation, the change of soil organic matter was less than other tillage systems. The highest amount of wheat grain yield (6658 kg/ha) was under the interaction effect of Mirzabey (Durum) genotype (genotype 24) in no-tillage system. Conservation tillage proves the importance of residues on the soil surface in maintaining moisture in drylands, and probably in Dalahoo areas, conservation tillage methods are better for improving yield.

This research was undertaken to assess the impact of kinetin (Kin) and salicylic acid (SA) on alleviation of oxidative, ionic and osmotic stresses of different levels of salinity. the experiment with factorial arrangements based on randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted at the research greenhouse of Urmia University. The investigated factors included salinity (0, 4, 7 and 10 dS/m) and hormones (50 μM kintin and 1 mM salicylic acid). 20 soybean seeds (cultivar M7) were planted at a depth of 3 cm in each pot containing 1 kg of perlite. Hormones were sprayed in the vegetative and reproductive stages. One week after the final treatment, tests were performed. Salinity increased the contents of roots and leaves sodium, the amount of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, the activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, α-tocopherol, and the contents of soluble sugars and proline of soybean leaves, but decreased potassium, calcium and magnesium ions, chlorophylls content, leaf area index, membrane stability index, leaf relative water content and seed yield. Foliar spray of hormones, especially Kin + SA, reduced Na+ content, H2O2 and malondialdehyde and proline content, while enhancing potassium, calcium and magnesium ions, chlorophylls content, leaf area index, antioxidants avtivities, membrane stability index, soluble sugars and leaf relative water content. These superiorities of Kin + SA treatment led to considerable improvement in seed yield of soybean.

Kitchen garden crops are really important in the stability and balance of the agricultural ecosystem of the Sistan region. Regarding the significance of food, economy, and job creation, it is vital to study these ecosystems.five production systems of kitchen garden products, including gandak, sefidak, pashmak, watermelon, and melon, were evaluated in the Sistan region, using emergy and economic indicators. The research data was collected via questionnaires and field measurements from 45farms for gandak, 53farms for sefidak, 37farms for pashmak, 60farms for watermelon, and 82 farms for melon.The total supporting emergy of gandak, sefidak, pashmak, watermelon, and melon production systems were estimated as 5.83×1016, 5.56×1016, 3.45×1016, 6.48×1016, and 5.83×1016 MJ of solar emergy per hectare per year, respectively. the emergy renewability percentage (R%) of the gandak, sefidak, pashmak, watermelon, and melon production systems was calculated as 3.40, 3.57, 5.21, 3.06, and 3.40%, respectively. The higher R% in the pashmak production system compared to other systems is related to the large share of organic fertilizer use. The lowest amount of environmental renewability among the five systems was related to the watermelon system, which shows that in this system, a high percentage of emergy used is dependent on non-renewable environmental resources.The ecological sustainability of the watermelon production system is more than the other studied systems, and the assessments based on the calculation of 13 emergy and economic indicators designate that stopping erosion and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers can be effective in the ecological stability of these systems.