فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 56 (زمستان 1402)

ccording to Simmel, the city is a sociological reality that has acquired spatial limits, and the reason for the development of cities is to meet the basic needs of coexistence and social interaction. without vitality, our cities today will be only a biological complex. Responding to the social needs of human beings and creating the necessary opportunities for living requires the presence of space and behavioral setting. with this point of view, the city and urban spaces become an inclusive concept. By spending a short time in the public spaces of today's cities, especially Shiraz, we see that the cities have lost their sense of invitation. A glance at the public spaces of today's cities, especially Shiraz, shows that cities have lost their sense of invitation. Streets, as places where social interactions and urban vibrancy reach their maximum quantity and quality, have become only a space for cars. the aim of the current research is to explain the relationship between the constituent components of urban space quality and vitality with regard to the mediation of behavioral setting. The studied area is Maali Abad Street located in District 6 of Shiraz Municipality. The reasons for choosing Maali Abad Street as a research sample can be explained by the attractiveness of shopping, Strong business context, a significant presence of people, The presence of various commercial, cultural and administrative uses in the street, The existence of strong elements and connections at the beginning and end of the street, many food shops along the sidewalks of the street, High volume of activities at different hours of the day and night, Density of commercial activities and expressed the predominance of the functional role over the access role of this street. By adopting a Deductive approach, this study tries to explain the causal relationships between the selected variables. In this study, a survey strategy was used to collect data. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis, Hypothesis testing, and research model evaluation. Since variance-based structural equation modeling is used for complex models, it does not have a limit on the sample size and is not sensitive to the non-normality of the distribution, we used it in the present study. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 400 people was selected. Data were analyzed using Smart PLS software. The results indicate that the environmental, socio-cultural and behavioral setting, considering their interrelation, explain component along with the behavioral setting explains 46.5% of the variance of the socio-cultural component. This means that the improvement in the environmental component leads to the improvement in the social-cultural and behavioral setting, and for these two components, it will increase the vitality in Ma'ali Abad Street. As Jacobs has stated, the principle of diversity of activity in a region and the volume of human flow agree as a suitable representative for urban vitality.

The lifestyle of the people of a region is introduced as the identity substructure of the native architecture of that region, which is derived from human needs at any time and place. In this study, the qualitative method of semiotics is used with the help of Space Syntax software. which uses evaluation based on standard models to determine the main factors of housing quality, and then by simulating and examining visible graphs in Space Syntax software, it is possible to have a comprehensive understanding of how Changing the pattern of space arrangement in the local archetypes was achieved in the studied houses. The Saman region of Mashhad has provided a suitable platform for this study with the abundance of native houses in it. The results of this research showed that by specifying the signs in the qualitative patterns of the housing, it is possible to provide a quantitative reading of them by Space Syntax software.Culture and design in environmental designs and artefact architecture, which targets the audience, has been considered as a cultural image in a way that theorists believe is culture. Its manifestations appear not only in the perception of people, beliefs, values, norms, customs and behaviors, but also in the design of objects and the artificial environment, including houses and neighborhoods, may be influential and overshadow them. put put into question the effectiveness of the project (Isai Ghasemian Asl and Tahereh Nasr, 2017; Amirreza Sheikh Bahai, 2018).The spatial configuration of the house, its interior design (spatial organization), and the shape of the house in an area can support or hinder the culture of the residents (Ozaki, 2002; Rapaport, 1969). Rappaport Vallior recognizes cultural contexts as a factor in the formation of local architecture and as Rappaport states, space has meaning, Grote and Wang also emphasize the need for environmental designers to pay attention to the socio-cultural aspects that they are in. (Raphaport), 1969; Oliver, 2006). Therefore, the model of spatial organization and its configuration should be investigated in order to understand the relationship between the built spaces and the subsequent cultural design (Napadon, 2001).Dwelling culture (the way of life and manners resulting from it), and social culture (social relations, kinship relations, family structure, etc.) tells how the form and spatial organization of native houses are formed, which explains how architectural designers and planners work. . It deals with the continuity of cultural-social values of native built environments.Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the semiotics in the housing quality section by benefiting from the data evaluation model based on the standard models in a multiple and hierarchical format and with the help of the Space Syntax software, a new reading of the native houses of Mashhad that are narrating. . The effect of lifestyle on the change and continuity of the spatial organization of houses is presented in order to be able to purposefully explain the reading of housing qualities, which can be used to improve the quality of today's housing.

In the scope of human social existence, cities, akin to architecture necessitate design. This design can be uniquely purposed to cater to basic needs such as determining pathways or maximizing security, or it can go beyond practical considerations and deal with issues such as encompassing cultural aspects, like displaying power. When designing a city, economic and geographical limitations play a significant role. City plans incorporate elements ranging from desirable form and geometry to the manifestation of social relationships. This study focused on the form of cities including their boundaries, access networks, and arrangement of buildings seeks to understand to what extent were ancient Iranian cities compliant with pre-established plans, and what were the focal themes of these plans. To pursue this purpose, historical texts, and existing maps have been analyzed through comparative and interpretive historical study methods. Contemporary researchers' theories regarding their compatibility or lack thereof with evidence and maps have also been examined. The result reveals that urban design held importance in the contemplation of ancient Iranians, as suggested in historical texts and inscriptions. Characteristics are observable in the remnants of these cities, such as the form of the surroundings, the access network, and the arrangement of buildings, indicate their implementation would have been improbable without adherence to a pre-established plan. Therefore, the necessity for urban design in the remaining works is evident, facilitating everyday city life as well as pursuing other objectives such as showcasing power and religious beliefs. In city design, alongside geography, road networks, and political location, the placement of the city's significant and ordinary buildings also held importance.
Despite some geometrical shapes holding specific meanings in Iranian mythology, it is not necessarily factual to attribute a particular shape to a belief or a specific era. Considering that many important cities of the Parthian era are not circular, and among those that are, very few have perfect geometric circles, and most exhibit convex or polygonal forms built for defensive ease. In this era, cities were observed with relatively precise geometries in both circular and square or rectangular forms. Therefore, the term 'Parthian circular city' appears inaccurate. Moreover, the existence of right-angled geometry in the cities of the Achaemenid era creates doubt that the Parthians established their cities in opposition to the Hippodamian cities of the Seleucids.
Dividing Iranian cities into two categories grid (chessboard-like) and radial is not accurate. There exist cities with right-angled (not grid) access networks or irregular networks. Even circular cities do not necessarily have a radial road network. There are also mixed or hybrid cities. Hence, the city organization can be divided into two categories: geometric and non-geometric.
In conclusion, the study of ancient Iranian cities and their designs provide valuable insights into the importance of urban planning and design in the past. It highlights the careful considerations given to various factors, including practical needs, cultural expressions, and even defense strategies. By delving into historical texts, analyzing maps, and employing rigorous research methods, we can better understand the complex relationship between cities.

In the housing supply programs in Iran, only the economic dimension is considered, that is, only the reduction of the economic cost by reducing the square footage. In most cases, less attention has been paid to the quality components of this type of housing, and houses have been built that have not considered the quality needs of users. The result of this problem is that houses have been built in which only the reduction of square footage has been applied without considering the quality. Identifying and applying the quality components of housing design can increase the quality of this type of housing, especially from the people's point of view. Therefore, the aim of the research is to extract the qualitative design components of residential complexes, at least for the people of the Juma neighborhood of Ardabil Mosque (3-7 decile) from the users' point of view. In this research, a descriptive method was used to extract the components first in the literature review, and then the frequency of each component was extracted using content analysis. Then, in the next step, a structured interview based on the components extracted from the literature was compiled and conducted with 19 people consisting of people and experts as a statistical population. After that, using the Foundation's data method, first open coding and then axial coding have been done to obtain the minimum housing quality categories (users' opinions). The findings show that 19 categories and their frequency have been obtained, the three highest ones respectively are the shared space in the neighborhood, considering space for storage and open and semi-open space. Based on the comparison between people's and experts' opinions, the results show that while the people involved have paid more attention to the character of the neighborhood, people pay special attention to the originality and character of the neighborhood to environmental features to reduce energy consumption, i.e. building insulation and the possibility Collecting surface water has also had a special look. In general, it seems that reducing the size of the residential unit provided that it has the quality characteristics desired by the people, such as the originality of the neighborhood, suitable layout for various functions, comfort and convenience that brings peace, is a suitable residential unit in the eyes of the people.

The concept of sustainable development has emerged in the transportation sector as a key approach to providing a serious balance between social fairness, economic development, and environmental protection. In recent years, the concept of sustainable transportation has become a leading research topic around the world. The application of sustainability actions in the transportation sector would help ameliorate its issues. Unfortunately, the current urban transportation systems have raised serious concerns and posed a widespread threat to urban sustainability, social justice, economic life, and environmental survival. Hence, the transportation sector needs fundamental changes in policy, planning, and design of its systems around the world to be able to develop the concept of sustainability in this sector. Over the past four decades, using active and sustainable transportation modes has been encouraged and this approach is defined as one of the major sustainability movements that have taken place in many countries and is titled as Active Transportation Movement. Approving the use of active modes of transportation has emerged as one of the particular movements focused on encouraging travel related to walking, cycling, and the use of public transportation systems. Accordingly, this paper provides a narrative literature review to clarify the main indicators related to the social and built environment aspects that must be considered by planners and policymakers in the way of promoting the use of active modes of transportation inside urban societies. Therefore, in this research, the meta-analysis method was used to systematically analyze 75 research published by journals indexed in the SCI and SSCI categories in the Web of Science (WOS). Besides, selected articles have been published from 2018 to 2023. Finally, fundamental indicators have been presented in four Physical, Social-Cultural, Intelligentization, Education and Policymaking categories. The effects of indicators related to the built environment are more quantitative and measurable than indicators related to the social-cultural aspect. This study highlights that attention to social-cultural characteristics is of utmost importance in the process of promoting the use of active modes of transportation. Regardless of the challenges, indicators related to the social aspect can give policy-makers very comprehensive knowledge of the social characteristics of communities where a project is to be applied. The infrastructures related to intelligentization, play an undeniable role in the future of sustainable transportation around the world. Raising the level of citizens' awareness of the benefits of using active transportation systems and its direct effects on the health of the body, mind, spirit and the environment is one of the necessary solutions that must be implemented at different levels of society throughout various educational methods. Furthermore, the use of correct policies that can be adopted positively and negatively complements all efforts in the direction of developing the use of active transportation systems among citizens. In the end, this investigation highlights that in the decision-making process for any project which is meant to encourage people to use active modes of transportation, consideration of indicators and paying attention to current and expected transportation requirements are very important to reach an ideal future.

Bushehr is one of the cities of Iran, which in its historical architecture, has one of the most different architectural elements in terms of form compared to other historical cities of Iran. Shanashirs are one of the formal attractions of Bushehr's historical architecture, which have played an important role in creating the beauty and visual diversity of the city. A large part of these elements are used in historical buildings that were built using wooden materials; Due to the low resistance of wood compared to other building materials, they have been destroyed or have suffered a lot of damage due to unfavorable environmental conditions and weather. An element similar to Shanashir in the Arabic countries of the Persian Gulf region is Mashrabiya, which is used in a more prolific and diverse manner and with more details. Therefore, recognizing and examining the differences and similarities of these elements can provide practical help to researchers in these fields or architects to reuse these elements in today's buildings in Bushehr. Therefore, the purpose of this research; The comparative comparison of the elements of Shanashir and Mashrabiya is aimed at recognizing the local features of these elements and re-using these elements in today's architecture and trying to preserve and also revive models with historical value. In this regard, the research was done by answering the following questions: What are the differences and similarities between Shanshirs and Mashrabiyas in the Persian Gulf region? And what are the local characteristics of these elements? Accordingly, this writing has been done using the inductive research strategy.

Data collection was done in the section of theoretical foundations and background of the use of these elements using reliable library sources. Also, field studies were conducted using observation and interview. Interviews were used to get information about the restoration of buildings or possible changes in the form of the Shanashirs. The interview was conducted in a closed and regular manner with predetermined questions, and the interviewees were the old owners and residents of the buildings, as well as experts and professors of restoration and architecture. The observation cards of the buildings were prepared in advance and the authors completed these cards with field surveys and photography of different parts. Statistical population, all the remaining houses with Shanashir element in Bushehr port belonged to the Qajar period.

The findings of the research showed that in Bushehr, Shanashirs do not have a special variety in terms of form and they differ only in the addition of some details. Bushehr Shanashirs had a practical role in interior spaces and were considered a place to connect the interior space with the house yard. But outside the house, these spaces have been used to create a view and landscape in a space away from the heat outside and away from the disturbing sight of strangers.Finally, it can be said that although the origin of Iran's Shanashirs was the Mashrabiyas of the Persian Gulf countries, but this element has significant differences with the Arab Mashrabiyas,

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">One of the ways to achieve sustainable development is reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, which has received more attention from researchers and politicians in the last two decades, is the modification of the city form. The study of latent energy in global experiences also goes back to recent decades, and it is in this field that the poverty of studies and research in Iran is more evident. This study examines the factors affecting the reduction of latent energy in the construction and renovation of residential apartments. A case study is conducted in Lahijan city. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze factors that are effective in reducing energy consumption in residential apartments. For this purpose, various factors including the use of materials with high energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy sources, optimization of ventilation systems, and high energy efficiency construction and renovation solutions are investigated. The research method in this study includes the study of related documents and sources, expert interviews and field observation. The results of this study will lead to the presentation of executive policies and practical recommendations to reduce latent energy in residential apartments in Lahijan city. This study can help decision makers and related organizations in the field of policy and planning related to reducing energy consumption in residential buildings. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the factors affecting the reduction of latent energy in the construction and renovation of residential apartments by using the building data prototyping tool. In order to analyze the information, the fuzzy ANP method is used. The results show that the technical index (A3) is the closest to the positive ideal answer and the greatest distance from the negative ideal answer, and the first priority is to reduce the latent energy in the construction and renovation of residential apartments. Also, the results showed that creating effective policies and measures in the field of efficient building standards, encouraging the use of green technologies and raising the awareness of residents about energy consumption can help improve the reduction of latent energy. According to the results, taking measures to reduce latent energy in the construction and renovation of residential apartments is of great importance, and there is a need to pay attention to the effective factors and create coordination between different layers of society for this</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The conclusion of the investigation of factors affecting the reduction of latent energy in the construction and renovation of residential apartments showed that reducing energy consumption in the construction and renovation of residential apartments is very important, because this action helps to reduce energy costs, preserve the environment, and increase the quality of life of residents. Also, factors such as the use of building materials with high energy efficiency, the use of high efficiency heating and cooling systems, optimization of building design and the use of renewable energy sources can help reduce latent energy.</span>

The main topic of this study is to examine the architectural-climatic patterns of functional spaces in residential buildings native to the cold region of Iran. Thus, the research hypothesis is expressed as follows: there seem to be patterns for the climate Organization of functional space in residential buildings in cold regions of Iran. In order to determine the desired climate zoning, cities are divided into three climates-Dfa, dfb and dsa. Climate analysis of functional spaces has been carried out based on criteria related to physical proportions, characteristics related to the spatial organization, and characteristics related to environmental conditions. To achieve the research objective, clustering has been carried out in two cold climate ranges, as well as in the interclimate range. In clustering in the range between Dfa, dfb and dsa climates, the best number of clusters is 6, 3 and 8 respectively. The distribution map of the region's patterns shows that three identified House species are scattered throughout the region, but one of the weather patterns has been seen in all climates, has a larger number of repetitions and can be used as a pattern. An examination of the physical structure of functional spaces in this different climate zone shows that the design of functional spaces was formed or altered based on the climatic needs of each region. In this study the results of the climate analysis of houses in the cold regions can be described as follows: - Comparison of The Shape of the yard and the placement of several building masses on its sides shows that differences in seasonal conditions cause changes in residential use in the climate. - North-south orientation in cold weather shows that the placement of functional spaces in this climate is proportional to the direction of sunlight, and the North and West fronts have been considered in all homes due to weather issues, proper lighting and the use of the sun in the cold seasons of the year. - The dimensions of the openings in this climate area have been increased to use the thermal energy from sunlight. - The low ratio of the surface of the yard to the surface of the building mass in cold weather indicates the thermal need in the critical season (winter). - The large surface mass of the building in (north side) in cold weather indicates adaptation to seasonal conditions and the use of sunlight in the region's very cold and long winter. - The difference in height on the two different sides of the building in this climate indicates the importance of radiation to the surface of the northern side in cold weather and indicates the preservation of heat inside the building. Based on this and based on the results, the hypothesis of this research is deduced in the form of a theory and as follows: the climatic adaptation of functional spaces of houses in the cold region of Iran has shaped similar patterns of landmark houses in this climate Keyword: Functional spaces, residential buildings, climatic architecture, cold climate, climatic species