نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 142، خرداد 1403)

One of the sources of pollution in rivers is effluent discharge from fish farms, which decreases water quality for downstream usage. This study investigated the effects of trout farms’ effluent on the levels of physicochemical parameters in Sardab spring.

To assess contamination from the effluent, five trout farms along the margin of the river were selected. In summer and autumn 2016, this study analyzed the levels of physicochemical parameters of trout farm effluent, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and turbidity.

According to the obtained results, no significant differences were detected between pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, phosphate, and turbidity in the two seasons (t-test, p>0.05), but a significant difference between levels of nitrate was found in these time periods (t-test, p<0.05).

The overall level of physicochemical parameters in that summer was higher compared to autumn. The increase in the levels of the investigated parameters in warm weather is probably due to increased temperature and decreased discharge. Rapid population growth in the area of Ardal and the demand for protein foods makes monitoring of the levels of physicochemical parameters of fish farms necessary. In addition to the mentioned factors, increasing the metabolic activities and density of fish in this season can increase the amount of physical and chemical parameters.

There are many international treaties and modern procedures in environmental protection which are subject tothe modern legal principles and rules that can contribute greatly to the expansion of International Environmental Laws. The procedure of most modern treaties has been based on compensation for environmental damages in a way that even the treaties and conventions that did not mention compensation for damages in the past were amended in the following editions and sessions. Iran, likemany other countries, is a member of Protocols, Conventions, and Environmental Treaties such as Climate Change Convention, Ramsar Convention, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Basel Convention, Cartagena Protocol, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution, but it (Iran) has not been very successful in Environmental Laws and implementation of Legal Practices in Environmental Protection in such a way that there is not much obligation regarding Environmental Protection and in cases where the government itself is the damaging party (side) to the environment, Real Entities or Private Non-Governmental Organization are in no position to defend or make Environmental Complaints against the Government. Also, Iran’s Legal Policy for the Environmental Compensation of environmental damagesis based on the Theory of Fault and practically there are a lot of problems for the injured party to prove the fault. Therefore, the primary reason for the difficultiesof implementing the Modern Practices of International Environmental Law in Iranian Law is due to the infirmity andapproval of Environmental Laws as well as the lack of obligation of the Government and Institutions to implement the international convention.

Metropolis of Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The present study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial behavior of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city.

Thus, pollution- metric station data of Tehran Air Quality Control Company were used for evaluating the variations of air pollutants in temporal-spatial scales during 2013-2020. The results of statistical analysis of pollutant distribution in temporal-spatial scales were provided by using Arc GIS software and analytical function of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) as maps, tables and graphs was demonstrated.

Based on the results, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) reached the minimum (65 and 23 µg/m3) and maximum concentration (81 and 30 µg/m3) at 18 and 24 p.m., respectively. In addition, maximum (81 and 30 µg/m3) and minimum concentration (73 and 23 µg/m3) of these pollutants was respectively related to Wednesday and Friday. Maximum seasonal concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) relates to summer (90 µg/m3) and winter (35 µg/m3) respectively and the minimum seasonal concentration (65 and 24 µg/m3) of both pollutants relate to spring. The results of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) indicated that west, south and central regions of Tehran in summer season involved with particulate matter (PM10) more than other regions. But in all seasons, except the western and southern regions, the central regions have a high concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5).

The particulate matter concentrations is more than its allowable limit in specific regions of Tehran in some yearly days and months. Therefore, city programmers and decision_ makers must have schedule table for particulate matter control management and air pollution reduction.

Organizations are affected by changing and competitive needs, regional and global laws and regulations, customer requirements as well as stakeholder expectations, and to achieve and achieve their desired results, need effective and efficient methods and systems. Therefore, the establishment of an integrated management system with different approaches such as quality, environment, safety and other issues required by the organization will be a desirable solution. Integrated management systems are actually aimed at integrating and integrating the three systems; Quality management, environmental management and safety management have been proposed in order to achieve a comprehensive management system. Organizations with the idea of continuous improvement and superior and creative attitude in scientific and correct management of resources need to implement this system.

The research method is combined and based on exploratory mix (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative part was 40 elite professors in the field of management and in the quantitative part was 560 artisans of Qazvin province. Relative cluster sampling method was distributed among 350 samples. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face and content method and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and AMOS software.

The results of the qualitative section indicate that the model of promoting lean integrated management based on sustainable development in 4 dimensions of program, implementation, control and improvement is based on 5 axes. 

Discussion and Conclusion

Elements of promoting lean integrated management include three levels: a) Macro: cultural level promotion, technological upgrade, integration of management systems, systemic attitude, attention to the biological ecology of the organization, b) intermediate level: purposeful communication with other industries, Develop integrated strategies, pay attention to organizational changes in organizational management decisions, align the organization to achieve goals, create organizational affiliation, accountability and management commitment, goal setting, c) Micro level: empowerment of human resources, organizational justice, establishing knowledge management, employee participation, management Performance, continuous improvement, 2- Underlying factors: managerial characteristics, economic conditions, environmental conditions of the organization, social culture 3- Interfering factors: political factors, economic factors, social factors, biological factors, 4- Consequences: economic, social, environmental 5- Continuous improvement strategies.

The green curriculum is to preserve nature for future generations. In order to teach the environment and include it in the curriculum of students, it is necessary to emphasize on the document of transformation and areas of education as a big map and high-level document. The current research aims to investigate the foundation of the green curriculum in education in line with the fields of education.

This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and contractual content analysis. The data was collected by means of semi-structured interview and Delphi questionnaire and theoretical saturation was reached with 25 people. Data analysis was used using theme analysis or theme analysis. Validity assessment of the current research was done using the three-strain method and the reliability of the Kappa coefficient.

In relation to the research objective of the green curriculum, 4 dimensions of the goal, content, teaching and evaluation methods were identified with 28 subcategories and 46 subcategories were identified in 6 areas of education and training.

According to the results of the research, in order to create a suitable foundation for the green curriculum, it is necessary to strengthen biological knowledge and awareness along with environmental education from the early years of formal education in education.

In Iran, due to warming and severe precipitation variation along with development in recent decades, more attention should be paid to comprehend the role of climatic factors in water resources. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the trend and heterogeneity of the climatic variables as well as their impact on hydrological processes.

Material and Methodology :

The stations with long-term data were analyzed for trend analysis (Mann-Kendall tests) and homogeneity (Pettitt test) of climatic variables in a 30-year statistical period (1984-2014). The impacts of climatic variables on the basin's runoff were investigated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for two climatic time periods (1984-2001 and 2001-2014).

The homogeneity investigation in the stations demonstrated that only in Soleiman Tangeh Station, the year 1998 was determined as the turning point. This case was not observed in other stations. Regarding the investigation of temperature associated with Gharakhil station, the turning point was obtained in 1997 and the trend was increasing and meaningful. The results of the coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe achieved from the calibration and validation of the SWAT were quite satisfactory.

In general, climate change over the past three decades has led to decline in the runoff of the basin, which may be partly due to the increased evapotranspiration as a result of increased temperature or reduced precipitation in most months. The present study attempts to indicate the significance of climate change and its consequences in the water resource management of the Tajan basin.

Nowadays, paying attention to environmental quality in urban design has played a significant role in improving individuals' quality of life. Urban green space, as productive land uses, provide significant benefits to citizens through social, ecological, aesthetic, and economic services, and have a remarkable impact on the livability of the city. Therefore, this research, with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the selection criteria of plant species in the indices of ecosystem, economic, ecological and aesthetic service indicators, has an important role in selecting the correct plant species.

In this research, 96 criteria were extracted from the review of scientific sources and the opinions of experts in the four axes of the index of ecosystem services, economic, ecological and visual aesthetics. Then, by using the Delphi method in three cycles of receiving information from the questionnaire, the opinions of 14 experts of environmental science, art, green space and urban planning and botanists were asked. Finally, 76 of the 96 criteria introduced for the selection of species were prioritized and selected, and 20 criteria were removed from the cycle.

The results showed that in the ecosystem services index, aesthetic value, tourism, and air purification criteria were important, while in the economic index, seedlings, irrigation equipment, and equipment depreciation and obsolescence criteria were important. In the ecological index, the criteria for water needs, the number of frosty days per year, and the average number of sunny days per year were important. In the beauty-cognitive visual index of green space, diversity of color and texture diversity and visual sharing criteria were considered important for aesthetic prioritization.

By considering these criteria, it results in the selection of plant species that are suitable for certain ecological and economic conditions, and also take into consideration their appearance and their ability to provide ecosystem services. Therefore, City planners and managers can use the prioritization of the plants introduced in this research to choose appropriate species for the urban environment.

Household waste management because of waste contamination effect on human health and the environment is important. Improving municipal waste management is virtually impossible with regard to the role of the people Therefore, it is necessary to understand the current situation and to evaluate the level of interest and participation of the people to achieve the desired situation.

This study used a questionnaire to assess the citizens’ (district 13 of Tehran municipality) awareness of household waste management issues. Then it has determined the main components.

The results showed that many people are not familiar with the concept and characteristics of household waste and separation from the source. It seems that through media advertising and educating children and adolescents in schools, people can become more familiar with the above concepts and participate in household waste separation. Also, the role of women in waste separation is very important. Lack of awareness and education, facilities and financial incentives could be the factors prevent people from cooperating with the implementation of the household waste separation plan. In addition, the use of financial tools such as the purchase of separated waste and fines for polluting business can encourage people to separate hazardous household waste.

The participation of people, especially women, plays an important role in collection of household waste. Insufficient education and unfamiliarity with the household waste concept and characteristic causes people to not cooperate with the hazardous household waste separation plan.

The use of microalgae is an effective path in the process of advanced wastewater treatment in order to remove nutrients. In this study, living microalgae, Dunaliella salina was cultivated and then used in a series of batch experiments for the removal of nitrate and phosphate from wastewater.

The effect of changes in NO3- and PO43- concentrations (2.5-13 mg/l) on the removal efficiency using D. salina was evaluated during the 12-day growth period in the laboratory of Offshore Fisheries Research Center, Chabahar, 2017.

Results indicated that the maximum nitrate and phosphate removal efficiency using D. salina were 51.5% and 93.4%, respectively. The range of initial nitrate and phosphate concentrations were 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12 mg/l and among them, the highest efficiency of nutrients removal after the control sample was obtained in 2.5 mg / l concentration of nitrate and phosphate. Phosphate removal efficiency was higher than nitrate at all concentrations and this shows that living microalgae D. salina has a good compatibility for growth in phosphate-contaminated wastewater. However, nitrate removal percentage is also significant and applicable to wastewater treatment systems. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium models were also investigated in absorption process from solutions by living microalgae and the results of experiments were more consistent with Langmuir equilibrium model with R2 levels of 0.87 and 0.56 for nitrate and phosphate, respectively.

The results of this investigation suggested that D. salina is suitable as a biosorbent material for recovery and biosorption of nitrate and phosphate ions from aqueous solutions and wastewaters.

Considering the importance and necessity of energy saving in Iran, different methods have been introduced and examined in order to achieve this goal in the building section. simultaneous use of photovoltaic panels, green roofs, phase-change materials and double-skin facades, can lead to almost 70% Energy saving. considering this fact, it is important to optimize the use of the above technologies, with analyzing their economic and environmental aspects.

In this research, the optimization of PCM types and PCM location in external wall and green roof layers, with the objective of cooling and heating load reduction, for the first time in a building equipped with the aforementioned technologies, was carried out using the genetic algorithm. Three climate condition of Iran consist of Hot arid (steppe-dry mid-latitude and Desert biome-dry tropical) and mild-humid climate was selected. The study was conducted using Design Builder software version 6.1.5.2.

As a result, 9, 9 and 6 optimal solutions were calculated for Tehran with steppe-dry mid-latitude climate, Yazd with Desert biome-dry tropical climates, and Amol with mild-humid climate respectively. The highest amount of energy saving of 70.9% has been achieved for mild-humid climate.

Considering the economic analysis and environmental effects, two following solutions are suggested 1- using RT31 PCM between brick and plaster layers of external wall of the building located in steppe-dry mid-latitude climate 2- using, RT26 Between brick and plaster layers of external wall of the building in desert biome-dry tropical climate.