فصلنامه نقد و نظر
سال بیست و نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 113، بهار 1403)

 The most natural result of Hume's philosophy is his explanation of the existence of God. That God does not exist. However, recently researchers are trying to moderate Hume's contradictory approach to the existence of God, and to show that Hume accepts the existence of God. This has been done, mainly, by relying on another reading of Hume's attitude to the design argument. This article, for the first time in the scientific community, wants to criticize the new explanation of our commentators with Hume's naturalistic explanation through our belief in the existence of body, and also by applying Hume's skeptical and naturalistic principles.  

The subject of this research is to examine and critique Ibn Taymiyyah's view on the proof of beliefs based on reason. This has been done by identifying his perspective on rational methods in his written works, and this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of how Ibn Taymiyyah's view on the methods of proving rational beliefs was and what criticisms are made of it.He opposes restricting rational reasoning to analogy, similitude, and induction, and has only briefly defined the inductive method, but has discussed the method of analogy and similitude in detail, and denies the function of logical analogy or universal analogy, as he calls it, and on the contrary, accepts the authority of similitude and analogy of the absent to the witnessed, and attempts to make most experts accept the authority of similitude.In the critique, what he calls the method of rational reasoning other than analogy, similitude, and induction, in fact, goes back to one of these three methods, and the denial of the function of analogy is also not valid. Similitude, although it is one of the methods of rational proof, is not a definite proof.

Order is one of the important functions of civilization. In order to find out the civilizing capability of an idea, its relationship with this civilizational function of analysis and its efficiency in ordering and systematization must be explained. Since the historical position of the Islamic Revolution is on the threshold of a civilizational upsurge, in order to achieve a new Islamic civilization, it must bring its capitals to the field against its rivals and explore their capacities. The idea of Imamate is considered the most important soft capital of Shia, and it is necessary to find out its basic components for the construction of modern Islamic civilization, capacity measurement and its capabilities for the civilizational functioning of order.The current research aims to produce theoretical literature and reflect the effectiveness of Imamat's thought along social lines, in a library way and with an analytical approach. As the center of civilization, man's possession of desirable characteristics such as science and infallibility will lead to the system and consistency of civilization in the process of designing, building and managing it, and its output is a more comprehensive order than the contractual order in Hobbes's thought and the moral order in Durkheim's thought.

Uncertain beliefs and thoughts in the atmosphere of Mahdism, which is full of social relations with the category of Mahdism, need to be assessed and can be investigated in two formats: matching with reality and explaining the facts. Uncertain beliefs or concepts in Mahdism have the ability to be studied in three basic axes These are: 1- Conformity of the image with reality and truth 2- Possibility of induction of truth in history 3- Consequence measurement and impressions. The study of these three axes requires a distinctive method to distinguish the conceptuality of the subject from the certainty of the doctrine. This method is carried out in six stages, which include: 1- Ideation 2- Gathering sources 3- Evaluation of sources 4- Evaluation of text 5- Content analysis 6- Consequence measurement and the sum of the six stages is the answer to how to study. The history of images are placed in Mahdavitism. Using the method of studying the history of concepts, all propositions of a concept in Mahdism are studied in order to discover the origin of the concept, its impact from social conditions and forces, and its threatening consequences.

One of the basicof religious studies and philosophy of religion is the position of evil in the world and its relationship with the Creator, which has always focused the attention of Islamic and Western philosophers throughout history.According to the absolute belief of Islam, in this worldly life, mankind will reach the divine utopia and utopia, which is called the age of emergence. However, there is not much philosophical analysis about this era, and the analysis of the problem of evil in this era has not been taken into consideration (necessity) from a philosophical point of view. method) and finally the product of the research is that in the era of advent, the moral vices that have their roots in the bad will and will of man and the wickedIt will not exist and due to the perfection of existence and man in this era, metaphysical limitations will be removed and human suffering, which was the product of material limitations, will end with the existential intensity of the universe. This evolution will be formed in the existential container of the world of matter and it does not mean the removal of matter from the world of nature.

AbstractIn the worldview of Ahl Haq (Yarsan-Kakei) religion, Hossein bin Ali (pbuh) has a high place. In this view, that Imam has a truth in the realm of the realm and has a thin existence in the realm of property. The present article has answered the question that the Ahl al-Haq, the exalted position of Imam Hossein (AS) is defined on what basis? The findings of the research have shown that the leaders of this religion explained and interpreted the position and rank of religious authorities with an esoteric approach based on the principle of the manifestation of God's nature and attributes. Since Imam Hussain (a.s.) is the epitome of God's attributes, he has a supernatural existence in the realm of the kingdom, which is called "pleasure". In this view, "Reza" is considered a different entity and is considered the property of the Imam. Ahl al-Haq, in line with the Imamiyyah view, considers Seyyed al-Shahda as an imam. But the basis of the two is different.This article explains and examines the position of Imam Hussain (AS) in the intellectual system of Ahl al-Haq with a descriptive-analytical method and with the interpretation of the text.

Language is among the most important subject matters of human thought. Philosophy of language and linguistics, both are concerned with fundamental questions, such as: How thought and language are related to one another? Is language solely an instrument through which humans can converse with each other and understand one another, or is it a mental faculty, affecting, articulating, and shaping our understanding of reality? How language can affect human existence? These are some of the major questions that linguistic studies have to deal with. The present article aims to probe the relation between language and mind, hence the relation between language and human life, based on Saussure’s linguistic theory. In this article, we will analyze the idea that language can affect human mind and can be considered as one of the a priori factors in the formation of human psyche, but this does not necessarily mean that we should have a deterministic reading of this fact and oppose human will and liberty. We will also claim that the ideal language would have to shape human consciousnesses and unconscious in an ideal manner, using its signs, signifieds, and nuances. This article uses descriptive and content analysis method.