نشریه پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 48، پاییز 1402)

With the death of Imam Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Khalili in 1954 and the increase in power of Sultan Timur bin Saeed from the Abu Saidi dynasty as a result of the comprehensive political and military support of Britain, the structure of the traditional Imamate as an independent force elected by the residents of Oman after 1200 years of high life And he found decline. The revolts of Imam Ghalib bin Ali bin Hilal and his brother Talib bin Ali in order to revive the tradition of Imamate in 1955 were a reaction against this process of collapse. The main battle of several years, called the Battle of Jabal Akhzar (Green Mountain) or the War of Oman, determined the fate of this political and religious uprising, which is the main purpose of this article. The performance of British colonialism in creating backwardness and aggravating social crises and dependency of central governments has always been one of the main factors of people's protests in the land of Oman and Muscat. Officially, the Sultanate of Oman was considered an independent country, but in fact it was a de facto British colony. In this way, the successive British governments were responsible for the miserable political, social and economic conditions that the Sultan's subjects suffered, and in the end, a popular uprising. created and fueled it. During the uprising of the Omani people led by the Imamate in the 1950s, British soldiers had a significant presence in all repressive operations, and in fact, it was with their direct intervention that the struggles of the internal Omani Revolutionary Front were defeated. Part of the equipment and British elite forces were supplied from foreign bases and British colonies, and in an unequal land and air battle, the Jabal Al-Akhdar uprising failed despite the strong resistance of the supporters of Imam Ghalib bin Ali al-Hana'i. The defeat in the Battle of Jabal Al-Akhdar left deep political and cultural consequences on the institution of Imamate and gradually its practical role in Oman became limited and very dim.

Since 1979, few rivalries have influenced Middle East politics as much as the one between Saudi Arabia and Iran, and usually the relations between the two countries accompanied by competition and suspicion. The aim of the current research is to evaluate different theories about the nature of competition and cooperation between Iran and Saudi Arabia and how it can be changed to cooperation. Therefore, in the framework of Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory, this paper is trying to answer the question of what is the nature of the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia and how can this competition replace with expansion of cooperation now? In response to this hypothesis, it was proposed that the competition between the two countries is political in nature, and at the same time, it is expressed in Islamic rhetoric, which is due to the desire of both sides to guarantee Islamic security and legitimacy, along with increasing influence throughout the Middle East conditioned to regional conditions. The results of the research indicate that, since the beginning of the revolution, there have been periods of open hostility and open closeness, conditioned to developments at the domestic level, regional and international politics in the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Finally, the developments were in a way that in the year2023, led to the control of competition and increased cooperation.

In recent decades, insults to religious sanctities have occurred in various forms in Western countries. Meanwhile, in the media, more than other forms of religious insult and hatred, anti-Islamic cartoons, burning and tearing of the Quran have been included. Public reactions caused by intolerance and tolerance are increasing all over the world. Such behaviors are more widespread in times of political tensions. Although monotheistic religions believe that respect for others should be respected; However, the humanistic and non-monotheistic views of most of the western countries have a utilitarian approach to values ​​and what is beneficial to them is considered authentic. International human rights standards and documents from the United Nations Charter to the Rabat Action Plan (2012) and the Beirut Declaration (2017); Not only has it been clear in condemning any propaganda inciting religious hatred, but it has also committed governments to limit freedom of expression in response to such actions and propaganda. The most basic and simplest form of tolerance or religious tolerance is recognizing the rights of others and respecting them because of their personality and identity. Freedom of speech is a collective right that must include respect for the rights, dignity and honor of others, public order and good morals. Ignoring these conditions can endanger the peace and security of societies. Behaviors that encourage hatred and the crimes that result from it, confront societies with threats to individual rights, dignity and human equality, and will result in strengthening the tension between social groups, disrupting peace and public order, and jeopardizing peaceful coexistence. The response to these actions must be firmly established within the framework of international human rights norms. The results of international reports and their analysis show that in dealing with anti-religious actions, discourse benefiting from information creates knowledge, and knowledge and understanding can deal with fear and prejudice.

Sanctions are a part of the international diplomacy governing the current world, which is applied by the sanctioning countries as a civilian tool to force the governments of the target countries to perform the desired response. In the current situation of the international economic sanctions crisis in Iran, the new middle class is known as one of the most vulnerable sections of the society. The purpose of this research is to study the effects of sanctions on social classes, with the title of economic sanctions against Iran, and its impact on the new average socio-economic status in the nursing community. Considering the common features of different groups that make up the middle class, one of them, nurses, has been investigated as a researchable sample. Therefore, the main question of the research is what effect did the economic sanctions have on the new economic and social class, and what effect did it have on the nurses here? The descriptive research method is correlational and the studied population is the occupational class of nurses in Ardestan city hospital. The results showed that economic sanctions had a significant effect on the income of nurses (0.397). Also, the impact of sanctions against Iran on the social-economic status of nurses is equal to (0.344) and has a positive effect. And finally, economic sanctions against Iran have not had a significant effect on the housing situation of nurses (0.011).

The politics of friendship comes directly from discussing the conditions of human beings with one another.Living and communicating with others is important and undeniable based on human social nature.Now a day,with the expansion of private space, as opposed to the narrowing of the circle of human common space, friendships have faded. The issue of violence and enmity in the Islamic world has gained particular prominence with the rise of jihadi takfiri groups, as often theorized and elaborated by scientific and academic research.However, the issue of friendship, which is otherwise a political issue from Schmidt's point of view, has been less addressed, especially in domestic research and especially in political philosophy. Contemporary Muslims have not been followed.Therefore, the present study seeks to discover indicators of friendship in the political thought of Imam Khomeini as a contemporary Muslim thinker and leader of the Islamic Revolution based on the theories of Hanna Arendt and Jacques Derrida (with emphasis and adjustment). To accomplish this, it is important to use the approach Schleiermacher's hermeneutics used qualitative content analysis, indentation and inference method. On this basis, the main question of the research is “How does the concept of friendship in Imam Khomeini's thought make sense of politics and politics in the Islamic world?” and its hypothesis is that categories such as vows and covenants, power, acceptance of differences, acceptance of differences, acceptance The other is that forgiveness, responsible friendship, and negative self-negation are decisive in the form of friendship politics in their thinking system.

In the early years of the AKP, Turkey was on the path to economic growth, political tolerance, and a zero-sum approach to foreign relations. But after the failed coup of 2016 and the choice of Recep Tayyip Erdogan's expansionist policies, the crisis in the country's economy and domestic politics has now reached a critical stage, he has taken an authoritarian solution in the face of internal security and economic fragility. In this study, the researcher first examines Erdogan's foreign policy approach and then seeks to examine the impact of Erdogan's expansionist policies on the escalation of the internal crisis in Turkey. Which is based on the descriptive-analytical method by collecting library data in the framework of the theoretical foundations of the crisis of legitimacy. In this regard, the main question of the research is what effect do Erdogan's expansionist policies have on the escalation of the internal crisis in Turkey? In response to this question, the hypothesis was tested that the reason for the formation of such dissatisfaction was the way Erdogan governed and his adoption of development-oriented policies, which ultimately led to the escalation of the internal crisis in this country. The findings of the study show that on the one hand, Erdogan's authoritarian and expansionist policies outside its borders, such as Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, etc., on the other hand, the economic crisis has created many problems for Erdogan and the AKP. This internal crisis, the possibility of re-dissatisfaction and widespread protests against Erdogan.