نشریه نقد ادب معاصر عربی
پیاپی 26 (بهار و تابستان 1403)

Magical Realism has become a place of conflict and discourse challenge between other currents, styles, techniques and genres in understanding its meaning, basis and structure according to the lack of a manifesto. despite its origins in the visual arts and painting, by fame of Marquez's Cien años de soledad, has been largely used in the novel tradition.in spite of the developments resulting from modernism and postmodernism in literature, few researches have studied and examined this trend in narrative systems such as contemporary poetry. Mahmoud Darwish's "Jidariyya" is the result of his personal life and literary activities after heart surgery, and the poet has seized the opportunity to write a kind of historical testament for Palestine and the people of his land. the purpose of this study is to describe the components of magical realism in Jidariyya and explain the function of the structural and semantic components of magical realism, which also justifies the ability to analyze narrative systems from the perspective of magical realism. the research method is descriptive-analytical and content analysis of qualitative data and study of library resources and documents with an in-text approach. The current research tries to analyze an example of the perspective of magical realism among contemporary Arab poems. The purpose of this article is to describe, explain and analyze Jadarieh as a poetic work of contemporary Arab poetry, by Mahmoud Darwish as an outstanding poet in the field of Palestinian stability and resistance literature, based on the components of the magical realism movement.

The current research aims to achieve the objectives of the study with an in-text approach and a descriptive-analytical method by studying library resources and analyzing the content of qualitative data.

Mahmoud Darwish, as a poet of the Palestinian resistance and a member of the exiled literature, has had the experience of traditional and contemporary literary trends both in verse and prose. Being aware of the new poetry and prose trends of the world, living in the Arab and Western lands, and being influenced by the artists of the world, has led to the broadening of the poet's horizons. Al- Jidariyya (1999), one of his long poems, which some have called the poet's testament, is considered in this research. Jidariyya is a long poem indicating the journey and transformation of the poet in different times, places and situations. First, he pictures himself on a bed in a sick bed, and after the nurse injects him, he goes about flying to different worlds, meeting different people, and talking about illness, death and life. By composing the narrative poem Jidariyya, Darwish included both his experience of life and death in it, as well as the social-historical reality of Palestine and collective and national nostalgia, and by reconstructing reality from his perspective, once again literature, history and identity He has presented Palestine and Palestine to the world with his innovation. Through the study of library sources and descriptive-analytical method of qualitative content analysis and intratextual approach, this research has pursued the goals of describing and explaining the capacity of using magical realism in narrative poetry and as an example by studying Jidariyya of The perspective of magical realism, to evaluate the analysis of this flow in the poem. In the way of realizing the aforementioned goals, the obtained results show that with the fusion of contradiction and ambiguity, mystery, fantasy and reality, the transformation of the narrator, the appearance of myths and symbols, the change and failure of identity, place and time, a detailing of the nostalgic look about Palestine, nested and back-and-forth paintings and internal paintings and other structural foundations and semantic functions, the history of the land of Palestine and its history as a raw material, was in Darwish's preparation and he created it with a nostalgic look and feeling towards the past and the possibilities of magical realism. It has become a mythical and universal utopia.

The results show that Darwish has used the abstract of his techniques, thoughts, awareness and ideals such as: Narrator transformation, Travel through space and time, Creating ambiguity, confusion and doubt due to contradictions, The reality mixed with fantasy and magic, Invoking myths, symbols, religious and literary figures, Defamiliarizing to construct the reality of Palestinian history and culture, it leads to semantic functions in the dual context of nostalgia and idealism.With Darwish's emphasis on the issue that everything he says is the truth and the result of his experience, a kind of intuition and mystical and dreamlike behavior can be perceived about him, which these components are in line with magical realism and combine the history of Palestine and Darwish in The third space has been recreated.

Africanists have divided the African continent into two parts: North Africa and South Africa. The Great African Sahara is a barrier between these two parts. The lands located north of the Sahara are called North Africa and the countries south of it are called South Africa or Black Africa. They call the inhabitants of North Africa Afro-Arab due to the influence of Arab-Islamic culture and consider the absolute name "African" worthy of the people of Black Africa. This distinction has permeated African studies, including literary studies. According to African scholars, traditional African literature is spoken and written literature in this continent is a mixture of African oral culture with two other cultures: Arabic-Islamic culture in the north and Western culture in the south. But they do not consider all the written literature of this continent to be representative of African literature, but they consider the works from the south of the Great Sahara in this category. It is worth paying attention to the fact that only works written in one of the European languages are included under modern African literature. The mentioned division and the emphasis on the western language of writing excludes Arabic-language creations from the cycle of modern African literature, but familiarity with the literature of countries such as Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Libya makes the researcher reconsider this approach. read The works of some story writers of these countries, whose written language is Arabic, have such a local flavor that it cannot be considered Arabic-Islamic. The writings of this Libyan writer, who is a descendant of the Tuareg tribe, are like a canvas on which the climatic characteristics of the Great African Sahara and the cultural characteristics of the Tuareg tribe are imprinted. He is so committed to the representation of the geographical and cultural ecosystem of his people that his literary creations have an ethnographic aspect in addition to the narrative aspect.

The connection between literature and anthropology is not a new issue; Because ethnography, as a branch of anthropology, has paid attention to the oral literature of the peoples (stories and legends, epics and myths) from the beginning. What is new and fresh in literary anthropology, as an emerging branch of anthropology, is attention to written literature, especially fiction. In this branch, the connection between the two fields of literature and anthropology is viewed from three perspectives: 1. The use of literary texts as a source of ethnography; 2. Using literary writing methods in ethnography; 3. Bio-cultural anthropological investigation, especially literary creation. Of these three, the first aspect is the focus of this research, and of course, among the various forms of literary text, the story. Janet Tallman in the ethnographic novel article; In search of the inner voice, he examines the place of the ethnographic novel in anthropological researches and recognizes it as a work that provides important information about the culture(s) of origin of the novel. . However, since the storyteller is one of "them" and uses emotions as a tool for his work, the impact of his story is much more than the ethnographer's report (Tallman, 2002: 21). In this article, Tallman points to the novel of drinking water written by Antonio Olinto and shows how this novel is related to the author's ethnographic works.In this research, following Tallman's approach, we try to show how Elkouni used ethnographic phenomena in the story of the Stone Goddess in his narrative.Totem and ritual hunting"Bukha's" father gave his life for hunting goats; Hunting the sacred animal. In describing this animal, his mother called it a sacred creature that has the spirit of ancestors in its body (Alkouni, 1992: 10). He considers mountain goat hunting forbidden in the tribe's religion, and if his wife did not do it, he would have worked to save the lives of his wife and child from starvation. The term totemism indicates the relationship between nature and culture. In this story, the spirit of the ancestors of the tribe dissolves in the body of a mountain goat after death; Harming the saddle is like wounding a person and its antidote is death.

Marriage and ceremony:

The marriage ceremony in this story has two stages: first, the "happy ceremony" which lasts for seven days, and second, the bride's departure to the groom's house, which takes place one year after the first ceremony. The actions of the first seven days are reminiscent of the rite of puberty. This ritual, which is called "mystery journey", lasts for seven days and at the end of it, the bride enters the groom's cabin. A guide is in charge of organizing the ceremony. All three main elements of the rite of passage can be seen in this ceremony: isolation, death and rebirth.The birth of the goddess; From myth to magic A cave that holds the hands of ancestors. He finds a smooth wall and polishes it. Then the orator engraves the face of the goddess on it. The stone becomes wax against the spell of the sorcerer. Then he went to "Tamdort" and kidnapped his soul with the help of magic and blew it into the stone. This is how the goddess lives.A short story like The Stone Goddess is full of small and big references to the Tuareg people's life. As an ethnologist, Elkouni provides the reader with a lot of data about his people, some of which were mentioned in this research. Ethnographer also has no choice but to talkabout the beliefs of a people about superhuman inhabitants, magic, ritual actions, the origin of the tribe and the dos and don'ts that they adhere to. This story more than any belief shows the pre-Islamic beliefs of Tuareg; Beliefs rooted in millennia lost in history.In this work, the cultural ecosystem of an African people is well depicted, and therefore it can be considered as a representative of African literature.

Grimas was a well-known narratologist influenced by linguists such as Propp, Saussure, and Jakobson. He limited narratives to stories and believed that the emergence of stories was based on the confrontation of actors. According to Grimas, actions shape fictional characters and characters have their actions in stories. His ideas resulted in the action-oriented model, which is still relevant today. In this model, a character's entire being is defined by the role they play in the story. Grimas designed this model to modify Propp's model and evaluate narratives from a new perspective. In his book Semantic Structure (1963), he summarized his work using the concept of action and presented his ideas with clarity and simplicity. Grimas' action model presents a new understanding of the character, where the character's role or action is an abstract or spiritual concept that can represent a person, animal, or even an idea.Numerous studies have explored the use of Grimas' action model in modern novels, highlighting its effectiveness in complex narratives. Naguib Mahfouz's "Al-Hob Taht al-matar" is a realistic and critical novel that tackles political and social issues, presenting an accurate portrayal of Egyptian society during a specific period. The novel's overall narrative structure can be analyzed using Grimas' action pattern, as well as its narrative chains and propositions.

Through the use of Grimas' action model and the descriptive-analytical method, this research has analyzed Naguib Mahfouz's novel "Al-Hob Taht al-matar."

An analysis of the novel "Al-Hob Taht al-matar" revealed that the six actors and narrative chains proposed by Grimas are fully present in this novel. The structure of the story is planned in such a way that the events happen one after the other in a linear timeline. In the plot, the events take place in a continuous chain and follow each other. This coherent and interconnected structure appears in five separate situations. In the first situation, which is the "romantic relationship between Marzouq and Aliat," Marzouq is the subject actor, Aliat is the target actor, and the goal and object of value is connected and married to Aliat. Suniyah is Marzouq's accomplice, and Fatna Nazar is his antagonist. In the second situation under the title: "Samra's becoming interested in reasons and making inappropriate requests from him", Samra's active and active actor is the valuable object of satisfying the reasons, the actor of mental disorder and same-sex orientation, the actor of pathological thoughts and sexual deviations that lead him to his goal. In the first position, we have an unnamed character who guides and serves as the antagonist of Hosni Hijazi. Moving on to the third position, titled "Mani Zahran's Entry into Cinema and Acting", we have Mani Zahran, an active and renowned actor famous for his roles in Suniye and Aliat. He is an anti-actor of Mohammad Rashvan and a valuable asset to the world of cinema. The fourth situation, titled "Ali Zahran's Revenge on Mohammad Rashvan", revolves around Dr. Ali Zahran, who is an active ego and a valuable tool for taking revenge on Mohammad Rashvan. He has a strong sense of duty towards his sister and is determined to defend her lost rights. He is also an accomplice of Hassan's and a noteworthy character in this position. Lastly, we have the fifth position, titled "Ebrahim's Struggle for the Homeland". The active actor in this position is Ibrahim, who is motivated by his love for the country and is the goal and value object of the struggle for the nation. He is an active actor in the homeland and opposes the neglect of Ibrahim's friends and people. He is also a prominent character in Suniyeh.

The research findings on the novel "Al-Hob Taht al-matar" revealed that its general structure can be summarized in five main situations, which took place in a linear and chain-like manner. The characters in the novel played their roles according to Grimas's action model, particularly in the six actions. Furthermore, all the components related to the narrative chains and propositions of Grimas were present in the novel. The findings also showed that the novel had all three narrative chains of contract, dissociation and performance. The most significant contract in the novel was the marriage contract, which was sometimes successful and sometimes unsuccessful. The events in the novel mostly focused on the activists' efforts to achieve success and fame, which often did not come true. The events and movements of the novel often flowed from positive to negative, and few events moved from negative to positive. Regarding the narrative propositions, the novel had all three descriptive, modal, and transitive propositions. The features and characteristics of the key characters of the story, including "Aliat, Marzouq, Hosni Hijazi, Ibrahim, Mani and Fitna Nazar," were presented in detail according to the occurrence of situations related to each of them. In the different situations of the novel, different characters had different goals and aspirations, all of whom faced obstacles in achieving their goals and aspirations with special methods. The actions related to the actors of this novel changed under the influence of the change of position of each actor, and sometimes, one value was replaced by another value.

Examining gender stereotypes in traditional societies, in addition to highlighting the inequalities between women and men in a society, leads to the explanation of the limitations created by the rule of traditions and misconceptions about how women behave in the family and the society. Culture fuels gender stereotypes more than anything else. In this regard, culture creates a gender gap and gives men the main rights and special privileges. In the novel Ayam Meah, Kolit al-Khouri openly criticizes the gender stereotypes of the Syrian society, makes women's problems the main focus of her struggles, and fights against traditional beliefs arising from gender. This article seeks to investigate the mentioned story based on gender stereotypes. By analyzing the most important concepts in the field of gender and using the descriptive-analytical method, the study represents the conflict and confrontation of false and traditional beliefs about women with new concepts and the foundations of modernity. The question to answer is how has Al Khouri actively criticizes the traditional beliefs of Arab culture and proves the power of women in recovering their human identity? Criticisms on the wrong traditional beliefs, the sufferings of women in eastern societies, the necessity of women's self-awareness in a gender unequal environment, snd the conflict between traditional and modern women's intellectual foundations are the most important topics that Al-Khouri has raised in her novel. At the end of the novel, it can be concluded that eastern societies suffer from restrictive gender stereotypes. In such a situation, it is necessary for women to gain self-awareness and stay away from gender perspectives.

The method of this research is descriptive and analytical. First, we extracted the data from the target book and then edited them and wrote the content in a descriptive and analytical way. Cultural criticism is a nascent criticism that is the result of the progress of various critical sciences and is influenced by the foundations of other new critical schools such as modern historicism, anthropology, sociology of gender discourse, and women's criticism or the feminist movement. It needs to take advantage of the achievements of sociology, history, and systematic methods along with the methods of literary criticism. Although cultural criticism alone is not a regular method to examine literary texts, by using other schools of criticism, it analyzes the relationship between literary texts and the cultural structures of a society. It also examines the literary text in the field of intellectual and cultural infrastructures hidden in the underlying context. The revision of literature from a feminist point of view is necessary due to the change of gender roles and the question of gender stereotypes and stereotypical thoughts about men and women in the last century. One of the main concepts built from cultural beliefs in traditional societies is gender stereotypes. Gender stereotypes represent common beliefs about how people act in the family and society. It also determines duties in their various personal and social relationships, thus creating many restrictions for people, especially women, and preventing them from achieving many goals. They are deprived of their natural rights. Literature clearly depicts the role of gender distinctions in women's lives. Literature, as an integral part of the cultural context of the society with a wide range of audiences, is one of the most important fields of cultural studies, which can be traced and criticized by analyzing its literary and cultural works and productions as well as the cultural beliefs and traditions that govern the society. According to cultural critics, culture is a process and construct rather than a fixed definition. It is an entity formed by the interaction of gender, race, ethnicity, social class, and economic and similar factors. Gruthers (1995) defines culture as "an organized set of normative values that governs common behavior among members of a certain group or society, and social structure as an organized set of social relations that members of a society or group have in various ways”. It describes how they get involved. Cultural structure can also be defined as a set of normative values that govern behavior and are common among people of a certain community or group. The present research seeks to investigate the story Days of Friendship by using the descriptive-analytical method and the most important foundations of cultural criticism in the area of patriarchal discourse and gender inequality. This story of AlKhouri is a field for girls to fight against the traditional patriarchal beliefs of the Syrian society, which creates a conflict between the old generation and the young generation of the society. The publication time of this novel (1959) is related to the years after the Second World War and the era of colonialism, war and internal conflicts in Arab countries, more importantly, the conflict between modernity and tradition, which is related to the vast feminist movements in the world.

The main area of the contrast between tradition and modernity in the novel Ayam Meah (Days of Togetherness) by Kolit al-Khouri is the social beliefs and habits and sexism of the Arab society in relation to the behavior and activities of the women in the society. Al-Khouri’s frank criticism of the intellectual and cultural atmosphere of the Arab society and the traditional foundations existing in its different layers regarding women and the unequal patterns of the patriarchal system in eastern societies, especially Syria, is very clear. He tries to point out that, in order to judge women and define their field of action, one should not rely on inherited beliefs in the society, and gender is not the focal point of women's identity at all; but rather, women's behavior, actions, attitude and way of thinking are their identity makers in different eras (Khamsa, 1383). Women's education, their employment and social and cultural activities and the redefinition of emotional relationships between boys and girls before marriage are the most important areas criticized by Kolit al-Khouri in the mentioned novel.

By openly criticizing the sexist and incorrect beliefs of Arab societies about women, restricting their freedom of action in individual and social life, and challenging the outdated and inherited gender stereotypes of the culture of these societies, Al-Khouri's story shakes the logic of women's inferiority within the family and the society. Al- Khouri shows how women fight and acquire different skills in their personal and social life to be able to adhere to their dignity and values along with freedom and independence. This is while many mental and psychological injuries may threaten them. Al-Khouri has strongly opposed the centralization of gender and its construction principles in the judgment of women, and she has depicted women as an independent and successful identity. Al-Khouri represents the thoughts and opinions of different characters by using the dialogue technique and representing the discourse of different characters in the story. Reem's conversation (libertarian and radical woman) with her grandmother (traditional and passive woman), Reem's conversation with Nadia (moderate and intellectual woman), Reem's conversation with Ziad (semi-traditional man) and his occasional conflicts with his uncle (traditional man) show the attractiveness and dynamics of the story. It has become a manifestation of conflicting opinions and thoughts within the story. The story depicts girls' strong desire and effort to accompany the basics of modernity in several different fields. By naming different characters in the story and showing how traditional or modern tendencies are, Kolit al-Khouri shows the different layers of society fight to prove or negate certain values and behavioral patterns. In the meantime, showing the faces of women and girls who are completely stagnant and passive in the shadow of the society's patriarchal culture is much more painful for the audience. Al-Khouri calls women to fight against the limiting beliefs ruling the society and to restore the independent identity of women. The remarkable point is the contrast of two views; one is a submissive woman with a patriarchal discourse and the other is a woman with an independent thinking and cultural thought. The difference between these two tendencies is well displayed in this story and shows the extent of women's limitations and identity crisis.

The term “Critical Realism” for the first time by George Lukach was one of the most prominent literary crirtics of the twentieth century, and from the theorists of the “social realism” in literature for a wider realm of litrrature, he knows the author of community reform and transformation. Critical realism focuses on dissatisfaction with the current status and trying to change it, and the pursuit of two mail goals is the first attempt to awaken the people from the existing situation and the second spirit in the people. From the view of this theorist, a realistic literary work must have three basic conditions: courage and honesty in the issue of the issue, criticizing the undesirable conditions of society and the expression of fundamental issues from the problems of the people and the people of being. Meanwhile, the 'Nezar Qabani' is a prominent poet of contemporary Arab poetry, which, after defeating 1967, has written a lot of critical poems, and its poetry achievements are capable of being analyzed from this point of view. In the light of the importance of the issue and to the fact that the poet has allocated its massive volume of poetry to criticize the existing situation, the present study attempts to analyze his poems with a qualitative approach and analytical descriptive method from this view. It is concluded that Nazar has a critical insight that is in the bed of his poem, not to photography of reality, but painting, and with a critical mindset that provides reality to the audience in a way that is presented. At the same time, acknowledgment of his honesty will witness a particular form of reflection of reality and not reality in its literature.

Based on the theory of critical realism of Lukács, this research aims to criticize and evaluate Nizar Qabbani's poems with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method and to answer these questions: What is the field of Nizar Qabbani's critical view? Does it include? In the context of Nizar's poetry, how are the realities of the Arab society reflected and does the poet basically offer a solution to get out of the chaos and heterogeneity?

Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the works of Nizar Qabbani are among the works of contemporary Arabic poetry that can be adapted to the theory of critical realism and the reflection of reality by George Lukács; Because the main characteristic of his poetry is a critical approach; Therefore, it should be said to the research: Nizar Qabbani is a "poet critic" or "poet critic". At the same time, his critical language is straightforward and biting to a great extent, in drawing the existing heterogeneities and disharmonies, he uses a lot of ridicule, paradox, and negative questioning to convey his message to the audience more effectively. This basis of imagery and the way of expressing criticism in his poetry is not a repetitive and regressive mentality, but rather a new thought emerges from it.

The current research is the introduction of the issue that Nizar has shown remarkable honesty and courage in the process of reflecting the reality and drawing dissatisfaction with the existing situation; In order to inform the people, he does not shy away from attacking Arab culture and heritage and criticizing a group of which he is one. With high critical insight, he focuses on the challenges of the Arab world, and with his poetic and critical view, he paints and draws contradictions and contrasts, and through it, he tries to make people aware of the unfavorable situation. Sometimes, in the context of his poetry, by creating a revolutionary spirit, he offers a solution to overcome the challenges.It should be said to the research: Nizar Qabbani's criticisms are more than anything directed at the four axes of the Arab society, politics, economy and religion; He sees the Arab society as a ruined city where its people suffer from superficiality, self-cultivation, silence, thoughtlessness, backwardness, etc. and are somehow happy in a closed and secure environment. In his poetry notebooks, the poet also challenged the policy of the Arab rulers and described them as lascivious and unintelligent, corrupt and autocratic, lustful and greedy, idle talkers, imprudent spectators, tyrannical warriors and ... he sees that they have made people suffer with their political tyranny.In the opinion of the poet, the economy of Arab countries is also a place of problems and criticism; Oil, which had the ability to be used as a powerful tool against enemies, has turned into "oil wine" and has led to sexual corruption. The government economy based on oil has provided this opportunity for the rulers to try to legitimize their government with the help of oil dollars and eventually reach a government dictatorship. Also, in the eyes of Nizar, religious scholars are deceivers and tricksters who, with various tricks, consider themselves to be God's successors on earth and try to maintain their religious tyranny with false claims in order to keep people ignorant and short-sighted.

Analysis of Concrete Poetry and its elements in "Harb Man Muthaf Al Athar" and "Isab al-Khof" by Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid.ABSTRACTConcrete poetry is like a verbal-visual art. In this way, by escaping from the framework of Khalil bin Ahmad's prose, it turned to other literary and artistic genres in order to convey its message to everyone as easily, eloquently and beautifully as possible. Concrete poetry, which is the birth of poetic innovations, entered the arena with a new language in addition to renewing and innovating the familiar weights of the poem and paying attention to the unity and integrity of the subject of the poem. And this new feature compared to traditional poetry, which was always bound by its limitations, gave poetry more dynamism and freedom.Concrete poetry is a new example of poetry composition where the poet creates a new way of conveying themes to the audience by using visual signs and combining them with his poems and poetic words. By using signs and symbols, creating images or the way of arranging the words of the poem, the poet tries to influence the readers more by using the visual and abstract perception of the audience at the same time.The new Arab poets have also used this method and the visual form has appeared in their poems. As one of the pioneers of the new Iraqi poetry movement, Abdul Razzaq Abdul wahid has made great use of the visual form in his poems, especially in the poems "Harb Man Muthaf al-Athar" and "Asabe al-Khof", and he has also tried to use other artistic genres in his poems, such as pictures, print and... to give life to his poetry as a living being and in this way to make it easy for the specific and general audience to understand the content and in this way to convey his thoughts and feelings; Therefore, the first step is to collect the necessary information from books and authentic articles, then by reading the poems of the two poems " Harb Man Muthaf al-Athar" and " Asabe al-Khof " the elements of visual poems and their types are extracted. And in the following, we will investigate and analyze the visual signs used in this poem using the descriptive-analytical method. the current research tries to analyze the paintings, the arrangement of letters and words, whiteness, geometric shapes, visual tone, visual distinction and punctuation marks used in these poems with the descriptive-analytical method while presenting examples that indicate visual elements. and also seeks a more correct inference and understanding of the secret of using these forms and deciphering these signs.Also, this research tries to show the literary and aesthetic value of Concrete poetry in these two works to interested audiences and researchers in this field and to familiarize them more with this Arabic poet. Therefore, the importance of Concrete poetry shows in the fact that the audience is in the center of attention more than ever, and the Concrete poet has tried to use different visual elements; To attract the audience's attention to the poetic text, to let them to think more, to make the audience participate in the poetic text, to discover poet’s unsaid words, and to enjoy this verbal-visual art more than before. Regarding the innovation of this research, it should be said that in relation to Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid, this Iraqi poet who has nicknames such as al-Mutanbi al-Alakhir, etc…and Although it has a great literary position in poetic techniques; Special attention has not been paid and it is unknown in our society, and Concrete poetry has not been given much attention in the divan’s of Iraqi poets due to the novelty of the topic and visual elements. Therefore, this research is new and important in these aspects.Also, due to the novelty of the topic and visual elements, Concrete poetry has not been given much attention in the court of Iraqi poets. Therefore, this research is new and important in these aspects.The results obtained from this research show that including the visual elements in these poems; whiteness, painting, visual tone and different lines of the poem have a high frequency, and one of the geometric forms that the poet has used a lot is the polygonal line. The poet's goal is to visualize the themes of the poem and make his words more effective in addition to deepening his literary works through these visual forms. In addition, it will show the audience the place and importance of Concrete poetry in Iraqi literature, and also, as a new research, it can clarify the position of Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid as one of the pioneers of Iraqi poetry for Iraqi and Iranian readers.Keywords: Concrete poetry, Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid, the poem Harb Man Muthaf al-Athar, Asabe al-Khof

Language, as one of the most important means of communicating and transmitting thoughts and feelings, has always been the focus of scientists and linguists. As a result of this effort, a science called linguistics emerged, whose most important task is the scientific investigation and study of language. Linguistics helps us to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between language and culture and the identity of people. The close connection of language with the individual and social needs of human beings and the importance of examining its various geniuses has led to the formation and emergence of various branches in the field of linguistics, one of which is text linguistics. This new branch, which is one of the relatively new fields of linguistics and has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades, examines the coherence and coherence of the text and tries to evaluate the contribution of each of Identify the text's cohesive elements separately and examine, analyze and evaluate the elements in the text by presenting a coherent and regular pattern and an objective and accurate description. Therefore, textual coherence examines and analyzes the constituent elements of the text at two grammatical and lexical levels.

Using the descriptive and analytical method, the following example applies the theory of textual coherence to one of Ibrahim Naji's odes called "Khwater al-Ghrub" and in this way evaluates the degree of coherence of the text in two grammatical and lexical areas. analyze

Considering the importance of the theory of textual coherence in the review and analysis of texts on the one hand, and the value of examining the poems of contemporary poets on the other hand, the author wants to find out how the textual coherence, both grammatical and lexical, in the poem "Khwatar al-Ghrub" by Ibrahim Examine and evaluate Naji and come up with appropriate answers to the following questions.1- What are the most important factors of textual coherence, both grammatical and lexical, in the poem in question?2- How can the high frequency of an element be effective in the coherence of the text of the poem?In order to answer the above questions, the author has examined grammatical coherence in three fields of reference and its different types (pronominal reference, demonstrative reference and relational reference).In the field of lexical coherence, he has also investigated the phenomenon of repetition and its different types, and the combination of verses and its types in the ode and finally reached the following results.

By examining and analyzing the elements of textual coherence in the text of the ode, it was found that the element of pronoun reference played the most impact in the coherence of the text of the poem and the poet used them as a vehicle to show his creativity and highlight his language. Among the references used in the poem, the two references "the poet and the sea" have a significant frequency, which is manifested in the three pronouns "ana - ant - nahn". The high frequency of these three pronouns in the poet's poetic speech is noteworthy. The referent of the pronoun Ena, the poet, and the pronoun you, is the sea. In the pronoun Nahn, the poet is present in all cases and the sea is present in three cases, and due to the dispersion of these three pronouns in the poem, the poetic discourse has a high level of cohesion and continuity. Among the referential elements, the two elements of referential and relational reference are the most important in making the poem coherent. The factor of omission in the poetic discourse of the poet has a high frequency. This factor has been used in two types, nominal and present, and no exclusion has been used. In most cases, this factor is associated with the conjunctions and by avoiding boring repetitions, it has caused the continuity and continuity of the text. The effect of substitution element in the coherence of the poetic text is zero. In the field of lexical cohesion, words are used in the ode that are related to each other in terms of form, meaning, and subject and evoke each other. This has been realized in direct repetition (5 cases), partial repetition (8 cases), quasi-synonyms (8 cases) and connection with a certain topic, and has finally led to the coherence and consistency of the poem. In some cases, by using the element of contrast (9 cases) and using it in different places of the poem, the poet has put a part of the burden of the text on it.

Authors of novels use different methods to increase the attractiveness of the literary work and attract the special attention of the audience to it. In this regard, In addition to the fact that a work must have a strong theme and content, the use of different techniques in the narration of the story can also fulfill a large part of this important task.The technique in the story means that the author uses some methods in the narration of the story, which can be seen in a structured way in the narration of the story, and also bear part of the narrating duty. In fact, the technique is the author's special ways of using story elements such as characters, time, place, etc. In addition to the fact that the techniques are responsible for advancing the story, they make the story appear more attractive and have a greater impact on the reader and prevent her from getting tired of following the story. Among Arabic novels, the novel " bread on the table of uncle Millad", written by Muhammad Al-Naas from Libya, the winner of the 2022 Arab Booker Prize, contains several techniques (mostly temporal and cinematic) that make it attractive and valuable. The purpose of dealing with story techniques in this novel is to know them and know how to use them in the narration of the story, so that in this way the role of each of them can be explained in the story and to know the artistic power and skill of the author in storytelling. Another goal of this work is to find out the deeper layers of the story that the author has placed behind the technique so that the audience can enjoy, understand and be more affected by the story by discovering them.

The present research has used the descriptive-analytical method and library studies to investigate the narrative techniques in the mentioned novel. First, the concept of technique is explained in the story, and then the main techniques of the story, how to use them and their function are mentioned.

The author has used many techniques in this novel; The technique of description, conversation, flashback, and direct conversation with the audience, which is the reader in this story, the technique of dreaming and the technique of simultaneous narration. The author has used these techniques in all the main adventures of the story. Description technique includes description of characters, places and objects. The dialogue technique has been used to show sensitive situations between the main character and other central characters to explain the main knot of the story. The flashback technique forms the story structure of this novel; That is, the author has often told the stories using flashbacks. so that he first states the end of an event and then explains it. The author has used the technique of talking directly to the audience (reader) at the beginning of the adventures or when changing the subject of the story. The application of dreaming technique is also such that the main character dreams in different adventures and expresses his thoughts and feelings in this way. The main adventures of the story are also narrated simultaneously and alternately.

Each of the techniques used in this story has a function that is sometimes in the same direction and sometimes with a special purpose; In the application of the description technique, the author provides details and information about the characters, objects and places so that the audience gets a deep understanding of the described and by having more information and touching the existing space, gets closer to the space of the story and reaches a better understanding of the story. On the other hand, the author has used the descriptions in such a way that the space appears alive and dynamic for the audience. By using the dialogue technique, the author brings the audience directly to the characters so that the audience feels closer to the story and is more affected. The technique of speaking directly to the audience (reader) plays a significant role in bringing the audience together with the story and attracting their attention and awareness. The author pretends to the audience as if he is sitting in front of the narrator and listens directly to his story. Such an idea helps to deeply enter the audience in the story and attract him. The flashback technique is also used to encourage the audience to know the quality of the story. But dreaming has often been used to inform the audience about the first character's subconscious and his hopes and fears about becoming a man. Another function of this technique is to lay the foundation for the story that is narrated in the story after dreaming. The technique of simultaneous narration is also a method that, by advancing the stories at the same time, has led to the coherence of the narrative in a single format and has led to the diversity of the story to maintain vitality and eliminate the monotony of the narrative.

The rights of civilian and military prisoners are governed by both national and international law. International conventions include the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the United Nations' Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.The events of World War I and World War II had a profound effect on international law due to the widespread denial of civil rights and liberties on the basis of racial, religious, and political discrimination. The systematic use of violence, including murder and ultimately genocide, the use of slave labor, abuse and murder of prisoners of war, deportations, and confiscation of property forced changes to the status quo. Over the proceeding decades, large scale changes began to occur in all areas of international law, and prisoners’ rights were no exception.The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners were adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 17 December 2015 after a five-year revision process. part I contains Rules of General Application. It contains standards which set out what is generally accepted as being good practices in the treatment of prisoners and the management of penal institutions. Specifically, it covers issues related to: minimum standards of accommodation; personal hygiene; medical services; discipline and punishment; the use of instruments of restraint; complaints; contact with the outside world; the availability of books; religion; retention of prisoners' property; notification of death, illness, transfer; removal of prisoners; the quality and training of prison personnel; and prison inspections. part II contains rules applicable to different categories of prisoners including those under sentence. It contains a number of guiding principles; the treatment of prisoners; classification and individualization; privileges; work; education and recreation; social relations and after-care.

Most of the themes of Arabic realist novels include social harms such as murder, suicide, extortion, addiction, misogyny, child abuse, prison, etc. The legal analysis of such novels shows how capable the Arab novelist is in projecting legal concepts, and this greatly contributes to the globalization of Arabic literature. The novel "Sharq al-Mutawassit" (2016) by Abdul Rahman Munif (1933-2004) is one of these novels in which the author, with a critical attitude, examines the neglect of human rights and the torture of political prisoners in Arab countries, and with the knowledge of the fundamental rights of prisoners, he tries to improve the situation Represent prisons and prisoner's rights. In the present study, an attempt is made to analyze the novel "Sharq al-Mutawassit" by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and by referring to the minimum standard rules for the treatment of prisoners (1947 AD).

Some of the manifestations of the prisoner's rights, such as the right to prohibit torture, the right to human dignity and the right to life, are more prominent, and some examples such as the right to access amenities and entertainment, the right to communicate with the family and the outside world, which are mainly in the new documents have found, it has been raised more faintly; But at the same time, the continuous commitment of the novel to represent the most important examples of rights speaks of the author's commitment to the high human position and reminding the forgotten humanity to the national and global community.The rights of prisoners in literary texts can be examined from two points of view: first, the works written in prison and sometimes considered as literary masterpieces, and the other stories written about the prison, its atmosphere and characters, which in many cases are the basis for the production of great cinematographic works. has provided Throughout history, many writers have been imprisoned for various political, religious, religious and personal reasons and have tasted the taste of imprisonment and captivity, and have recorded their difficult and sad moments in prison with the power of expression. In contemporary Arabic literature, with the increasing growth of fiction - which is due to the high capacity of this literary genre in reflecting various human, social and political issues - many fictional works centered on the rights of prisoners were written. These works generally deal with problems such as social injustice, suppression of freedom and thought, political pressure and persecution, material and political tortures.

The most obvious examples of prisoner's rights in the novel "Sharq al-Mutawassit" are the right to prohibit torture, the right to human dignity and the right to life with a frequency of 378 out of 482 with 79%. In the explanation, it should be added that among the 6 examined examples, the central and central point that was emphasized by the author of the story and the hero of the story was heavily involved with it, is the issue of the types and severity of torture and the violation of the right to prohibit torture in prison. So that in many places in the story, the prisoner's rights are violated and the reader witnesses various types of physical and mental torture, such as whipping, beating with a baton, hanging from the ceiling, kicking, sexual abuse, humiliation, insulting and swearing at the prisoner. the second most frequent and effective example in the novel is the category of violation of the right to human dignity, which during the story and in line with torturing the prisoner, with all kinds of insulting behavior including cursing the prisoner and his family and his sanctities, humiliating the character, ugly nicknames, complete stripping and His right to human dignity is not respected by the interrogator and prison staff.

In drawing a woman's facewith the spread of feminist ideas in literature, male and female writers represented the issues related to women in their works and used literature to express the realities and shortcomings, draw the readers' attention, and present their solutions and views. In the opinion of feminist critics, the issue of women, being in the text or on the sidelines and the way they are looked at, became a serious issue and considering that the authors use the elements of the story in a special way in order to move the world of the work towards their intended purpose. By examining and analyzing the elements used by the author, the message and purpose of the work can be reached. Male and female writers, according to their gender, experiences and purpose of writing novels, have written stories with a different point of view regarding the position, personality and harms of women in society. The present study, with the view that male and female ideologies cause differences in their works, tries to investigate the difference between male and female views on women's issues; Therefore, two works with a social theme have been selected from the same geographical region so that regardless of the cultural, environmental, historical and political differences, due to sharing the aforementioned conditions, only the discussion of the impact of gender on storytelling and the way of using story elements can be investigated. ; Therefore, two Kuwaiti authors, Khola Al-Qazwini, were selected with the novel "Mutalaqa min Waqi'e al-Hayya" and Saud Al-Sanausi with the novel "Saq Al-Bamboo". Most of the researches in the discussion of women's issues have been written separately, among male or female authors; This research seeks to investigate the representation of the image of women in the literary works of male and female authors by considering the factor of gender in order to clarify the differences caused by the gender of the authors. The review view and other elements will be discussed in another research:

How are the elements of the story used in the two works?The impact of the views and ideologies of the two authors on the elements of the story, what image of women does it represent in these two novels?

Based on the results of this research, the subject of the two novels is the investigation of a social problem that Al-Qazvini has narrated in the scope of "Family" and with a view far from extremes, he depicts the contribution of men and women in the stability of the family for them and at the same time. He considers the role of women to be the main one, but in the wider scope of "society", Sanousi has addressed the poverty and economic well-being of the society, and women are also affected by the conditions as a part of the society. Qazvini, perhaps due to her being a woman and her special view on the important issues of marriage and motherhood, has set her goal to express the importance of the family and couple's relationships and has tried to make her reader understand this important institution with a fair view, but Sanousi's view is beyond and Most of all, it is focused on economic issues and class conflict in the society and has a more police view of the issues, as a result of the author's point of view, in the novel "Mutlaqa Man Waqat Al-Hayya", men and women jointly contribute to creating knots and untying the story. But in "Saq Al-Bamboo", most of the knots are created by the women of the story, and finally, with the action of a man, the knots are untied and the story reaches peace and tranquility. Therefore, the women in the two works have a central presence in the story and influence the course of events. They are different from each other and the presence of women in the novel by the female author leads to a happy ending (the remarriage of Leila and Mustafa together) and in the novel by the male author to an unpleasant ending (Hosieh's despair and disillusionment with his father's family and his return to the Philippines). In order to express their desired concepts, both authors chose their same-sex narrator in the first person to narrate the events and difficulties of the main character's life, but Al-Qazvini also introduces an omniscient narrator in order to express more dimensions of the character's life and emotions. This type of perspective is one of the signs of women's writing and it also provides the context for the active participation of men.Social changes related to the position of women, on the one hand, by reflecting in the content, have created new images of them in literary writings, and on the other hand, the impact of the authors' way of looking at the subject has been reflected in the structure and form of the works. Khola's image is a balanced image of a woman who, while playing the roles of wife and mother, can also be successful in society; in her work, women are at the center of events and are effective in changing their lives and others. But as a result of Sanausi, women are either passive and submissive to the society and the demands of others, or they have emotional and personality crises while having the power to change.

The interdisciplinary studies in literature and psychology have provided the proper ground for analyzing literary works. Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychoanalyst and psychiatrist, who founded analytical psychology. Collective unconscious and archetypes are among the basic elements of this theory. Jung introduces collective unconscious as the psychological origin of humans’ evolution and the source of past experiences, which have been hidden in the dark and thus, removed from memories. He believes that archetypes make up a part of humans’ collective unconscious and, while having been removed from humans’ memories, occasionally resurface in the forms of metaphors and allegories in their speech, action, and temperaments or in the forms of myths and symbolisms in literature and art. The most important archetype addressed by Jung is called anima, which is defined as the feminine image in human’s mind. According to Jung’s archetypes, anima is a contra sexuality element in mind, the image of the opposite sex in men’s individual unconsciousness and especially collective unconscious. Although the psychological characteristics of the opposite sex is unconsciously present in every individual’s mind, it mostly resurfaces in literary and artistic works as well as dreams. The concept of love, in general, and love at first sight, in particular, can be explained using Jung’s anima theory as individuals are typically attracted to those of the opposite sex who reflect their own animas’ inherent characteristics. Jung introduces some literary characters such as Beatrice, Helen of Troy, Milton’s Eve, and the character in H. Rider Haggard’s She as the human embodiments of anima. Thus, every female character who is given exaggerated power and status is probably a symbol of anima.Gibran Khalil Gibran is one of the most well-known literary figures, poets, writers, and modernist painters, who co-founded the Pen League Society and started Al-Funoon magazine in New York. Broken Wings by Gibran Khalil Gibran is among the last literary works written in the writer’s own mother tongue (Arabic) and is regarded as one of the masterpieces of contemporary Arabic literature from a literary point of view. The book recounts the story of the spiritual, pure love of the writer for Selma Karamy (from a first-person point of view), which is thoroughly beyond sexual desires and far from physical attractions. However, this bitter love story does not end in lovers getting together at least not before their deaths. Gibran is in a constant conflict between body and soul, thus he believes that the pinnacle of freedom from body limits is reflected in death thoughts, arguing that humans can escape the prison of this material world merely through death. As one of the most frequent concepts in anima archetype, love belongs to every human culture rather than being an especial quality of a certain community, so it is regarded as a universal notion in humans’ collective unconscious. Accordingly, the novel can be studied based on both the positive and negative aspects of anima archetype approach in its most profound layers.

The research employs a descriptive-analytic approach and, relying on library resources, attempts to describe the most fundamental principles and analyze the data obtained from the text.

The research findings indicate that anima archetype has been reflected in certain elements such as the beloved, inspiration, emotions in nature, night and the dark, silence, the especial quality of eyes, and even death, hence Gibran has effectively conveyed the emotions and passions associated with this spiritual love and its hardships to the readers.

Anima archetype can be projected in both positive and negative forms and evidence indicates that Gibran has been under the influence of his inner anima all through Broken Wings. Due to the same influence, He falls in love with Selma Karamy. Under these circumstances, he exalts his inner female (anima) so loftily that, wishing to get together with her, he unconsciously regards this woman as equal to goddesses and Eve, hence comparing his getting away from her house to getting expelled from Heaven. Gibran is apparently introducing women as the key to worldly wonders, saving men from the darkness of bewilderment and emptiness and leading them to the light. His love for his hometown, Beirut, and its natural landscapes is another instance of the reflection of anima in a positive form. Under the negative influence of anima, Gibran experiences so much fury, depression, frustration, and disappointment that inevitably comprehends ...Keywords: Psychological Criticism, Jung, Anima Archetype, Gibran Khalil Gibran, Broken Wings

Considering that today Salafiism has become a discourse in the socio-political arena and Hashim al-Rifa'i as an Egyptian Islamist poet has represented the Salafist thought in his poems, the critical analysis of the Salafist discourse in Rifai's poetry is an issue that is examined in this research to discover and decipher the basics of Salafi discourse and the philosophy of this trend in the poems of Hashim al-Rifaei.

The research using Norman Fairclough's critical discourse as a guide. In this sense, three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation were used to study this poetry. This research deals with vocabulary and grammar at the level of description, And at the interpretation level, it examines the situational and intertextual context. At the third level, it explains the philosophy of the Salafist trend in al-Rifai's poetry According to the sociological theories.

One of the most significant subjects to have entered the social-political sphere, as well as the literary sphere, in the past 100 years is the idea of Salafism as a realist phenomenon that has since developed into a discourse. This concept, understood idiomatically, is the outcome of a historical trend in Islam that views itself as submissive to the virtuous predecessor (Salaf-e-Saleh) in terms of religious observance and emulates the Prophet of Islam (pbuh), his companions, and subordinates in deeds and beliefs. The Salafi movements, however, which are the result of Ibn Taymiyah's misinterpretations of the ideas of monotheism, polytheism, tradition, and heresy, are what we witness today in the political and social spheres. However, Seyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi, the man who started the changes in Islamic society, was the one who first put out the Salafist discourse, which is seen as a subset of the idea of going back to the original Islam or Islamic fundamentalism. This reformist or moderate Salafi movement aimed to free Islam from imitation and stagnation via moral, cultural, and political rebirth. Seyed Jamal believed that Islam itself holds the key to the salvation of the diseased Islamic community. Hashim Al-Rifaei, an Egyptian Islamist poet is influenced by Seyyed Jamal Al-Din Asadabadi and Mohammad Abdo’s Salafi tendency and Ekhvan al-moslemin jihadi movement deal with issues such as the formation of the Islamic society, returning to authentic Islam and the Qur'an, incompetent rulers, ignorance, neglect and weakness of will in the people, and the fight against colonialism and Jihad.

The analysis of Hashim al-Rifa'i's poems shows that the ruling discourse in al-Rifa'i's court is the Salafism discourse and Islamization of society through jihad and political struggle. The results indicate that Rifai was influenced by the reformist Salafist movement of Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi, and he has represented the basics of patriotism, anti-colonialism, pride in the glorious Islamic past, reforming the rulers, condemning the ignorance and neglect of the people, returning to the Qur'an and the original teachings of the religion, Jihad, non-existence,lake of freedom of speech, the press and unity in his poems. The poet, inspired by the Ekhvan al-Moslemin jihadi movements, believes that jihad is the only way to Islamize the society. Also, widespread political, social and cultural crises in Islamic societies, including the crisis of individual and social identity in the face of modernity, the crisis of the legitimacy of governments, the hegemony of the modern western system, the weakness and decline of Islamic societies, disillusionment with the present and the lack of an alternative indigenous version to reform the society, it caused the formation of Salafi tendencies in the poet. Al-Rifa'i seeks to form an Islamic society, and as an Islamist poet, he emphasizes his Islamic identity against others - supporters of secularism - who threaten his Islamic identity. This state is called separatism in identity. Separation in identity occurs as a result of emphasizing one of the sources of identity, such as religion, language, nationality, etc, and causes a person to be recognized only by this identity in al-Rifaei's court. There is a singular identity that was formed based on the cultural and educational atmosphere of the poet, based on the source of religion. The sum of these factors, along with the failure of western versions to provide a solution to the many crises of Islamic societies, led Al-Rifaei to Consider the Islam as an original divine support to provide a way out of many crises in society believe that the absolute sovereignty of God in all areas of human life and the capacity of Islam to provide an evolved social political system that can be adapted to all times and places, and relying on Islam as a civilized social system A comprehensive and complete religious system that includes the components of a happy worldly and hereafter life and can respond to human needs in all eras in the individual and social spheres.