پژوهشنامه بختیاری شناسی و اقوام ایرانی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار و تابستان 1403)

The symbol of the ram as one of the fundamental symbols in Iranian culture is always in myths, stories, in various arts, as well as in Iranian customs and rituals It has had an impressive presence.The ram, which is the embodiment of the Kayan Khwarnah in Avesta, can be seen on ancient pottery and bronzes, Achaemenid seals, coins and medallions of the Sassanid era, to stone rams on the tombs of prominent people.This symbol still has a special place in Bakhtiari culture and today it is seen in many cultural manifestations of this people.This research tries to analyze this pre-Islamic symbol in the rituals and crafts of the Bakhtiari people with a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary studies and conducting interviews with some researchers in the field of Bakhtiari studies and from the point of view of symbology and with a hermeneutic approach. The findings of the research indicate that this symbol for the Bakhtiari people is completely related to its ancient and Avestan concept and has been reproduced in the Islamic tradition and manifested in various cultural manifestations.

Darab Raisi is one of the contemporary bilingual poets who has expressed himself as a poet at the national level with his Persian and Bakhtiari poems, and it is expected that his poetry will have such characteristics. Analyzing his poetry from the perspective of ritual and mythological literature is important considering the poet's bilingualism and the lack of research in this field. The present research has chosen his two Persian poetry notebooks named "Awai Il" and "Khunnameh Alidad" and one of his Bakhtiari poetry notebooks named "Golbang Bakhtiari" as indicators of his poetry and based on the descriptive-analytical method, These questions should be answered: What is the reflection of ritual and mythological literature in the poetry of this bilingual poet, how does the poet approach these categories in Persian and Bakhtiari poems, what are the most used themes of this type of literature in his poetry? The results of the research showed: Persian poetry by Bakhtiari Raisi is ritualistic. In all three poetry books, according to the style of the predecessors, there is a religious and formal initiation as the beginning. The frequency of his religious rituals in his Persian poems and the dominance of extra-religious rituals and his mythicism are often in his Bakhtiari poems. His thought system is organized by three cultural currents of pre-Islamic Iran, Bakhtiari ethnic culture and post-Islamic cultural current. In his Persian poems; Rituals and religious myths in his Bakhtiari poems; Rituals and national and ethnic myths are fascinating.

Considering the characteristics of the woolen felts , including the possibility of forming , the same mechanical properties in different directions , insulation against heat , and sound , appropriate chemical resistance , and economic efficiency , the use of this textile in various industries was important . In addition to the mentioned advantages , wool felt have some defects . In this research , the vulnerability of wool felt against microbes , bacteria , fungi and insects are studied and complementary methods using natural dyes to solve these defects are presented . Some researches show that successive heating and cooling of woolen felt products as a natural method can make them anti- beetle eaten. Also, the use of natural plant colorant , which are both cheap and stable and have natural anti- microbial, anti-bacterial and antifungal properties , can greatly increase the sterilization and durability of wool felt .

 Religious beliefs and convictions, presence in religious places (worship, ceremonies and rituals, religious tourism, etc.) is one of the pure sources for producing moral values in the society. Bakhtiaris, in terms of religion, are generally 12 Imami Shiites and are present in holy and religious places. This article examines the impact of attending mosques and religious places and its relationship with moral values on a sample of Bakhtiari people (Farsan and Kohrang). The method of conducting this research was documentary and secondary analysis. The results generally showed that the mosque has been of special importance in the designs of Muslim settlements and life models in the Islamic era. In the survey section, it was also determined that 30.4 percent and 30.9 percent of the Respondents visit the mosque and religious places a lot. About 8.8 percent, that is, nearly 1 percent of them were very familiar with other religions and 14.7 were very familiar with other religions. Investigations related to their attitude showed that although people's attitude towards religious symbols is overshadowed by other social, cultural and political factors, however, the level of attitude towards religious and religious components was positive and higher than the average. People's religiosity and attendance at mosques and religious places have increased, their attitude towards moral values has also increased.

Traditional and local knowledge has enabled the natives from generation to generation to meet their needs from natural resources without destroying the original resources. Indigenous people are well aware of the ecological conditions of their area and this is important to contribute to the formal knowledge of experts for rangeland conservation and management. Shamsabad village in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province has a high variety of pasture plants. One of the most important plants that has traditionally attracted the attention of the people of this village is the artichoke plant, which grows as a car in the region. Local people use this plant in the early stages of growth for edible purposes, and when it is ripe, it is used in dried form for animal fodder. In this review study, the databases of Civilica, Google Scholar, SID and the keywords of traditional knowledge, pasture plants, artichoke plant, information of native people as well as the experimental information of some native and local people have been used.

Proverbs are one of the most important literary genres in oral literature that do not have a specific speaker and can be found in the conversations of people of different societies, they represent the society, culture and customs of their societies They show well. Proverbs are full of sociological information in addition to their artistic dimensions and their special charm and sweetness. By examining them, one can understand the thoughts and beliefs of the people who express them. Therefore, in this research, the proverbs of the Northern Talashi language, which is current on the shores of the Caspian Sea, are compared with social issues such as: reforms and Quranic concepts, old age, family and home, God, pain, prayer and curse, worldliness, complaining about He has examined fortune, death, advice, blessing, and salt.So far, no research has investigated the social aspects of Northern Taalshi proverbs. Carrying out this research can play a significant role in transferring part of the culture and literature of the Northern Talashi language to the future generations. Therefore, the writer, who is a speaker of the Talashi language, in this research, after collecting the proverbs of the Northern Talashi language in the field, investigated and researched them in separate categories, and after transliteration, Their translation and application has been discussed.

The Bakhtiari tribe is one of the Iranian tribes in the Middle Zagros region with its own history, culture and literature. Bakhtiari literature, like other ethnic groups of Iran, has its roots in the culture and customs of this people, and to understand it, one must get acquainted with the culture and civilization of this people. The culture and customs of the Bakhtiari people have a clear expression in the poems of the poets of this people. In the poems of poets, honesty, sincerity, hospitality, love, wars and sacrifices of Bakhtiari people are always shown.

This research is analytical and descriptive. The first step is to collect information using a library method and provide authentic and reliable sources on the subject of Bakhtiari's epic poems. The second step was to interview some of Bakhtiari's poets and writers, and then in the third step, he tried to collect Bakhtiari's poems by researching magazines, articles, websites, and internet blogs. In the end, the collected materials were classified and the researcher criticized and judged the collected materials.

By studying Bakhtiari's poems, the attitude, beliefs and values of this people can be depicted. Most contemporary Bakhtiari poets have used customs, traditions and popular culture in all their poems. Customs and rituals of the Bakhtiari people are a reminder for the future generation and young people who are alien to the ancient culture and customs of their land.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the values and criteria related to marriage in the common wedding poems in Bakhtiari culture with an emphasis on Lordegan region. To collect wedding poems, library and field methods were used, and after collecting the poems, issues related to values and criteria related to marriage were extracted from them, and then the extracted concepts were divided into categories and subcategories. They have been divided and analyzed with documentary method and descriptive approach. The findings and results of the research show that different values and criteria are reflected in the wedding poems; As they seek help from God to solve wedding problems and the success of the bride and groom, they expect the bride to maintain the family's social prestige; Attention is paid to the originality and roots of the bride and groom, and in choosing a spouse, their literacy; The bride's hijab is a formality that must be observed; The groom must be a rider and a person with zeal, and beauty is also an attribute that is attributed to couples and is a source of pride for families. In general, it should be said that the content of these poems is related to the wishes that the bride and groom should have, and in fact, through these poems, the wishes and expectations in the field of marriage are institutionalized in the Bakhtiari culture.

Climate change is a potential threat and an embracing issue that has gradually emerged. Mountain regions experience reduced snow and natural glacier levels, leading to decreased water availability, increased ambient heat, changes in precipitation patterns, temperature anomalies, and seasonal shifts. Traditional environmental knowledge (TEK), derived from past learning and human experiences in living with and utilizing nature, promotes sustainable resource utilization. This study focuses on the TEK used by the Bakhtiari tribe, particularly concerning the timing and harvesting of resource extraction, which is crucial for understanding the components of the environment. The time of migration and entry into livestock grazing is a priority for traditional users, ensuring the high resilience of this natural reserve. Diversity in resource usage for energy provision between traditional people is a priority. The community under study has effectively utilized available reserves as practical strategies that need attention in promotion and education. An examination of optimal and diverse usage among the samples indicates that over 70% of women's traditional knowledge concentrates on this aspect.

Empowering the local community through localization and on the basis of local knowledge is one of the discourses that have been raised and received a lot of attention in the field of new development paradigms. Localization is understood in relation to the society's dealings with the process of transformation from traditional to modern and how the insider society interacts with the outside society. The research method is a descriptive-analytical research that was done by reviewing sources, articles and library studies and using phishing tools. Depositing the methods and experiences of others without considering the differences between societies, cultures and spaces cannot lead to stable and durable development in these societies. Experience has made it clear that many traditional techniques and methods in the field of production, culture and society in the native local community are the same methods that today represent the methods of achieving sustainable development. Therefore, one of the solutions for sustainable development is the use of indigenous knowledge based on experience, which has often been tested over time and adapted to the local culture and environment, and therefore has acquired the necessary dynamics and efficiency. In this article, we will examine the traditional methods (Andil snow, authentic music, black tent, nature therapy) that are used in the local indigenous communities of North Khorasan province.

Believing the mystery and sanctity of the tree among the ancients, as well as its ancient and unbreakable connection with Iranian myths, has had a tremendous impact on the folk culture of the people and has been widely manifested in beliefs, customs, rituals and oral literature. The purpose of the present research is how to represent the tree in the popular culture of Iranian peoples, which was done through descriptive-analytical method and through documentary and library studies. The findings show that the beliefs and rituals surrounding the tree in the folk culture of Iranian peoples include: belief in helping to improve and increase the crop, fertility of barren women, facilitating childbirth, warding off disaster and healing properties, dramatic threat tree and obtaining a guarantee of fruitfulness from it, the ritual of asking for rain and stopping rain and PaL Baroun. It seems that the inherent characteristics of the tree and its connection with concepts such as creation, regeneration, fertility and resurrection have played an effective role in its pervasive presence in folk culture, so that in many popular beliefs, the tree is in Various aspects of their lives which have emerged from birth to death.

Popular culture or oral literature includes stories, legends, songs, parables, allusions, proverbs, and lullabies. This literature originates from the work, activity and life of ordinary people and their community, and it is so powerful that it can influence official literature and poets' poems. Poets have also written the richest poems and linguistic treasures by using its various components, and this poetry is diverse in terms of content and shows its courage in stating the truths, which in military works, Maulvi, Saadi Shirazi, Hafez Shirazi, Abdurrahman Jami, and.... are seen more. In this article, the various functions of the elements of popular culture and literature in the poems of Mohammad Esrafili have been investigated. Esrafili is a Talshi-speaking poet, who has mixed Talshi poetry with the original Talshi culture and has taken various forms of folklore from popular literature and used them with unique skill in his book called "lǝna sadō". He has a deep belief in some of these principles and has used some of them for the fruitfulness of his poetry and skillfully placed his poetry in the hearts of the people of his society, both literate and illiterate, so that In this way, he can contribute greatly to the longevity of his poems and also to the preservation of the native culture of his land.