نشریه اندیشه راهبردی شهرسازی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Recently, “Power” has become the inevitable question of the theory and practice of urban planning. Urban planning is based on intervention and involved in the public interest, interests of numerous structures, institutions and activists. Therefore, Urban Planning is inevitably politically and explained in connection with power relations. The analysis of the role of power and politics in urban planning has been considered in literature for decades. However, such efforts in urban planning research and urban studies of Iran have been made less. Despite the attention to the concept of power in recent decades in urban studies and planning research, the definitions and coordinates of this concept have had many ambiguities and the literature has made different perceptions of the concept of power. The roots of these semantic ambiguities and multiplicity may be sought in the multiplicity of the meanings of power in the social science and political philosophy. Here, the main question is: what is the reading of the "what" of the concept of power in the field of urban planning and urban studies? And what the components of power research, including "who," "why," and "how," have taken this concept in response?The Purpose of the Research: The main purpose of this article is to understand the conceptual discourses of "power" and explain its various aspects in urban studies. The mentioned goal is defined in connection with the main question of the article, i.e. "what" is the concept of power and its relationship with "why" and "how" of power relations in urban research.

In order to answer the question of the research and within the framework of the interpretive paradigm, qualitative methodology and directed content analysis method have been used. Content analysis and data coding are conducted based on themes, and the authors have classified, summarized, and understood the textual data in the field of power based on the interpretation of the text. In this research, based on the common methods of sampling in qualitative research, samples of studies that are more suitable to achieve the goals of the research have been selected. In fact, the focus is on texts that contain a lot of information according to the purpose of the research. Therefore, the analysis of the content of the texts that are among the most famous and most referenced sources in the field of "power and urban planning" has been done.

The findings show that different themes of power in urban studies can be seen as different aspects of the concept of power that, not separately but intertwined and integrated, represent the dynamic and complex concept of power relationships. Also, among the conceptual discourses of power, including the “government-oriented”, “legal-institutional”, “structural”, “commodity”, “symbolic”, and “network” that each represents an aspect of the power relations. Foucault's network approach has a widespread application in urban studies and urban planning research due to having other aspects of power and the ability to analyze the network of official and unofficial, hidden and obvious power relations. In Foucault's "network-oriented" approach to power, the predominant emphasis is on policies, tactics and relationships such as formal and informal networking, hidden alliances, negotiations and deals, through which "spatial actions" in the form of Projects and material space are formed. Therefore, this attitude has a very high capacity to analyze the network of formal and informal relationships, overt and hidden power in the research and professional field of urban planning.

A review of extensive research in the field of power shows that knowledge of the complex concept of "power" gives a practical understanding of it for analysis in relation to urban planning and spatial policies and for finding effective analytical tools to identify what, why and How to apply power in urban development processes will be fruitful. The studies of the field of power, especially in Foucault's perspective, help us to search for power beyond the concept of the government and the official system, in relation to the most detailed issues and the open and hidden relations of actors in the processes of planning, it is in relation to the knowledge of revelation. and finally strengthen our understanding of the discourse situations in which activists, managers and city planners are located.

The vision of urban development is extremely important as a vital element for the growth and development of cities. Without a complete and comprehensive vision, decisions related to urban development are made sporadically and sometimes randomly. This will reduce opportunities and cause serious problems in the future. The city of Bandar Anzali is known as one of the prominent tourism cities and important economic and port centers in Guilan province. Since 1351, by examining the requirements and proposals related to each plan, this city has always faced challenges in compiling an urban vision to fulfill the wishes of citizens for a satisfying life.The Purpose of the Research: In this research, an attempt was made to evaluate the feasibility of Bandar Anzali urban development visions based on the views of two study groups, citizens and urban experts, to answer the questions: 1) What are the urban development visions of Bandar Anzali? and 2) Which visions have the most and least value from the point of view of citizens and urban experts?.

This research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of attitude. The size of the statistical sample was determined by Cohen's method, 355 people. Sampling in the present research is a probability sampling and stratified sampling method. In order to achieve the goals and questions of the research, by using SPSS software and Levin and t test, two independent samples were investigated to examine the average visions of urban development and the differences and similarities of the visions of the two study groups, citizen and urban expert.

After studying the seven reviewed plans and documents, twelve visions of urban development were extracted to analyze the information after collecting data from two groups of citizens and urban experts. The visions are: "Anzali city with favorable participation between city management, citizens and public organizations", "Anzali city successful in the development of tourism based on the beach and the sea", "Anzali city with maintaining environmental values and a clean environment", "Anzali city successful" in the development of fisheries activities such as fish farming", "Anzali a city with security of investment in economic activities", "Anzali a city successful in expanding conversion and supporting industries with high technology (such as packaging companies, etc.)", "Anzali a city developed in the field of export and transit of goods", "citizen-oriented urban development (friendly citizen)", "urban development with strong solidarity among city residents", "urban development with an identity appropriate to cultural components", "urban development with equitable distribution of urban services and facilities in Urban neighborhoods", "Urban Anzali with the preservation of the values of the historical context of the city". The average urban development visions of Bandar Anzali are more than the average. The V1 vision "Anzali is a city with favorable participation between urban management, citizens and popular organizations", with an overall average of 3.79 from the point of view of both groups, obtained the highest value and the V4 vision "Anzali is a successful city in the development of fisheries activities such as fish farming" with an overall average of 3.15 based on the opinions of two statistical groups, obtained the lowest average and valuation. In all the urban development visions except the "V4" vision, due to the significance level greater than 0.05 at the 95% confidence level, hypothesis H1 is rejected and hypothesis H0 is confirmed. In other words, there is no difference in the average of the two groups.

In the urban development of Anzali, the optimal partnership between the city management, citizens and popular organizations will create a dynamic and sustainable vision for the city. These partnerships, as one of the main success factors in urban development, have increased the value and efficiency of the urban development vision between two groups of citizens and urban experts. Urban management, by planning and implementing urban development plans and projects, plays an important role in shaping the vision, and according to the needs and desires of citizens, it should improve infrastructure and public services and provide economic development. On the other hand, citizens, as an active part of society, have a very important role in urban development. The results obtained in this research can help Anzali city management in formulating city vision planning.

Cities are among the most obvious manifestations of human culture, which express many of the mental components affected from it by showing objective and perceptible spaces. In addition to this type of communication, urban spaces are culture-creating environments that can be effective in the formation of the infrastructural and mental system of society. Islamic cities are not exempt from this rule. There is a special relationship between Islam and urban life, and the promotion of Islam has been manifested with the development of urban life. Considering the different views that exist in Islamic-Iranian city planning, patterns can be identified in the creation of new cities. The new city of Sahand was formed as the study area of the current research for the excess population of Tabriz city. Due to the vertical or horizontal rule over Tabriz and the resulting problems, the new city of Sahand is located at a distance of 20 kilometers southwest of Tabriz. In the 90s and ‘00s, the criteria of an Iranian-Islamic city were mostly seen in Tabriz. In the ‘10s, due to the influence of the modern urban planning model in the West, the population has exceeded towards the city of Sahand. The main problem of the research is to examine the criteria of the Iranian-Islamic city in the strategic development plan of the city of Sahand. The main issue is to examine the criteria that have caused the failure of the Islamic Iranian city model in this city.The Purpose of the Research: This research is an applied research and descriptive-analytical research in terms of method. The analyzed data was obtained from the survey and the statistical sample consisted of 80 experts in the field of urban planning in Sahand, and the distribution of the sample was in the form of a random cluster. The data were collected based on library method and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. TOPSIS model has been used to analyze the criteria of Iranian-Islamic city model.

The analysis of the criteria of the Iranian-Islamic city model in the strategic development plan of the city of Sahand, using the TOPSIS technique, shows that among the evaluated criteria, the construction of houses and residential use based on the Islamic city model has taken the first place with a score of (0.967) and in second place is the influence of climatic conditions on buildings and structures in the form of diverse uses with a score of (0.914). The mosque, as the central spatial core of every Islamic city, has been able to occupy the third place with a score equal to (0.487). Therefore, the criteria of the Iranian-Islamic city model in new cities are mentioned with these three criteria. Other criteria have been assigned a lower rank.

The city of Sahand has been considered as one of the best new cities in Iran due to its good patterns of urban planning and proper location, this has been done without considering the environmental qualities and urban design in terms of the standards of an Islamic-Iranian city through the construction and development of Sahand. Based on experts' scores from the extracted criteria and their analysis from TOPSIS model, the prioritized criteria have not been applied through the design of Sahand new city. In other words, its central planning approaches, blindly imitating western planning and avoiding the social-cultural and qualitative aspects of design have caused the city of Sahand to lack the least respect for the principles and components of an Islamic-Iranian city.

The main focus of the research is the examination of the Iranian-Islamic city criteria through strategic development plan of Sahand city. The main issue is to examine the criteria that have caused the failure of the Islamic Iranian city model in this city. The extracted criteria were analyzed in all the mentioned dimensions in TOPSIS model. The results of the findings show that the construction of houses and residential use based on the model of the Islamic city has been assigned the first rank. The influence of climatic conditions on constructions in the form of various uses has been ranked second and the mosque as the central spatial core of any Islamic city is ranked third.

The term "Iranian city" is an ambiguous and complex category that has been studied by many researchers and has been used in their literature with different interpretations and concepts, while it covers a wide conceptual territory. The main question of this research is "Does what is considered an "Iranian city" have a single definition and fixed and specific characteristics, which can be considered as a criterion for distinguishing it from non-Iranian cities"?The Purpose of the Research: This research aims to critically analyze the existing views about the concept of "Iranian city" and it has been carried out with a focus on the concepts governing the cities of Iran in the pre-Islamic era. This research also seeks to provide a framework to explain the concept of "Iranian city" and its correct use instead of its variety of interpretations in different situations in the urban planning literature.

At first this study reviewed and narrated the viewpoints of scholars and researchers about "the city in the pre-Islamic historical period" and the various direct and indirect interpretations and definitions of the word "Iranian city" using the interpretation method. In the next step, by analyzing the content of these views, the characteristics influencing the formation and transformation of the old cities of Iran have been extracted. Then, based on the characteristics, various interpretations that can be inferred from this word have been summarized and categorized. Ultimately, by leveraging the theoretical saturation method in the views of experts through in-depth interviews selected by snowball sampling, accompanied by open-ended questions, the hidden dimensions of the critics’ reviews have been elaborated.

The interpretations deduced from the content analysis of the viewpoints resulted in 4 categories; The first interpretation: "Iranian city" is a symbol of "ancient Iranian signs and religion". The second interpretation: "Iranian city" arises from "religion and ancient Iranian religion itself". The third interpretation: "Iranian city", with specified spatial organization and physical elements, and the fourth interpretation: "Iranian cities", which have common factors of formation and transformation, such as a specific location or time. In the criticism of the first viewpoint, if we consider the Iranian city as a symbol of ancient and mythical signs and rituals then the concept of the Iranian city does not apply to today's cities, because nowadays in Iran, a different culture from the ancient culture is ruling over the current Iranian society and many of those symbols and signs have no meaning today.Therefore, the Iranian city is defined as "the manifestation of Iranian culture and its symbols at specific eras". In the critique of the second interpretation, it can be said that different rituals such as Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Islam, etc. have played a significant role in the evolution of city forms and structures in different periods of history and the shared geography and identity. Therefore we can not solely rely on the characteristics and the physical construction of ancient Iranian religion. In the critique of the third interpretation, it is noteworthy that by extracting patterns and "specific elements of one or more cities", it is not possible to comment on the structure of other cities. On the other hand, the spatial structure of the ancient cities has undergone major changes to this day, and given the few works of the ancient cities before Islam, it is difficult to recognize all the physical elements. Therefore, the "physical elements of the city in a specific place or period" cannot be generalized as "elements and characteristics of the Iranian city". In the critique of the fourth interpretation, cities that were considered Iranian cities at the time are now different in their culture, identity, politics, and definition of ideals, so they are not Iranian now, but their ancient structure can be considered as "ancient Iranian cities". Therefore, the concept of an "Iranian city in a particular period and time" is important. The surveys show "the lack of conceptual unity and integrity of the term Iranian city".

Although the unifying factor and the common denominator of the definitions are "Iranian culture and identity" and "belonging to Iran and considering oneself Iranian", this concept is "dynamic", "relative" and "multi-layered" and, by itself, cannot embrace an independent definition for an Iranian city.

Due to the increasing urbanization, urban challenges are also increasing. The challenges of residents in the developing world challenge the urban livability with greater intensity and the concept of livability is directly related to the quality of life. In addition to being developed, the cities of the country have also existed with many important political changes during the past years. Due to the impact on the urban planning policy in Afghanistan, challenges of urban viability have arisen, which are many of these cases.The Purpose of the Research:The purpose of this research is to examine the challenges of urban livability with an emphasis on the changes of the last 5 years in Afghanistan.

The approach of the current research is qualitative. This research is descriptive from the aspect of internal goals and is considered an applied research from the aspect of external goals. In line with the qualitative assessment of urban livability in Afghanistan, the semi-structured interview method has been used to collect the required data. The participants in this research were selected purposefully (with the help of methods such as snowball) and their number depended on reaching the Data saturation of 21 people. In this research, the participants included professors of urban planning in Afghanistan, researchers and students of urban planning in Afghanistan. All the interviews were recorded with the permission of the participant, and during the interviews, note-taking was also used, which was used both to mention the important and key issues and to record the created ambiguities, so that the participant can be asked about it again and the participant can be enlightened. to pay Finally, after each interview, the implementation of the audio file and writing the interview objectively and with the same tone and expression have been discussed. The data analysis method is the content analysis method. MAXQDA software is used in the data management section. In this research, an attempt has been made to ensure the accuracy of the findings by rereading the results by the interviewees.

Afghanistan's resources and strategic position have made this country important, as a result of which both neighboring countries and superpower countries have a great impact on Afghanistan. Urban planning in Afghanistan is also heavily influenced by politics, and with the political changes that occur, the urban planning and urban livability of Afghanistan also undergoes transformation. In the following, the challenges of urban livability in Afghanistan are presented from the point of view of urban experts . The main challenges of urban livability in Afghanistan include eleven main categories. These challenges include: lack of sense of urban security, lack of platform for social interactions in urban spaces, one-dimensional view of land uses, reduction of the sense of belonging, destruction of urban elements and elements, destruction of public spaces, weakening of citizen rights, non-specialization of urban management. Economic stagnation in the financing of cities, ineffectiveness of city laws and reduction of public participation.

Challenges of urban livability in Afghanistan are categorized in three social, economic and physical dimensions. The social dimension includes the challenges of the lack of feeling of urban security, the weakening of citizen rights, the lack of a platform for social interactions in urban spaces, the reduction of participation and the reduction of the sense of belonging. The physical dimension includes the challenges of eliminating Germany and urban elements, a one-dimensional view of uses and the destruction of public spaces. The managerial dimension includes the non-specialized challenges of promoting urban management, economic stagnation in the financing of cities, and the inefficiency of urban laws. In summary, it can be said that the index and principles of urban livability in Afghanistan are not in a favorable condition and the livability of Afghan cities is facing serious and fundamental challenges. The main measure to improve livability indicators is to increase the awareness of citizens and the government to take serious measures to solve the problems. Today, there are many changes in the level of literacy and awareness of Afghan people compared to the past. People of this period, especially Afghan women, have become more aware of their rights. This awareness prevents people from accepting unfavorable conditions. And he pushes them to reach the conditions they deserve.

Protecting Iran's historical neighborhoods, despite the unique cultural and historical values they contain, has always been one of the biggest challenges in the field of urban planning and re-urbanization. Since a significant part of the city's history is manifested in the body of historical tissues, and in the contemporary era, due to structural, physical, social changes, etc., there have been social and physical changes in the fabric of historical neighborhoods and social relations that have been in the city for many years. It was formed in the past, weakened and destroyed, this issue has caused the critical situation in the present era to show itself as one of the serious challenges facing urban planners.This challenge raises the need to recreate the neighborhoods based on the new urbanism school and revive their historical identity.The aim of the current research is to reproduce the concept of neighborhood in the historical neighborhoods of Iran based on the principles of new urbanism. The purpose of the research is fundamental, and in order to achieve the main concepts related to the reproduction of the neighborhood concept in the doctrine of new urbanism, it is necessary to examine its characteristics through rereading and analyzing existing studies.

The research method of this research is qualitative and based on systematic review techniques, comparative study and documentary research method.

In order to achieve the main goal, two sub-goals were proposed: the first goal was to extract the principles of urban planning used in the context of historical neighborhoods of Iran and the similarities and differences of the extracted principles with the principles of new urban planning. In this way, using a systematic and systematic review method, the rules of urban planning in the context of historical neighborhoods of Iran were defined based on the principles of the Isfahan doctrine in urban planning, and then in line with these principles, the concept of neighborhood in the historical contexts of Iran in the past and present based on Six variables were compared. The six variables are: concept, definition, position, geometrical structure, indicator element and shaping principles. From the systematic review of the principles of the Isfahan school in the historical neighborhoods of Iran with the principles of new urban development, a number of 10 indicators were extracted, which shows the commonalities and overlapping of these principles with each other, which covers the second objective of the research. From the systematic review of the principles of the Isfahan school in the historical neighborhoods of Iran with the principles of new urban development, a number of 10 indicators were extracted, which shows the commonalities and overlapping of these principles with each other, which covers the second objective of the research.

These ten principles are: 

Continuity (linking the city center with neighborhood centers), centrality and neighborhood territory, connection between the network of intercity roads and the network of main crossings of neighborhoods, hierarchy of access, hierarchy of space, flexibility of physical structure. , strong social structure of the neighborhoods, sustainability and architecture and urban design with quality and identity.The results showed that the principles of New Urbanism have many similarities with the structure and principles of urban planning in the historical areas of Iran, and these similarities led to the extraction of the ten principles mentioned, which on the one hand evoke the principles of native and Iranian urban planning, and on the other hand, look to the future. and will consider the needs of the contemporary period. Therefore, the redesign of neighborhoods can be as follows; Neighborhoods should be dense, pedestrianized and have mixed use. It should also focus on a specific use and, if possible, the neighborhood design principles should be based on a specific use of the neighborhood. Most of people's daily activities should be considered within walking distance. The street network should be designed in such a way that residents are encouraged to walk and the number of trips is reduced to save energy. Every neighborhood should have a specific territory with a neighborhood center and people of different age, race and income level should live in residential buildings with suitable size and price. Installing public transportation stations should be considered instead of using cars.

The face of the city expresses the identity and culture of the people of the city. Appearance and scenery are one of the important and influential aspects on the quality of citizen's life. The color used in the composition of visual and landscape components is one of the important and necessary effects in the quality of urban spaces. The use of different colors in urban spaces makes the user of the space benefit from the space according to his social and cultural conditions. On the other hand, urban spaces are the supply of people's presence and activity, and citizens engage in social interactions in urban spaces, and part of their daily needs are met in these spaces. Therefore, the appropriate use of color in the design of urban spaces can have a positive effect on the attraction and behavioral understanding of the citizens of the urban environment and increase the vitality, dynamism, sense of peace, satisfaction and security of the users. Proper lighting at night have a significant impact on the night life of urban spaces. Colors have the ability to show one urban space cold and soulless and another lively and dynamic, which of course depends on culture and social conditions. Colors create a diverse background of contrasts during the day and at different hours of the day and night. Choosing the type of color and paying attention to its contrast in different environmental conditions and climates is another important and necessary point for designing urban spaces. Neglecting the appropriate design of colors can lead to users' anxiety and even their aggression, and bring spatial and visual disturbances. In today's cities, the variety of colors has decreased, and this has caused the cities to become gray and monotonous, which shows more attention to function compared to form and body.The Purpose of the Research:The most important goal of this research was to create color harmony, increase the presence of citizens, make the urban space memorable and lasting through the formulation of the principles of the city's color palette in the city of Tehran.

In this research, the principles of creating a creative urban color palette have been discussed in the pedestrian area of Panzdeh Khordad in Tehran .In this research, the international method of Lucher and Cadwell has been developed . This model is based on the preferences expressed by the citizens and the psychology of colors by them and finally suggests a suitable color palette for the urban design of the range. The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical. Questioning and statistical methods have been used to determine the desired color palette of citizens on the 15 Khordad sidewalk street.

According to the results of the questionnaire, citizens have welcomed yellow, red and turquoise colors. Black, brown and gray colors are not very desirable from the point of view of the statistical community. The results of psychological analysis show that most of the citizens are trying to gain respect. Another group of statistical samples integrate and combine ideas and feelings. These items have been used in the presented plan to improve and modify the market area.

In this research, after reviewing the literature on the subject and identifying the basics of using color in urban spaces and the psychological effects of colors on users, how to intervene in the design of the principles of the color palette of Panzeh Khordad pedestrian area in a creative way that leads to an increase The presence of citizens should be limited. The 15 Khordad sidewalk is one of the examples of urban spaces with these conditions, which currently have many users. This urban space mainly consists of a lot of uniform neutral colors with a predominance of gray. The environment of this sidewalk, is one of the lively and dense urban spaces of Tehran, has the ability to use color better in design and improve the quality of space, which leads to increasing vitality, presence, staying in the space and forming an image. It will be favorable for users. Therefore, colors have a special effect on the design of urban spaces and its quality, as well as the presence, staying, perception and mental imagination of users.

Ecological threats are the cause of social failures, and in response, the integration of social-ecological subsystems defined in the resilient city brings empowerment in facing environmental risks. The perspective of resilience in conceptual foundations claims that this integration plays an important role in managing and controlling fluctuations, In the meantime, resilience is based on the social dimension. The social capacities of societies define this social core. Social resilience is the main axis of adaptability of the concept of resilience. In the meantime, the recent 30-year drought, especially in Iran, has created various environmental problems, and some of its manifestations are water stress, subsidence, fine dust, air pollution, migrations due to lack of water resources, political conflicts, and other problems. The studies of this article show that so far, no research has been done about the integrated social and ecological dimension of drought with a resilience approach. In this way, the goals mentioned below are determined for this research.The Purpose of the Research: The central aim of this article is to investigate environmental behavior within the context of socio-ecological resilience. The study specifically seeks to explore the social subsystem through a behavioral lens. Examination of the local-level definition of the environment is conducted in response to the drought conditions in Isfahan. For this purpose, according to background variables such as age, gender, education, and income, the level of environmental awareness, sensitivity, and participation will be measured and finally the type of environmental behavior will be determined.

This descriptive-analytical research has a practical perspective and its purpose is in the statistical population of the Khalaja neighborhood of Isfahan. The output of the structured questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha was confirmed in a sample size of 160 people by simple random sampling at the suggestion of SPSS Sample power calculation. Primarily the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical test is used to compare the means for contextual variables. The Friedman and Wilcoxon statistical tests are used to rank environmental behaviors.

Awareness of migration and population stress due to recent drought are reported more than subsidence and dust. People are still more inclined to control and adapt nature to their needs than to adapt to existing conditions. The lower level of participation of women and youth in this society is a warning of individualism and there is a relationship between the variables of willingness to migrate, and job dependence. In a comprehensive conclusion derived from the conducted analyses, it can be affirmed that responsible and conscientious behaviors are not prevalent among the residents. Although the majority acknowledges the dependency of their livelihoods on water, they express dissatisfaction with adapting to the prevailing conditions. The research analyses, conducted across different age groups to assess levels of participation, sensitivity, and environmental awareness, unveil notable disparities like environmental behavior experiences. Notably, the levels of awareness, participation, and environmental sensitivity are higher in the adult age group compared to other cohorts. This observation extends to the evaluation of two additional variables, migration and income levels, signifying that the adult age group is more inclined to incur a higher cost of water rather than resorting to migration due to water scarcity. These findings underscore the significance and value attributed to the adult age group and the nature of their environmental behavior experience, implicitly contributing to the enhancement of their environmental knowledge.

Effective environmental management is not solely a social or ecological issue; rather, the transition to sustainability becomes achievable through shifts in attitudes and behaviors. In the absence of a participatory approach to urban life, Isfahan City is likely to witness heightened social tensions and an escalation in various forms of migration. Recognizing that environmental management transcends the boundaries of mere social or ecological concerns is crucial, and the transformative potential for sustainability hinges on attitudinal and behavioral shifts. This new perspective aligns with contemporary academic discourse and research emphasizing the interconnectedness of social and ecological systems in any scale of urban contexts. Recent research trends indicate that a paradigm shift in attitudes and behaviors is integral to unlocking the path toward sustainable urban development. In this scholarly context, understanding the intricacies of the social system becomes paramount for devising logically sound solutions in critical situations