نشبریه آمایش فضا و ژئوماتیک
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 122، زمستان 1402)

The rapid growth of the urban population in Shiraz over the past few decades has caused the physical expansion of the city and its enchroschment on sorrounding villages and settlemnts leading to numerous challenges and inadequacies in the pheripheral regions there. Some of these problems are poverty, marginalization, rising housing prices, lack of adequate facilities and welfare services, environmental pollution and overcrowding. Using different indicators, the present study tries to evaluate the inadequacy of peripheral settlements of Shiraz metropolis. Thus, in order to manage urban growth and its related difficulties, developing countries have decided to implement various policies such as family planning, rural development, controlling rural-urban migration, limiting the growth of large cities, symmetrical urbanization and new city development. Nevertheless, most developing countries have witnessed rapid population displacement to mega cities in recent decades.On the other side, despite metropolis’ role in national development, increasing process of metropolitanization in most developing countries has cussed many problems which resulted in many challenges in the end. City sprawl and relocation of activities and populations from centre to outskirts of the city as well as the population distribution is one of the most important sustainable challenges in metropolitan areas. In developing countries, growth and expansion of metropolis space has been associated with various issues and resulted in different types of environmental problems such as reduction of life quality, rapid growth and mis-management of low-income settlements on the outskirts and continuation of such problems will worsen the existing situation in the not too far future.

Historical tourism is one of the biggest sources of economic development in any region and its rapid growth accompanies abundant changes. As such, it is necessary to value tourism attractions using appropriate methods in order to express the importance of historical tourism as well as convert it into monetary values. In the present study, the recreational value of the largest museum in the southeastern Iran located in Sistan and Baluchistan province was estimated using the conditional valuation method whereas the Logistic regression method was taken into account to investigate the factors affecting the willingness of visitors to pay for the improvement and protection of this museum. For this purpose, first, the sample size was determined based on Cochran's method, and then the data were collected through a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. The results showed that the variables such as "occupation", "income", "visited season" and "maximum offered amount” have had a significant effect on people's willingness to pay, but the variables like "age", "gender", "marital status", "education”, "number of household members", "conveyance", "being native or non-native", "main purpose of visit" and "attractiveness of the area" have had no significant effect. Also, based on the calculations, the average inclination of each visitor to pay in order to protect and improve the condition of the museum of Southeast Iran was 100,950 Rials per month, and its annual recreational value was estimated to 4,554,860 Rials, which showed the high importance of this museum for visitors.

Achieving optimal acoustic conditions in urban public areas emerges as a crucial element in enhancing the overall well-being and satisfaction of inhabitants. Urban parks stand out as pivotal public spaces, with park benches playing a fundamental role as key pieces of furniture contributing to visitors' comfort. The primary aim of this study revolves around evaluating the suitability of existing acoustic comfort standards concerning the placement of seating facilities within parks. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research focuses on Laleh Park in Tehran as a case study, where the sound levels at designated seating areas are quantified using a decibel meter, while subjective perceptions of acoustic comfort are gathered through a structured questionnaire. Through a spatial analysis integrating both objective and subjective data, areas with inadequate acoustic conditions are pinpointed. Notably, the calculated Pearson's correlation coefficient (0.692) highlights a significant association between objective and subjective assessments of acoustic comfort at seating locations within the park. Results reveal that southern seating areas, encompassing approximately 15 stations, exhibit substandard acoustic comfort mainly due to their proximity to the bustling Keshavarz Boulevard. Conversely, seating locations near Bazarche Laleh Park and the Tehran Museum of Arts are deemed satisfactory. Out of the 19 monitored stations, 14 feature bench seats, 4 offer backless seating, and 1 provides pavilions. Among the stations with moderate acoustic comfort, comprising 38 stations in total, bench seats are predominant (23 stations), followed by backless seats (10 stations) and pavilions (15 stations). Conversely, stations with superior acoustic comfort are predominantly situated in the northern section, adjacent to facilities catering to children and teenagers as well as the carpet museum. In conclusion, the acoustic comfort level at Laleh Park is moderate to subpar concerning its geographical setting. The study suggests considering the installation of acoustic-enhanced park chairs as a potential solution to improve overall maintenance, in conjunction with other pertinent factors.

Thinkers have suggested the enhancement of public transportation as an effective solution to mitigate transportation-related issues. The tram system is widely regarded as a favorable choice for urban transportation because of its minimal space requirements, low noise generation, and great adaptability. In the context of future urban development in Tabriz, the tram system emerges as a viable solution for improving intra-city transportation. The primary objective of the ongoing study is to evaluate the metrics related to urban tourism and architectural layout in the development of urban tram systems. The research methodology employed aligns with the quantitative nature of the research purpose. Through the conducted research, key indicators concerning the layout of urban tram lines and stations were identified. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of the gathered data was carried out utilizing Friedman and Kendall tests in the SPSS software, based on responses obtained from experts in academic and traffic management fields. The results obtained highlight that the element of accessibility, receiving the highest rating, emerges as the most crucial aspect, while fairness and inclusivity, scoring lowest, are identified as the least significant factors in formulating the design indicators for urban tram routes and stations. The indicators of connection and continuity, ease of access, fairness and inclusiveness, efficiency and responsiveness, and sustainable transportation are among the design indicators of tram routes and stations, which are important in all urban contexts. Considering the characteristics of the historical context, the indicators of identity and sustainable tourism are also important in the design of tram routes and stations, along with the mentioned indicators. For this purpose, solutions were proposed in order to realize the presented indicators.

Mosques, as a third place, have had various functions since the beginning of Islam until today. Apart from prayers and rituality, these religious and cultural places have always played a significant role in socio-cultural affairs and strengthening high human ideals. The purpose of the current research is to explain the role of mosques as a third place in the social sustainability of Khorramabad city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey type. The statistical sample of the research includes 150 citizens of Khorramabad city, who were surveyed in a simple random way using Sample Power software. SPSS26 and AMOS24 software were applied for data analysis. The results of the single-sample T-test of the research showed that mosques with an average of 2.92 have an inconsiderable role in the social stability of Khorramabad city. Also, the results of the second-order factor model of the research showed that among the studied dimensions, the political-cultural dimension with a load factor of 0.98 has the most impact and the social and economic dimension with a load factor of 0.42 has the least impact in Khorramabad city. Finally, the results of the analysis of the course of the structural model of the research showed that achieving social sustainability through mosques in Khorramabad city by improving the effective indicators in the six dimensions of social capital, social interactions and increasing the sense of bonding, free exchanging the opinions and votes, strengthening social solidarity and strengthening morale. With weighted covariance of 0.49, 0.48, 0.47, 0.42, 0.32 and 0.19 is conceivable.

Snow depth plays a critical role as a key input parameter in various agricultural, hydrological, and climatological models. Nevertheless, the process of estimating snow depth through optical remote sensing tools is subject to uncertainties stemming from constraints within the imaging technique. Consequently, the primary objective of this study is to employ active microwave remote sensing technology for the purpose of snow depth estimation in regions characterized by mountainous terrain. The radar interferometric technique employing active microwave imagery was utilized for the specific objective of examining the microwave signal's interaction with snow accumulation. Utilizing Sentinel 1 satellite images of the Zagros mountains in Iran during the months of February 2017, March 2019, and 2020, relevant data was acquired. Furthermore, field measurements of snow depth were conducted to validate the proposed algorithm. In order to enhance the accuracy of snow depth estimations, the data from both VV and VH channels was integrated by applying a weighting factor determined based on the local radiation angle. The comparison between the outcomes of the suggested approach and the field data revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.86. Furthermore, the calculated values for RMSE and P-Value were 14.37 cm and 0.009, correspondingly. Based on the statistical metrics derived from the validation process of the proposed technique, it demonstrated a satisfactory performance in the estimation of snow depth.