نشریه مطالعات خلیج فارس
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، تابستان 1400)

The people of Makran have been connected with India through ports and land and sea routes since ancient times. On the one hand, this connection is due to economic necessities and needs, and on the other hand, due to cultural and historical commonalities. India's trade relations with Iran, both by land and sea, were important because they connected India to Iran. Due to the insecurity of land routes, trade relations expanded through sea routes. This question is raised, what was the role of the coast of Makran in the trade relations between Iran and India from the time of Safavid to the end of Zandiyeh? The Makran area was considered one of the busiest sea trade areas for two reasons: first, due to the traffic of commercial ships that took the goods of India and China to the western areas and the ports of Siraf and Basra; Second, the ships and merchants who came from Yemen, the Red Sea, and the eastern coast of Africa to exchange goods and trade to the east and these areas. Despite the long relationship between Iran and India, the emergence of the Safavid government and the arrival of colonists to the southern coast of Iran affected the trade of this region and lost its past prosperity. The purpose of this article is to investigate and explain the role of the Makran coast in the trade relations between Iran and India during the Safavid period. The intended research has been carried out in a descriptive-analytical way using library resources.

From a long time ago, the lands on both sides of the northern and southern shores of the Persian Gulf have played a basic role as an important trading area in the East, especially in the Indian Ocean basin. Some of these areas have been very important throughout the ages and centuries and have been the main field of various historical trends, but over time, they gradually lost their position and reputation due to various reasons.
One of these areas was Bandar Hormuz (now Minab), which had an important political and economic role in the Persian Gulf region. In some periods, Hormuz port was the largest center of exchange of goods in the region. The beginning of the economic and commercial prosperity of Hormuz can be seen in the second half of the 4th century. In the process of reviewing the history of developments in Hormoz, paying attention to the administrative and organizational system of this region is of particular importance. The dependence of Hormuz on the back-border areas was of special importance due to the presence of caravan routes from the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean to the routes leading to the center of Iran. These roads were not only the intermediary of goods exchange but also the basis of cultural exchanges.
The existence of cultural diversity in Hormuz and the blending of different cultures indicates the existence of political, economic, social and cultural relationships in the past of these regions. In the last years of the 6th century, Hormuz could not continue its former prosperity and importance due to various reasons. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate the hidden aspects of political relations and the position of this region in the system of states in the southern regions of the country by knowing the location and position of this land in the southern states of Iran. This article deals with the position of Hormuz port in the system of states and provinces of southern Iran with a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources. The results of the research show that from the second half of the 4th century to the 6th century, the port of Hormuz was one of the most important commercial and political areas in southern Iran, and the prosperity or decline of this port was affected by the governance of the rulers of the southern province of Iran, in other words, the life of this port. Before the transfer, was the result of the government policies of the rulers in managing the states and establishing security in these areas.

Clothing, like other phenomena of life, has gone through a complete history and has entered the modern stage from the beginning. Man wears clothes with two purposes, to cover himself and to protect against the weather, and for this reason ,each ethnic group chooses its clothes according to the natural climate of the region where they live. The Arab and Bakhtiari tribes are important tribes of Khuzestan, each of which has its own style of clothing. The diversity of Khuzestani women's clothing is influenced by geographical and environmental diversity, as well as artistic tastes and social and cultural interests. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical approach and library resources, and seeks to examine the status of Khuzestani women (Arab, Bakhtiari) based on the reports of travel writers who were part of the written history of this period from the first Islamic period to the Qajar period. is. The results show that factors such as weather conditions, beliefs and traditions, age, social class and living conditions affect the coverage of women in these areas.

2Nowadays, the body of water west of the Strait of Hormuz is called the Persian Gulf. However, according to the historians the Persian Sea or the Persian Gulf in the past was larger than its current area. Despite numerous studies about the historical geography of the Persian Sea and the denomination of the body of water between the plateau of Iran and the Arabian Peninsula in recent decades, the name(s) of the sea between the plateau of Iran and the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf or the Persian Sea’s area have not been researched in Islamic geographical texts. Not reviewed. Therefore, the purpose of writing the present article is to study the area(s) of the Persian Sea or the Persian Gulf and the history of the name(s) of the sea between the Iranian plateau and the Arabian Peninsula in the Islamic ages. The outcome of the present article shows that the term Persian Sea or Persian Gulf in the medieval geographical texts has been simultaneously referred to the three body of water. First the area was the Eastern Sea (the Sea from Egypt to China), second, The current Oman Sea and Persian Gulf, and third the sea in front of the Fārs state. Also, according to sea naming method applied by Muslim geographers, the names of Fars, Oman, Bahrain, Basra, Sirāf, Hind, Obollah, Makran and Iraq are referred to the sea between the plateau of Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, but due to the fame and prestige of the state of Fars in the ancient and Islamic period, and the conquest of Persian rulers over the sea, the name of Persian has been more famous and popular than other names in the middle cage.

Throughout history, a deep cultural and historical connection has been established between the people of Larestan and the citizens of Persian Gulf Arab countries, and many people of Larestan live in Arab countries or travel to these areas several times a year. These interactions and communications can play a key role in promoting Iran's soft power and serving the interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran vis-.-Vis rich Arab countries. Given the importance of this topic, the author of this article tries to answer this question: What is the position and role of Larestani immigrants in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf in increasing soft power and achieving the software goals of Iran's foreign policy towards Arab countries? According to the research hypothesis, due to the trade and commercial relations, as well as the cultural and historical interaction of the people of Lar with these areas, they as an informal channel, can be a determining factor in creating solidarity and common interests between the two parties, creating a positive attitude towards the country of origin and the determination of preferences.

The inscription on the coral reef of Kharg, which was accidentally found in the 1370s on Kharg Island, has caused a debate in recent years about the reality and unreality of the cuneiform engraved on it. In 1386I was invited by Dr.Sarfaraz,head of the archeological excavation site at that time in Borazjan, to the site where the kharg inscription had been found.There in the presence of kharg island state officials and some other Bushehr cultural heritage members I gathered all the necessary information and materials including photos and reproduction of inscription I needed and returned to Teheran. Based on preliminary comparative studies, my tentative reading of the inscription was carried out through referring to almost all old persian rock and artifact inscriptions , while studying at the same time, the other contemporary and coincidental Elamite and also some Avestan texts the closest cognate language to old Persian language. After that, some opponents and supporters of archaeologists and comparative language experts have given different opinions about the authenticity of this inscription. In the past years, the author of the article considering the important and undeniable points in the inscription and acknowledging the points mentioned by the critics, has published several articles regarding the authenticity of the inscription, and at the same time answering all the criticisms of the critics. Hence and in this direction, the present article is based on the assumption that this time by proposing two hypotheses "true or false" and "new or old", by using the method of comparative linguistics and paying attention to significant and non-negligible points to examine the authenticity or inauthenticity of the inscription. Conducting dating experiments using radiocarbon and carbon 14methods to determine and prove the age of the rock and the lines of the inscription to eliminate the challenges and express positive and negative opinions is one of the suggestions made by the author of this article .