نشریه جستارهای تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 6 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

In the 10th year of Hijri, after the end of Hajj al-Balagh in Ghadir Khum, Imam Ali (AS) was introduced by Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) as his successor. The doctrine of the Ghadir event is confirmed by Muslim historical sources, but there are differences in some reports about why it happened. One of these cases is the report attributed to Muhammad bin Ishaqh. According to this quote, one of the reasons of the opponents of the meaning of succession, concerning the cause of Ghadir, is the objection of some companions of Amir al-Mu'minin (a. s.) to the Messenger of God (p. b. u. h .).Some historians after Ibn Ishaq have taken Mola to mean the Imam's friend, helper and his superiority over other companions. So, the present study, after examining the authenticity of the attribution of the report to Ibn Ishaq, seeks to find out what consequences this news has left in the Islamic sources. Some of the conclusions of this research, which was done in a descriptive-analytical method, are: the lack of the original report in the works attributed to Ibn Ishaq and the absence of a proof or reliable document regarding the attribution of this report to the Ghadir Khum event; failure to prove the reliability of some biographers of Ibn Ishaq's report and their religious and sectarian bias; the incompleteness of the narration of the report narrators; non-quotation of Ibn Ishaq's report by other famous historians, and different versions of the text and wording of Ibn Ishaq's report in the biographers' books.

Hamzah bin Abd ul-Muttalib, the uncle of the Messenger of Allah, is one of the great leaders of Islam. As a supporter of the Prophet Mohammad, he took the flag of monotheism against the polytheists and sacrificed his life for Islam. Despite the outstanding achievements of Hamzah bin Abd ul-Muttalib and advancing the ideals of Islam in the early years, not only his name is not mentioned as one of the influential figures of the beginning of Islam; but, in some sources, there has been an unceasing attempt to degrade the personality of this well-known and influential figure of Islam and to purify his killers. The present study is to name these sources and to analyze and clarify the unnoticed factors and motives of distorting Hamza's personality. This research, through library sources and descriptive-analytical method and relying on first-hand, historical and authentic hadith books, seeks to answer the question of which people, with what stimuli, have taken steps to destroy Hamza's character in different periods. This essay, while naming the most important people involved in Hamza's degrading, tries to find out their aims and activities throughout history. The upcoming research by referring to the reports against Hamzah in Sunni sources shows that in addition to the problems in the documents of the chain of narrators, they are textually inconsistent with historical events, and as a result, they are not acceptable.

Imam Hadi (a. s.) (212-254 AH) lived in a period that he had to confront the rulers and agents of the Abbasid dynasty and also to face currents of thought that deviate people's beliefs. So, by training knowledgeable and scholarly companions in the political and epistemological field, he confronted with these groups. The present research, through a descriptive-analytical method, has classified the activities of these companions and introduced them so that the audience can obtain a general perspective of the era of Imam Hadi (a. s.). Therefore, by using the library sources and referring to religious books, catalogs and historical works, the data needed to know the companions of Imam Hadi (a. s.) have been collected. Then, according to the activities, Imam's companions were typified in three types of activities: political activism with anti-government activities, such as participating in uprisings; organizational activism, such as actions in the advocacy organization, and epistemic activism, such as confronting the exaggerators (Ghalian.)

The Shi’a school in Yemen has a long history, and since the end of the third century of Hijri, many Shi’a governments have been established in this geographical area. Among these governments, the Zaidi dynasty has a special and important place due to its longevity and its great role in promoting and spreading the school of Shiism. The present study tried to answer the question: what were the political and cultural obstacles to the expansion of Zaidi Shiism in the first period of the Zaidi rule in Yemen? The purpose of the research is to examine the political and cultural obstacles to the advancement and expansion of Zaidi Shiism while analyzing the position of Zaidi Shiism. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on library resources. The findings of the research show that several factors have been involved, among which we can mention the insecurity and the rebellion of the tribes, internal divisions and the inability of the governors to run the state. Another conclusion of this research is to learn the standards and criteria of the Zaidiyyah Imams in their governance, as well as the way of dealing with their opponents.

Khattabiyeh, one of the Ghali movements of the era of the Imams (AS) , refers to the followers of Abu al-Khattab, who is one of the famous Ghalians of the time of Imam Sadiq (AS). The question that is raised here is the extent of the influence of Abul Khattab on his followers and sects of Khattabi and its reasons. Studying the subject through the descriptive and analytical method shows that the followers of Abul-Khattab had a great devotion to him and were influenced by his extravagant and deviant speculations. The influence of Abul Khattab - which continued until later periods - was such that the warnings of Imam Sadiq (a. s.) to them and the enlightenment of Imam could not reduce it. Abul-Khattab's influence, which led some to the point of being killed, was due to various factors such as people’s ignorance, Abul-Khattab's deceptions, Abul-Khattab's previous position, and Khattabiyeh's tendency to permissiveness.

In the center of the Mediterranean Sea, there is an island known as Sicily. This Island is a beautiful and fertile land with a mild Mediterranean climate. It is located at the intersection of two continents, Europe and Africa, and is the nearest connecting route between these two continents after the Strait of Gibraltar. This geographical location has made Sicily the target of many attacks and invasions throughout history. Muslims were one of these groups that attacked this Island many times. The present study, through descriptive-analytical method, tried to answer this question: what was the history of the Muslim conquest of Sicily and what cultural and civilizational achievements did they have during their domination there over the centuries? Research shows that the Muslim ruling dynasties on the Island flourished and expanded Islamic culture and civilization. The effects of this prosperity, especially in the form of art and architecture, continued even after the collapse of Islamic governments and during the Christian Norman era. Some Normans were tolerant towards Muslims and this made the effects of Islamic culture and civilization on the Island still noticeable.