نشریه معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک
سال یازدهم شماره 18 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Qohestan has been the focus of the Ismailia sect due to its strategic location and location on the communication routes, mountainous geographical background, distance from the caliphate, and rich mineral resources. In this region, 48 castles are identified from this era, most of which were built on the heights and peaks of the mountains. The structure of such castles is based on the geographic scope and landscape of mountains and ridges, and geographical factors were influential in creating these castles. This article analyzes the hierarchical and the central Place of Ismailia castles according to environmental and geographical factors. In this analysis, environmental factors such as distance from water sources and roads, type of land use, altitude above sea level, the height of castles from the surface of the surrounding land, location of castles concerning the degree of slope and direction, type of soil, precipitation, and type of climate are used. According to the statistical analysis using the Arc Gis and Spss software and cluster method, it is determined that there is a three-ranked pattern with the centrality of the Kal Hassan Sabah Castle, the Kohan Dezh Castle of Nehbandan, and the Ferdous Castle Mount among the Ismailia castles in Qohestan, and the texts and historical sources also confirm it to some extent. Most of the Ismailia castles are in the second rank. The second group is castles, which are less critical regarding geographical features than the first group and are in second place regarding their location in the geographical and environmental landscape. Ismailia castles are much bigger and broader than other castles, and in addition to having purely defensive functions, they also have residential, welfare, and other functions. For this reason, they were built on top of a high peak in Khorasan and the Alborz Mountain range. The third group (lowest rank), which has only one castle named Zari Castle, is ranked third in the cluster analysis because of its small size, low altitude from the sea level, and low height from the surrounding lands. The importance of this castle is because it is located a short distance from the Zari copper mine, and it is one of the ancient mines from which copper and gold were extracte. Perhaps because of gold mining, it was called Zari Castle, and the duty of this castle was to protect the mining and smelting of copper or gold. The patterns of the central place and hierarchy of castles seem to be correctly expressed by statistical analysis because historical sources and texts also confirm a three-rank pattern among castles.

The difference between the attitude of the designer and the audience, the difference between different groups of audiences and the evolution of the audience's demands over time are among the things that cause the designer's incomplete prediction of the changing needs and conditions of the audience; therefore, flexible architecture is essential. Flexibility, as a spatial quality, is the coordination of the "connection" between "human, space and time" and in this connection, it responds to the functions expected by the audience from the architectural space according to his changing needs; Thus, the ability of the space to accept multiple and diverse functions in different time frames increases. On the one hand, human communication with space occurs in two ways: direct (activity) with the content of primary meanings and indirect (imagination) with the content of secondary meanings; On the other hand, since the flexibility of space is considered a semantic quality, this quality can be found in the traditional housing of Iran and especially the examples of this research, that is, the traditional housing of Yazd, through the approach that focuses on how to produce and interpret meaning within the framework of common cultural agreements. (cods) is focused, that is, the semiotic approach was analyzed; Therefore, the current research in a hierarchical process, with the aim of analyzing the concepts of architectural flexibility (definitions, categories and characteristics) and determining the place of flexibility in the traditional housing of Yazd, explaining the semiotic principles and rules and matching them with the concepts of flexibility in architecture and compiling semiotic patterns of interpretation These concepts are discussed in examples of this architecture. The findings of this research indicate that the principles and rules of semiotics will have the ability to describe and analyze the aspect of indirect communication between humans and space (imagination), in order to interpret the meaning of flexible species, and consequently other aspects of communication. The results of this research show that based on semiotic analysis, the coordination between face and content in flexible architecture, by accepting the symbolic role of the body, leads to the realization of the process of interpretation and as a result a deeper connection between the audience and architecture, and on the other hand, other qualitative aspects of architecture Like arena, spatial territory, etc., in traditional architecture and housing, they will have the capability of systematic analysis and interpretation by using the categories of semiotic approach. In the methodology of this research, the collection of data is started with a documentary-library method, the organization of information is done with a descriptive-analytical method, and the matching between the concepts of quality, flexibility and the basics of semiotics is done with the strategy of logical reasoning.

The pigeon house or pigeon tower, as the name implies, is a place for the living and offspring of the pigeons and as a kind of indigenous Iranian architecture and a functional, historical monument has gradually found its position in various parts of Iranian architecture. These monuments were initially constructed just as a very small part of a larger architectural complex with the purpose of military and security exploitation of the pigeons residing there to communicate or exchange messages and news in specific circumstances.Due to the location of a significant number of mentioned buildings in agricultural farms and the increasing risk of their destruction, it is necessary to conduct basic studies and explain their special place in the history of Iranian architecture in order to preserve and introduce them. Based on this, it seems that the mentioned buildings have been a kind of reflection of the social class and the conditions of the society around them in terms of form, structure, and dimensions. Therefore, in order to examine the relationship between architecture and the social class that governs each region, the authors have studied and classified them. In this regard, in the first stage, they have documented the mentioned works, including preparing photos, designs, required maps (plan, facade, section) and obtaining initial information from the mentioned buildings based on field visits to Dovecotes in the study area and then they have proceeded to prepare a scattering map and analysis of the architecture of the dovecotes. With the use of GIS science and its software, steps have been taken to achieve real scientific results. Based on the information obtained from the mentioned buildings and their location, the question arises that what is the relationship between different farming communities and the structure of dovecote formation? And how can this connection be explained? Given the existence of a class system governing society (master-peasant) in the Middle and Late Islamic periods, the authors plan to use archeological studies to study the formation of dovecotes in different areas, assuming that the creation of dovecotes in various dimensions and structures in different parts of the country depended on the ruling class in that region.

Cooling systems in hot and arid climate buildings play a significant role in climate change due to their high water and energy consumption. Although evaporative coolers are effective at cooling the space, they are often uncontrollable and ineffective during periods of low cooling demand, which can result in overcooling of the indoor space. Previous studies have paid less attention to reducing water consumption in evaporative cooling systems. Therefore, a study has been conducted to propose a hybrid cooling system for reducing water consumption in evaporative cooling of buildings in hot and arid climates. This study aims to add new features to the existing cooling system in hot and arid climates, transforming it into a more suitable cooling system that can significantly reduce water and energy consumption while improving indoor thermal conditions.

This study was conducted on a sample residential building in the hot and arid climate of Yazd City for five days (24 hours per day in August and September). The building had a 3D panel structure, which acted as an insulator. A field study was conducted during the summer season in two similar rooms. Environmental indicators, such as temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and water consumption by the evaporative cooler, were measured using relevant devices. The experiment consisted of two stages: evaluating the initial state of the rooms and assessing the performance of the evaporative cooler and hybrid system compared to one-sided natural ventilation.

When the rooms were examined for uniformity, among the three tested states, one-sided natural ventilation and evaporative cooling based on natural ventilation had little effect on reducing the space temperature, and only the evaporative cooler had an effective role in reducing the room's temperature. By using the evaporative cooler for 24 hours, on average, the temperature reduction was 8°C compared to the one-sided natural ventilation, and the relative humidity increased by 23%. The measurements indicated that during a 24-hour period, the evaporative cooler consumed 290 liters of water and 10kWh of electricity.

The performance of evaporative cooling systems was compared to one-sided natural ventilation as the base case. The proposed hybrid system achieved an average temperature reduction of 5.5 °C and an increase in relative humidity of 16-18 % compared to the one-sided natural ventilation. While the hybrid system had lower temperature fluctuations compared to the evaporative cooler, on average, the temperature decreased more and the relative humidity increased more with the use of the evaporative cooler. By examining the effect of this issue on the room, the evaporative cooler's performance was excessive most of the time, making it unsuitable for providing thermal comfort. In contrast, the hybrid system provided better thermal comfort than the evaporative cooler in most hours, even with an outdoor environment temperature ranging from 32°C to 30°C. Using the hybrid system instead of the evaporative cooler can reduce electricity consumption by 74% and water consumption by 96%. In other words, it reduced water consumption to 10 liters/day and electricity consumption to 2.6 kWh. Importantly, this system is designed with auxiliary fans and components related to the evaporative cooler, and it can be easily implemented as a simple and low-cost solution with high performance and a low payback period without creating limitations in the design. Therefore, it will be a suitable replacement for current mechanical evaporative cooling systems for the afternoon, evening, and early morning hours (between 18:00 to 08:00) in warm summer and spring months.

The collective unconscious is the agent of many artistic actions, and it usually plays the most important role in the shaping of their overall themes. However, experience shows that the semi-collective unconscious is more effective in the lasting of the forms and even the details of artworks. Using a psycho-biological approach, this research aims to show the influence of the semi-collective unconscious on the institutionalization of admired patterns. The main question is: How similar are the head covers worn by native people of Asia to the same enduring patterns of domes in the tribes of Asia? To answer this question, the historical-interpretive research method and analogical-inductive reasoning method were used. To this end, 50 post - from 10th-century domes were selected using the library method from three regions — East, Central, and West Asia — and from countries with similar climates and peoples with similar ethnic identities who influenced the culture and architecture. Auto CAD and Photoshop software were then used to calibrate the proportions of the domes with common and similar hats in each region. According to research findings, which show more than 85% overlap between calibrated forms; the pattern of domes is not restricted to structure, function, and climate. The architects and creators of this art, while taking these factors into account, have utilized authentic and indigenous covering of each region in the domes of that land to fulfill biological and psychological needs. Because these patterns are the most compatible with climate and cultural tastes despite the material differences. In addition to the peripheral lines, these similarities can sometimes be seen in patterns, textures, and even colors and details. Therefore, it can be said: semi-collective unconscious, in the field of form, with the sieve of beliefs, and norms based on successful subjects, honors the resulting forms and uses these diverse local patterns in the architecture of its origin.

Holding different custom and rituals in every society strengthens the social ties of that society. Meanwhile, in Shi’a culture, Muharram mourning ceremonies have been valued semantically and create the basis for a set of rituals which gradually found diverse social functions and became part of popular culture. During Qajar period, unlike the previous periods, due to the role of religion and religious ceremonies in the social life of this period, special places were crated for holding these ceremonies, most important of which were Ashura rituals. In Nain, the space system of Husseinieh square (consisting of bodied squares and the physical form of Husseinieh) was influenced by these traditions during the Qajar period. The present study, as a case study seeks to explain how ceremonies and rituals interact especially Muharram and Safar mourning ceremonies as an identity and cultural factor of the city of Nain. Results of the questionnaires along with theoretical analysis, showed that in the interaction between the Ashura rituals and the city of Nain in terms of physical characteristics, they created certain elements and spaces in the Qajar period in Nain (Heptad Husseinieh squares) which are considered as the most important spatial and ritual elements which formed urban space and central neighborhoods and also considered as an important factor in the structure of the spatial system and its physical integrity. Also, mourning ceremonies have influenced the spaces associated with it due to their accordance with the beliefs of city’s resident and was effective in the identifying the spaces and their sense of belonging. Performing t is carried out in all aspects with the role and participation of people, and as a result of the experience of this group work in working together, provides the for creating social consistency and local integrity in the course of holding such ceremonies.

The primary core of many cities has been formed and developed in a historical and natural ‎setting, which can be called the base. Over time and with the expansion of cities and ‎technological, economic, and demographic developments, these platforms have been ‎marginalized and turned into inefficient and semi-active textures. Since the improvement ‎is a set of actions that aim to strengthen the positive characteristics of the texture and ‎buildings, and on the other hand, the potential historical and natural capabilities are the ‎strengths of these settings, strengthening these strengths will lead to the organization and ‎rehabilitation of the historical and natural settings. Considering that cultural landscape ‎pays attention to nature and culture at the same time, and these two aspects are the ‎common foundations between cultural landscape and historical and natural settings, it is ‎an effective approach to improving and strengthening urban settings‏.‏The purpose of this research is to find out which components from the cultural perspective ‎strengthen the spatial, functional‏,‏‎ and cultural characteristics and ultimately improve ‎these settings. Therefore, the research has analyzed and explained the concept of cultural ‎landscape and finally, by explaining the levels of development and continuity of cultural ‎landscape, it has extracted effective practical components from them. The research ‎method of this article is qualitative and analytical. By collecting data from library ‎sources, a review of ideas, documents‏,‏‎ and conventions was done and after analyzing the ‎concepts, the formative and continuity levels and practical components of the cultural ‎landscape were explained‏.‏The results of the research show that the unity of the formative and continuity levels of ‎the cultural landscape gives three practical components: authenticity and integrity - ‎legibility, authenticity‏,‏‎ and integrity - flexibility, and authenticity and integrity - ‎memorable, each of which respectively strengthens the formal - physical characteristics, ‎Functional - activity and cultural - social natural historical settings‏ ‏and in this way, form, ‎function‏,‏‎ and meaning are revived and improvement and rehabilitation of the settings is ‎realized‏.‏

In response to the global energy crisis, there has been a growing emphasis on optimizing energy consumption in buildings, especially their external facades. This trend has presented new challenges for professionals in the building industry, who must consider indoor air quality and effective ventilation. To address these challenges, the concept of breathing windows has emerged as an innovative solution, especially when combined with the use of glass surfaces in buildings. Breathing windows offer the potential to reduce energy consumption and provide natural ventilation in spaces. This paper aims to introduce and examine the potential of breathing windows in reducing energy consumption and providing natural ventilation in double-skin facades. To achieve this objective, a descriptive-analytical research methodology was employed. Computer simulations were conducted using DesignBuilder software, and numerical calculations were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of breathing windows in maximizing ventilation. The research focused on answering the question: How does the implementation of breathing windows affect ventilation in double-skin facades? The research findings indicate that the use of breathing windows featuring double glazing on both the inner and outer layers, offers significant benefits compared to the baseline case without double glazing. When combined with facade ventilation utilizing outside air, breathing windows resulted in a remarkable 26.4% improvement in the efficiency of double-skin facades. This improvement was primarily manifested in reduced energy consumption and enhanced ventilation performance in the double-skin facade system. In conclusion, breathing windows hold great promise for optimizing energy consumption and providing natural ventilation in double-skin facades. The implementation of breathing windows, equipped with double glazing on both the inner and outer layers, in conjunction with facade ventilation utilizing outside air, demonstrates substantial potential for energy reduction and improved ventilation performance. Further exploration and adoption of breathing windows could lead to more sustainable and comfortable building environments.

The effects of water on the fundamental elements of the city as an independent element in nature is a subject that has been debated by experts. The research method is the comparative causal correlation with deductive reasoning. Traditional and contemporary houses in two central and southern regions of Fars province have been designated as study samples. The information has been attained via library studies, field observations, scattered documents, and in-depth interviews with residents and knowledgeable and expert people. The introduction and application of new knowledge and technical facilities related to water in the cities have regularly changed the shape of the physical elements of the houses. The quantitative outlook and the way of using water in the design of the new house have caused the forgetting of the transcendent aesthetic values and the psychological and climatic effects of water and the decline of the spatial quality of the houses.The effects of water on the fundamental elements of the city as an independent element in nature is a subject that has been debated by experts. The research method is the comparative causal correlation with deductive reasoning. Traditional and contemporary houses in two central and southern regions of Fars province have been designated as study samples. The information has been attained via library studies, field observations, scattered documents, and in-depth interviews with residents and knowledgeable and expert people. The introduction and application of new knowledge and technical facilities related to water in the cities have regularly changed the shape of the physical elements of the houses. The quantitative outlook and the way of using water in the design of the new house have caused the forgetting of the transcendent aesthetic values and the psychological and climatic effects of water and the decline of the spatial quality of the houses.

The protection of historical places requires the recognition of their values as the main part of the motivation for this commitment. Currently, this motivation and commitment is considered expert and predetermined, and the commitment in it is of the psychological type of place dependence. This type of commitment is formed without human experiential intervention based on location-oriented contractual values. On the other hand, commitment is a psychological type of attachment to a place, which commits him to the protection of a historical place from the emotional path and simultaneous experience of a person. Based on this, the article with a qualitative approach, a case study strategy, a guided qualitative content analysis method, and a semi-structured interview method from a targeted sample of people attached to the Farat Mosque in Yazd, aims to describe the value of a historical place from the attitude of people attached to the historical place, as a motivation for their commitment. Regarding the protection of a historical place and explaining its difference with the attitude of people depending on the place. The selection of the interviewees has been done through sequential targeted sampling and the "theoretical sampling" method.The findings show the fundamental differences between the values of the historical place in the attitude of the dependent and attached person in terms of the process of valuation and recognition and the type and priority of the values. The main source of these differences is the zeroing of time in the dependent person's attitude and, on the other hand, the presence of time in the form of simultaneous experience of the attached person and the valuing of the historical place in his attitude. In such a way that the dependent person defines the value of the historical place based on location-oriented and needs-oriented values in a contractual manner and with the priority of today's value; If the attached person defines the value of the historical place in his simultaneous experience and based on human emotions and his interactions with other people and the place, and gives priority to social interactions and emotional knots.

In recent decades, cooperative learning has become one of the most common methods in architectural design education. Despite the many benefits of this approach, some reports indicate the emergence of conflicts within groups, leading to disruptions in teaching or the dissolution of groups In the present study, utilizing a literature review, the theoretical foundations of two domains, namely "Architectural Design Problem-Solving" and " cooperative learning," along with the proposed models for problem-solving and cooperative learning have been examined. Subsequently, through a comparative-interpretive method, the key features of these two domains were compared, and by matching the similarities and differences, the roots of the capacities and challenges of employing participatory learning in architectural design education were identified. The results of the research show that problem solving consists of two types of cognitive activities: "convergent" (including framing, data selection, solution generation, and validation and implementation) and "divergent" (including problem statement, studies, analysis, and evaluation). Convergent stages help in defining and controlling the problem/solution space, while divergent stages assist in expanding and creating diversity in the problem/solution space. The main capacity of employing cooperative learning in architectural design education returns to the divergent stages, where, due to the collective abilities, the group can explore various dimensions of the problem/solution space comprehensively. The main challenge is related to the convergent stages, where individuals may disagree due to the necessity of decision-making or consensus in the problem/solution space. In order to achieve a cooperative approach that is aligned with the nature of the design process, precautions should be taken to ensure the convergence of group members. This will enable the utilization of the divergent capacities while also managing potential challenges. Selecting an individual for leadership and group management in decision-making in times of conflict and multiplicity, having a framework for decision-making and choices, increasing social and communication skills, and utilizing a combination of compatible and balanced groups in terms of convergence and divergence can create an opportunity to utilize the capacities of divergence while creating convergence in the group.