فهرست مطالب

Journal of New Approaches in Exercise Physiology
Volume:5 Issue: 10, Summer and Autumn 2023

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1402/09/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • The effect of eight weeks of resistance training on some serum and metabolic markers of bone mass in postmenopausal women
    Ahmad Fasihi *, Farzad Ghafari, Maede Jalili Page 2
     Background and Purpose

    Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease of the skeletal system and the main cause of fractures and death in elderly people, especially postmenopausal women

    Materials and Methods

    24 inactive postmenopausal women with an age range of 46-58 years participated in this study. Subjects were assigned to resistance training and control groups. Before and after the training period, weight, body mass index, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, serum phosphorus and bone density of lumbar vertebrae were measured (by Dexa method). The training protocol consisted of upper and lower body resistance training in 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 and independent t and paired t statistical tests.

    Findings

    The results of this research showed that the experimental group had a significant increase in the amount of alkaline phosphatase.

    Conclusion

    According to the findings of the present study, in order to maintain or prevent the decrease in bone density of postmenopausal women, resistance exercises can be recommended.

    Keywords: Resistance Training, Metabolic Markers, Present Study
  • The effect of high-intensity interval training on follistatin, irisin plasma levels and lipid profile in overweight and obese women
    Naser Rostamzadeh *, Dara Saifaddin, Saeed Abdi, Saiwan Muhammed Page 3
    Background and purpose

    Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on serum levels of irisin, follistatin and metabolic status of overweight and obese women.

    Materials and methods

    The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pre and post-test design. 30 women with an average age of 22.9±2.11 years, weight 82.45±6.1 kg, BMI above 28 kg/m2) voluntarily participated and they were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people including HIIT (4 bouts of 60 seconds of running at an intensity of 80-90% HRmax with a 4-minute rest in the first four weeks) and control (did not have a regular exercise program). Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the start of the training period and 48 hours after the end of the last session, to measure irisin, Follistatin and metabolic status, by ELISA method. Then, independent t-test was used to examine changes between groups, and correlated t-test was used for intragroup comparison. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 25 software at a significance level of 0.05.

    Findings

    After 8 weeks of intervention, the HIIT group showed that HIIT exercises led to a significant increase in irisin(p=0.25) and follistatin(p=0.12), triglyceride (p=0.30), total cholesterol levels. (p=0.41), LDL (p=0.14), VLDL (p=0.17), weight (p=0.31), fat percentage (p =0.21)) and BMI (p=0.251);And there was a significant increase in maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.11). However, no significant change was observed in the amount of HDL (p=0.55).

    Keywords: Follistatin, Irisin, Lipid Profile, Obese Women, Interval Training
  • The effect of caffeine consumption on the time to reach fatigue and oxygen consumption index in active men
    Kamal Ranjbar *, Ebrahim Zarrinkalam Page 4
    Background and purpose

    Caffeine is a widely used and available physiological stimulant that is effective in sports performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of caffeine consumption and exercise on fatigue and cardiovascular responses in active men.

    Materials and methods

    The statistical population of this research was made up of all male students of physical education in the age range of 19 to 27 years with at least three activity sessions per week. 15 of them were selected as subjects and they performed the exercise protocol in two stages (the first stage by eating placebo and the second stage by eating coffee). Subjects consumed 5 mg/kg of coffee in the first session under placebo conditions, and in the second session, subjects consumed 5 mg/kg of coffee one hour before the test. Blood samples were collected before taking placebo or caffeine and after the test.

    Findings

    The results of the correlated t-test showed that the consumption of caffeine supplements significantly increased the time to reach fatigue and the index of oxygen consumption after exercise. In general, it can be said that active men can use 6 mg/kg of caffeine supplement one hour before sports activity to improve the time to reach fatigue.

    Keywords: Caffeine, Fatigue, Active Men, Oxygen Consumption Index
  • Mohaddeseh Bashtani *, Sina Radaei, Rozhan Karami, Nazanin Zahra Azizi, Kamian Khazai Pages 5-21
    Background and
    purpose
    Physical activity is effective on the serum level of the monoamine neurotransmitter dopamine and also reduces psychological disorders such as depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of walking on plasma levels of dopamine and the level of depression in elderly women with Alzheimer's disease.
    Method
    In this semi-experimental study, 20 women with Alzheimer's disease with an average age of 73.5 ± 7.72 years who were suffering from moderate to severe depression according to the Beck questionnaire with the opinion of a psychiatrist in a targeted manner and the sample available for were selected to participate in the research. The subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups of 10 people, including the experimental group (walking) and the control group (without regular physical activity). The subjects in the walking group exercised on the treadmill for eight weeks three sessions per week and each session lasted 30-45 minutes with an intensity of 60-75% of the maximum heart rate. Before and after the exercise intervention, blood samples were taken from the cubital vein of all participants in a 12-hour fasting state. Serotonin and dopamine levels were evaluated by ELISA method. The results were extracted using the paired t test and covariance at a significance level of 0.5.
    Findings
    8 weeks of walking led to a significant increase in dopamine levels (p=0.005) and a significant decrease in depression (p=0.001) in the experimental group compared to the control group.
    Conclusion
    It seems that walking can have positive effects on some neurotransmitters and reduce the level of depression in elderly women with Alzheimer's disease.
    Keywords: Walking, Dopamine, Depression, Alzheimer's
  • Nafiseh Barjasteh-Asgari, Hashem Piri *, Minoo Azizi-Ashraf, Rahman Sheikhhoseini Pages 22-42
    Purpose
    Muscle flexibility is a component of physical fitness. Using traditional tools in muscle length evaluation tests creates challenges. Therefore, the use of smartphones and health-related software as an alternative method has become widespread. This study aimed to investigate smartphones' intra- and inter-rater reliability and validity for measuring hamstring muscle length.
    Method
    In a blinded study design, two researchers measured hamstring flexibility through four types of tests on each of the 22 asymptomatic participants with a total of 44 lower limbs. The measurements were compared between the traditional goniometer method and the practical smartphone application method. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reliability of each smartphone measurement, and Bland-Altman analysis was used to check the measurement errors. The validity of the two methods was also investigated.
    Results
    Intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICC≥0.8) were good to almost perfect. In intra-rater reliability, PSLR angle showed consistent imprecision; other tests were free of systematic error and measurement error. The inter-rater reliability revealed a constant error in the right leg's PKE angle. A good to excellent correlation (r = 0.817–0.699) was observed in all the measured values, indicating the two methods' validity.
    Conclusion
    These findings support from intra- and inter-rater reliability and validity of both instruments when measuring hamstring muscle length.
    Keywords: Flexibility, Reliability, Validity, Smartphone, Measurement
  • Bakhtyar Tartibian, Leila Fasihi *, Rasoul Eslami Pages 43-62
    Background
    Osteoporosis is a decrease in bone density among older adults that can lead to painful fractures and disability. People in developing countries are not interested in examining bone mineral density until fractures occur. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the indicators affecting osteoporosis with femoral mineral density in active and inactive elderly men.
    Methods
    A total of 45 active and 45 inactive men with an age range of 70 to 85 years with medical records and clinical trials were selected. Anthropometric characteristics and serum indices of the subjects were used as effective indicators of osteoporosis. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to find the relationship between the indicators and the mineral density of the femur. SPSS software version 26 was used for data analysis.
    Results
    The results of the present study showed that in both groups of active and inactive elderly men, a significant relationship was observed between anthropometric characteristics and serum indices with bone mineral density (P≤0.05). No significant relationship was found between other indicators.
    Conclusion
    In general, the results show that there is a significant relationship between bone density and weight, body mass index, age, calcium, phosphorus and serum alkaline phosphatase of all subjects. Therefore, in adulthood and old age, these blood and anthropometric variables can be used to identify people at risk for osteoporosis.
    Keywords: Bone Mineral Density, Elderly Men, Blood, Anthropometric Indices
  • Rasoul Eslami, Arezoo Soleymani Fard *, Diako Heidary Pages 63-94
    Purpose
    In this study, we investigated the effects of resistance training types on clinical and functional indices in older individuals with Osteosarcopenia.
    Method
    In this Systematic Review study, a systematic searching strategy was used in information databases such as Pub Med, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Ambace, all of the studies were extracted by using specific keywords such as Strength exercise, Exercise training, Resistance exercise, Resistance training, Strength training, Physical activity, Osteosarcopenia, Aging, Older adult, Elderly which were published on 7th August 2023. After all preliminary screening, surveying of complete text, and assessment of critical studies, scrutinized articles were related to inclusion criteria. Finally, 17 papers were selected for this study.
    Results
    According to the present study, Resistance training for Osteosarcopenia older individuals has an effective result to improve Osteosarcopenia risk factors, and older patients’ performance and clinical status. However, it has to be mentioned that it needs further study in the contexts of Resistance training and Osteosarcopenia syndrome in elderly adults.
    Conclusion
    Resistance exercise training has markedly beneficial effects on elderly patients with Osteosarcopenia which improves Sarcopenia risk factors, and older patients’ performance, clinical status and function of elderly patients.
    Keywords: Aging, Exercise Training, Osteosarcopenia, Resistance Training
  • The effects of resistance training types on clinical and functional indices in older individuals with Osteosarcopenia: A Systematic Review
    Rasoul Eslami, Arezoo Soleymani Fard *, Diako Heidary Pages 83-114
    Purpose
    In this study, we investigated the effects of resistance training types on clinical and functional indices in older individuals with Osteosarcopenia.
    Method
    In this Systematic Review study, a systematic searching strategy was used in information databases such as Pub Med, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Ambace, all of the studies were extracted by using specific keywords such as Strength exercise, Exercise training, Resistance exercise, Resistance training, Strength training, Physical activity, Osteosarcopenia, Aging, Older adult, Elderly which were published on 7th August 2023. After all preliminary screening, surveying of complete text, and assessment of critical studies, scrutinized articles were related to inclusion criteria. Finally, 17 papers were selected for this study.
    Results
    According to the present study, Resistance training for Osteosarcopenia older individuals has an effective result to improve Osteosarcopenia risk factors, and older patients’ performance and clinical status. However, it has to be mentioned that it needs further study in the contexts of Resistance training and Osteosarcopenia syndrome in elderly adults.
    Conclusion
    Resistance exercise training has markedly beneficial effects on elderly patients with Osteosarcopenia which improves Sarcopenia risk factors, and older patients’ performance, clinical status and function of elderly patients.
    Keywords: Aging, Exercise Training, Osteosarcopenia, Resistance Training
  • Narges Fasihi, Hamid Agha-Alinejad * Pages 95-113
    Purpose
    Obesity is a complex disease that causes oxidative stress by disrupting fat metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ten weeks of swimming exercises with nigella sativa (Black Seed) supplementation on the plasma lipid profile of inactive obese women.
    Method
    In this study, 40 inactive obese women with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 26, and an average age (29.06 ± 7.94 years), were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into four groups of 10 people. The control group, the training group, the training group - nigella sativa supplement and the nigella sativa group were divided. The control group had a normal diet and no training; the nigella sativa supplement group consumed 2 nigella sativa capsules of 1000 mg daily for 10 weeks; The swimming training group performed swimming exercises for 10 weeks and three sessions a week with an intensity of 60% of the maximum heart rate and the duration of each session was 75 minutes; the nigella sativa -training group also performed both the training and supplement protocols. At the end of the period, blood indicators of (low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol. Total (TC)) and anthropometric variables were measured. Covariance analysis and paired t-test at a significance level of 0.05 were used for data analysis.
    Results
    Investigations showed that there is no significant difference between the groups in the values of HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC (P>0.05). However, in the intra-group comparison, hockey results have a significant difference in HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC in the exercise and exercise +supplement and nigella sativa groups (P>0.05).
    Conclusion
    It seems that taking two weeks of swimming exercises along with nigella sativa supplement improves some of the fat profile indicators and can probably be effective in improving the complications caused by obesity.
    Keywords: Swimming Exercises, Black Seeds, Obese, Lipid Profile
  • Mojtaba Ghorbani Asiabar *, Morteza Ghorbani Asiabar, Alireza Ghorbani Asiabar Pages 114-132
    Purpose
    This study aimed to investigate the relationship between gut microbiome composition, athletic performance, and post-exercise recovery in endurance athletes following probiotic supplementation.  
    Method
    In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 40 male endurance runners (age: 28.3 ± 5.2 years) were randomly assigned to either a probiotic (n=20) or placebo (n=20) group for 8 weeks. The probiotic group received a daily supplement containing a blend of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus plantarum (20 billion CFU total). Fecal samples were collected before and after the intervention and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Athletic performance was assessed through VO2max testing and time to exhaustion. Recovery was evaluated by measuring delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and creatine kinase (CK) levels.
    Results
    The probiotic group showed a significant increase in gut microbial diversity (Shannon index: p<0.01) and relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (p<0.001). Significant improvements were observed in VO2max (4.7%, p<0.05) and time to exhaustion (7.2%, p<0.01) in the probiotic group compared to placebo. The probiotic group also demonstrated reduced DOMS (23%, p<0.05) and lower peak CK levels (18%, p<0.01) relative to the placebo group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that changes in Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium abundances were significant predictors of performance improvement (R² = 0.68, p<0.001).
    Conclusion
    This study provides evidence that gut microbiome modulation through probiotic supplementation can enhance athletic performance and accelerate post-exercise recovery in endurance runners. These findings suggest that targeted manipulation of the gut microbiome may be a novel strategy for improving sports performance and recovery.
    Keywords: Gut Microbiome, Probiotics, Endurance Performance, Exercise Recovery, Sports Nutrition
  • Bahman Ebrahimi, Torkamani *, Marefat Siahkohian Pages 133-154
    Purpose
    For most trainers, the relationship between training volume and intensity as key components is a very important and effective issue. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between two key components of exhausting running at Heart Rate Deflection Point (HRDP) in girls.
    Methods
    A number of 40 girls of physical education of Mohaghegh Ardabili University were selected as subjects with an age range of 19 to 23 years. Then, they ran individually in four separate sessions with an intensity of 70, 80, 90 and 100% of heart rate breaking point with a minimum interval of 72 hours. Using non-linear regression, the relationship between exercise volume and intensity was analyzed.
    Results
    The findings showed that the inverse relationship between the volume (as a dependent variable) and the intensity (as an independent variable) of exhausting running at the HRDP of young girls' follows the non-linear 2nd degree function.
    Conclusion
    According to the results of this study, it can be said that the inverse relationship between the volume and the intensity of running is non-linear. The noteworthy point is that in this estimation, the training volume was fitted based on the intensity, the relevant equation, which has a practical aspect for sports science trainers and researchers. Heart rate, as an important physiological index available to all coaches, can easily estimate the running time of young girls using the fitted equation.
    Keywords: Running, Exhausting, Heart Rate Deflection Point, Quantification
  • Hasan Naghizade Ghezel Ahmad, Hamidreza Fallah Yakhdani, Solaleh Hoseinzade, Alireza Babaei Mazreno * Pages 155-182
    Purpose
    The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of progressive resistance exercise and a subsequent detraining period on the indicators of muscle fiber shortening (FS%) and the relative wall thickness (RWT) of the left ventricle in low-mobility women.
    Method
    This semi-experimental study was conducted in a field-laboratory setting. A total of 32 sedentary women, who met the criteria for participation and were able to engage in the exercise protocol, were randomly assigned to two groups: 1) Resistance training group (16 participants), and 2) Control group (16 participants). Anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and structural indices such as left ventricular muscle fiber shortening percentage (FS%) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured using an echocardiography device at three intervals: before the start of training, at the end of 8 weeks of training, and after a 4-week detraining period. The training protocol was implemented over 12 weeks, consisting of 8 weeks of training with three sessions per week, followed by 4 weeks of detraining. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of p < 0.05, using SPSS version 21.
    Results
    The results showed a significant difference in FS% between pre-test and post-test measurements for both the experimental and control groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant decrease in FS% was observed in the training group during the detraining period (p < 0.05). Similarly, a significant change in RWT was found between pre-test and post-test measurements in both groups (p < 0.05), and significant changes in RWT were also observed during the detraining period in the training group (p < 0.05).
    Conclusion
    Based on these findings, it can be concluded that 8 weeks of resistance training led to beneficial changes in the structure and function of the heart in sedentary women. However, the 4-week detraining period resulted in negative effects on these adaptations. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals engage in regular and structured resistance training to maintain these positive adaptations.
    Keywords: Resistance Training, Detraining, Structural, Functional Heart Indicators, Low-Mobility Women
  • Saeed Naeimi *, Zahra Kazemi Babaheidari, Nima Beiigi Jafarabadi Pages 183-200
    Purpose
    Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is pain and stiffness that occurs several hours to several days after unusual or intense exercise. It is thought that this exercise causes small damage (micro trauma) to muscle fibers. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of high-intensity resistance training and resistance retraining on serum levels of some indices of muscle damage in inactive young girls.
    Method
    Twenty-four healthy inactive young girls voluntarily participated in the present study. They then randomly divided into two groups of 10. The muscle injury protocol included five stations of biceps and shoulder presses with a barbell, squats, chest press, and leg press. Each movement consisted of three sets of 8 to 12 repetitions, with an intensity of 75% of one repetition maximum. Serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes were measured before the activity and at intervals of 1, 26, and 48 hours after it. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and independent t-test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of p≥0.05.
    Results
    there was no significant difference in the changes in creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase between the two groups at different stages of measurement after retraining (p<0.05).
    Conclusion
    According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that resistance training cannot be a significant influencing variable on the amount of muscle damage. However, more research in this field is needed.
    Keywords: Resistance Training, Muscle Damage, Creatine Kinase, Lactate Hydrogenase, Aspartate Aminotransferase