فهرست مطالب
نشریه فضای زیست
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 7، بهار و تابستان 1403)
- تاریخ انتشار: 1403/03/26
- تعداد عناوین: 9
-
تبیین مولفه های تاثیرگذار فرهنگ معماری غرب در دوران مدرن بر ساختار کالبدی و تزئینی عمارت باغ های دوره قاجار شهر شیرازصفحه 1
در دوره قاجاریه به دلیل ارتباط ایران با سایر کشورها و تحولاتی که در زمینه های فرهنگی و سیاسی رخ داد، تفاوت هایی نیز در تفکرات، گرایش و شیوه های هنر و معماری ایران ایجاد شد. این تاثیرات که بیشتر در بناهای مسکونی اشراف نمود پیدا کرده بود، در تمامی اجزای بنا از کالبد تا تزئینات رخ داده است. این تاثیرپذیری تا به حدی بوده است که در اواخر دوره ناصری سبک معماری بناها تلفیقی از معماری سنتی ایران و غرب بود. لذا این پرسش مطرح می شود که چه مولفه هایی از فرهنگ و معماری غرب بر ساختار کالبدی و تزئینی عمارت باغ های دوره قاجار در شیراز تاثیرگذار بوده است؟ بنابراین در پژوهش انجام شده سعی بر آن است تا با بررسی ویژگی های کالبدی و تزئینی عمارت باغ های دوران قاجار موجود در شهر شیراز تاثیر هنر و فرهنگ معماری غرب را بر آن ها بررسی شود نماید. طرح پژوهشی ترکیبی مورداستفاده در این پژوهش از نوع طرح همسوسازی و مدل همگرا است. در بخش کیفی مطالعه موردی چهارباغ عمارت مربوط به عصر قاجار در شهر شیراز (عمارت باغ ارم، عمارت باغ عفیف آباد، عمارت باغ نارنجستان قوام و عمارت باغ منشی باشی) صورت گرفته است. داده های مربوطه از طریق مراجعه پژوهشگر و مشاهده سازه ها و ثبت ویژگی های کالبدی و تزیینی متناسب با سوال پژوهش گردآوری گردیدند. تحلیل یافته ها نشان داد در مولفه تزئینات نتایج یافته های کیفی و کمی موید یکدیگر هستند و نشان می دهند عناصر معماری غربی در اجزای تزئینی این عمارت ها به شکل گسترده ای مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. درعین حال، در مورد مولفه کالبدی هرچند یافته های کیفی نشان از حضور قابل ملاحظه عناصر غربی در معماری کالبدی این عمارت ها دارد، بااین حال به زعم پاسخگویان عناصر معماری غربی تا حدودی در ترکیب حجمی و عناصر این عمارت ها مشاهده گردید اما حضور پررنگی در کالبد عمارت ها نسبت به مولفه های تزئینات ندارد.
کلیدواژگان: هنر و معماری غرب، هنر و معماری دوران قاجار، عمارت باغ های قاجار شیراز، کالبد و تزئینات بنا -
صفحه 2
مطالعه فضای معماری در سینما امکان بررسی مکان را فراتر از نقش کالبدی آن در سطوح متعدد اجتماعی، فرهنگی، فلسفی و روانشناسانه فراهم آورده است. موضوعی که در این بستر مطالعاتی حا ئز اهمیت است، پرداختن به ارتباط شخصیت ها به مثابه کاربران فضا و مضمون فیلم با مکان است که می تواند ابعاد و ویژگی های مختلف مکان را در نسبت با درون مایه اثر، واکنش کاراکترها و تجارب ادراکی آنان آزماید و دلالت های معنایی مکان را از طریق خوانش موضوع فیلم و ارتباط سوژه با مکان نتیجه گیرد. پژوهش در نظر دارد تا در همین رابطه دلالت های معنایی مکان را در فیلم «طعم گیلاس» عباس کیارستمی در ارتباط با مضمون فیلم و شخصیت اصلی اثر بررسی کند. فرض بر این است که معنای مکان در فیلم «طعم گیلاس» در قرابت با مضمون فیلم و درونیات کاراکتر قرار دارد و از کارکردی دوگانه در بازتاب تمایل شخصیت به پیوند با زندگی یا جدایی از آن برخوردار می باشد. بر اساس محتوای نمونه مورد بررسی و مطالعه مکان در ارتباط با کاراکتر، چارچوب نظری پژوهش بر پایه دیدگاه پدیدارشناسانه مارتین هایدگر بنا شده و در روش تحقیق نیز به دلیل لزوم تفسیرهای معنایی و هم چنین تمرکز بر ارتباط شخصیت با مکان و تجربه آن به روش پدیدارشناسی عمل شده است. نتیجه پژوهش بیانگر آن است که ویژگی های کالبدی، محیطی، عملکردی و روایی مکان در فیلم «طعم گیلاس» تمهیدی برای بازتاب درونیات کاراکتر و مضمون فیلم می باشند که می توانند از یک سو به جدایی شخصیت از زندگی و بی اعتبار شدن و بی معنایی جهان برای او صورت عینی ببخشند و از سوی دیگر تردید در تصمیم به نابودی و حتی تغییر نگرش او به بازگشت به زندگی، معنادار کردن جهان برای خویشتن و تمایل به ارتباط با محیط پیرامون و دیگران را در ساختار مکان ادراک پذیر سازند و این گونه در قرابت با محتوای دو گانه اثر در جدال میان مرگ و زندگی مشارکتی اثرگذار داشته باشند.
کلیدواژگان: پدیدارشناسی مکان، معنای مکان، طعم گیلاس، عباس کیارستمی. -
شناسایی ابعاد و مولفه های تاب آوری شهری در برابر سیل با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون و ارزیابی کمی آن به روش مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری. مطالعه موردی: کلانشهر کرجصفحه 3
امروزه موضوع تاب آوری شهری به عنوان یکی از نظریه های مطرح در برنامه ریزی شهری، به منظور پرنمودن فضای خالی میان نظریه پردازی و عمل گرایی بسیار با اهمیت جلوه می نماید. در همین راستا هدف از انجام این پژوهش، شناسایی ابعاد و مولفه های تاب آوری شهری در برابر سیل در شهر کرج با روش تحلیل مضمون و ارزیابی کمی آن به روش مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری می باشد. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی، از نوع آمیخته و در بخش کیفی مبتنی بر روش تحلیل مضمون بود که بر روی داده هایی که از طریق مرور سیستماتیک بدست آمده، اجرا شد و در بخش کمی از روش مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری با رویکرد تحلیل عاملی بهره گرفته شد. جامعه آماری در بخش کیفی پژوهش حاضر، 161مقاله داخلی و خارجی نمایه شده در سایت های علمی معتبر طی سال های 2022-2002 بود. و جامعه آماری در بخش کمی شامل ترکیبی از خبرگان دانشگاهی، مسئولان اجرایی و فعالین و حرفه مندان آشنا به حوزه شهرسازی، به خصوص شهر کرج بودند که 400 نفر از آنان بر اساس فرمول کوکران و به روش دردسترس به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده ها در بخش کیفی چک لیست و در بخش کمی پرسشنامه ای محقق ساخته شامل 60 گویه بود که پایایی آن بر مبنای آلفا کرونباخ 844/0 بدست آمد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزارهای MAXQDA 13.28 و Smart PLS 3.2 استفاده شد. شاخص های نیکویی برازش و 818/0=GOF نشان داد که مدل از قدرت برازش مناسبی با داده ها برخوردار بود. نتایج حاصله حاکی از آن است که حضور ابعاد؛ اجتماعی (925/0= β)، اقتصادی (731/0= β)، سازمانی/ نهادی (863/0= β)، ساختاری/ کالبدی (797/0= β)، زیرساختی/ فیزیکی (946/0= β) و زیست محیطی (611/0= β) و مولفه های آن ها در مدل تاب آوری شهری در برابر سیل تایید می شود (01/0>P). همچنین بعد زیرساختی/ فیزیکی بیشترین تاثیر را بر تاب آوری شهری در برابر سیل دارد و مولفه ها و زیر مولفه های این بعد پر اهمیت به منظور بهره برداری اجرایی مختلف ارائه شده است.
کلیدواژگان: تاب آوری شهری، سیل، کلانشهرکرج، روش تحلیل مضمون، مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری. -
صفحه 4
معماری، نقشی اساسی در چگونگی درک و ارتباط باشندگان با جهان ایفا می کند. تمرکز بر این نقش، منجر به ارتقای تعامل باشندگان با تعمیق واقعیت های اجتماعی- فرهنگی می شود. محیط مصنوع، به مثابه بازنمایی فیزیکی از نحوه درک انسان از خود، کارکرد ها و فضای سکونتشان عمل می کند که حرکات، اعمال و برخوردهای اجتماعی را بازتولید می نماید. هدف این مقاله، در پی ارائه ی یک روش، برای تحلیل چنین تعاملاتی است. تاکنون، این تاثیر خاص توسط برخی از نظریه پردازان حوزه معماری از طریق هرمنوتیک فلسفی گادامر مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است؛ اگرچه، ادبیات موجود هنوز یک روش مشخص برای استفاده از این چارچوب هرمنوتیکی عرضه نکرده است. پژوهش حاضر به کاوش در رویکردهای هرمنوتیکی نسبت به ساختارهای معماری می پردازد و در تلاش است تا امکان پذیری اجرای این رویکردها را با تمرکز بر نمونه های خاصی از معماری مورد بررسی قرار دهد. این بررسی به سوال مشخص تری منتج می شود؛ چگونه می توان با بهره گیری از نظریات هرمنوتیکی گادامر و ریکور، درک باشندگان از جهان و موقعیت آن ها در مکان را به طور دقیق و روشن نمایان کرد؟ روش تحقیق این مقاله، تشریح و تفسیر مفاهیم و بازخوانی منابع از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه ای است که به دنبال رسیدن به مبانی و گام های عملیاتی و ایجاد نظمی منطقی در مطالب غیرمنسجم پیشین است بدین منظور، پژوهش به بررسی هرمنوتیک فلسفی می پردازد. از لحاظ ماهیت، از گونه تحقیقات کیفی با رویکرد هرمنوتیکی و به لحاظ قصد از پژوهش، تفسیری (بررسی ادبیات تطبیقی فلسفه و معماری) است. یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد که انسان اساسا موجودی است که با فهم و ادراک عمل می کند؛ براین اساس، رابطه انسان با معماری از جنبه های هرمنوتیکی قابل تفسیر است، به طوری که معماری به عنوان تفسیری مجدد از مکان و نحوه عملکرد آن در فرایند سکونت، پیکربندی می شود. این تفسیر شامل فرایندی متشکل از پیشاپیکربندی، پیکربندی و بازپیکربندی است که در تعامل با باشندگی در ساختمان به طور هماهنگ اجرا می شود.
کلیدواژگان: هرمنوتیک گادامری-ریکوری، تجربه مکان، سکونت، کیفیت معماری -
صفحه 5
ورود بیوفیلیک به عرصه طراحی در معماری برخلاف دیگر گرایش های معماری از حوزه نظری و کتاب های علمی آغاز گردیده است. بدین منظور معماری در جستجوی راهی به سوی رفع نیازهای انسان از دیرباز تاکنون بوده است که یکی از مهم ترین نیازهای انسان، نیاز به طبیعت و برقراری ارتباط با آن است. بنابراین طراحی بیوفیلیک بدین معنا نیست که ساختمان هایمان را با گل و گیاهان پوشش دهیم بلکه طراحی بیوفیلیک سعی دارد، با ادغام طبیعت در طراحی برای از بین بردن شکافی که بین طراحی مسکن سنتی و مسکن معاصر به وجود آمده و به طور قابل توجهی بر الگوی زندگی افراد تاثیرگذار بوده است را با طراحی براساس الگوهای بیوفیلیک برگرفته از مسکن سنتی در اتصال پیوند دوباره معماری با طبیعت در طراحی مسکن معاصر فراهم سازد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش مقایسه تطبیقی مولفه های تاثیرگذار معماری بیوفیلیک در طراحی مجتمع های مسکونی معاصر و مسکن سنتی در شهر شیراز بوده است. پژوهش حاضر به دلیل استفاده از روش های کمی و کیفی به صورت توامان دارای پارادیم ترکیبی است و از حیث هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی است. روش گردآوری اطلاعات بصورت اسنادی، میدانی و پرسشنامه ای است. پرسشنامه توسط افراد متخصص در حوزه معماری توزیع و داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار spss نسخه 24 مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار گرفته است. جهت ارزیابی سوالات پژوهش از آزمون فریدمن، کروسکال والیس، کولموگروف-اسمیرنوف، من ویتنی و آزمون ویلکاکسون استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که میانگین رتبه های به دست آمده در مجتمع های مسکونی معاصر و مسکن سنتی شهر شیراز در مولفه های ارتباط بصری با طبیعت، تنوع حرارتی و جریان هوا، ارتباط مستقیم با سیستم های طبیعی، ارتباط با مصالح طبیعی و پناهگاه، دارای اختلاف معنادار در مقدار هستند. به عبارت دیگر، اگرچه در اولویت بندی بعضی از این مولفه ها دارای رتبه های یکسان در هر دو گونه مسکن بوده اند، اما مقدار ارزش آن ها دارای تفاوت معناداری است.
کلیدواژگان: مسکن، معاصر، سنتی، بیوفیلیک، معماری، طراحی -
صفحه 6
یکی از مشکلات شهرهای تاریخی چون کرمان، طراحی مداخله گرایانه در بافت تاریخی است که ناسازگار با بافت تاریخی شهر طراحی می شوند. که باعث بی هویتی شهرهای تاریخی می گردد. هدف این پژوهش، شناسایی ویژگی های فضایی در طراحی مداخله گرایانه می باشد که امکان انطباق پذیری بیشتر طرح را فراهم می آورد. سپس به تعیین میزان تاثیر هر یک از ویژگی های کالبدی بر انطباق پذیری طراحهای مداخله گرایانه با بافت تاریخی شهر کرمان پرداخته شده است. لذا اینکه ویژگیهای فضایی بر انطباق پذیری طرح های مداخله گرایانه با بافت تاریخی شهر کرمان چقدر می باشد سوال اصلی تحقیق است و شاخص مصالح و عناصر سنتی، شکل کالبدی و تناسبات و ویژگی های طراحی بافت از نقطه نظر متخصصین و ساکنین به ترتیب اولویت شاخص های تاثیرگذارتر بر انطباق پذیری طرح مداخله گرایانه با بافت تاریخی شهر کرمان می باشد به عنوان فرضیه اصلی این تحقیق مطرح می شود. اطلاعات این تحقیق ترکیبی، به دو صورت کمی و کیفی، از طریق مصاحبه با خبرگان و توزیع پرسش نامه بین ساکنان و طراحان بافت تاریخی جمع آوری گردیده است. نتایج تحقیق و اثبات فرضیات مبتنی بر تحلیل های آماری نرم افزار SPSS می باشد. از نرم افزار Expert Choice برای تحلیل سلسله مراتبی شاخص های طراحی مداخله گرایانه به منظور انطباق پذیری طرح با بافت تاریخی استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که از دیدگاه خبرگان شاخص شکل کالبدی و تناسبات، شاخص مصالح و عناصر معماری سنتی و شاخص ویژگی های طراحی بافت بیشترین تاثیر را در انطباق پذیری طرح با بافت تاریخی دارد و از دیدگاه ساکنین بافت، شاخص مصالح و عناصر معماری سنتی، شاخص شکل کالبدی و تناسبات و شاخص ویژگی های طراحی بافت به ترتیب بیشترین تاثیر را در انطباق پذیری طرح های مداخله گرایانه با بافت تاریخی دارد. معماران و شهرسازان می توانند از یافته های این پژوهش به منظور طراحی در بافت های تاریخی به ویژه در شهر کرمان استفاده نمایند.
کلیدواژگان: کرمان، بافت، مداخله گرایی، انطباق پذیری، کالبد. -
صفحه 7
عمده ترین هدف آموزش معماری، آماده سازی فراگیران جهت انجام فعالیت های حرفه ای است. یافتن شیوه مناسب آموزش معماری برای حضور در عرصه حرفه ای، مهم ترین موفقیت سیستم آموزشی به شمار خواهد آمد. یکی از چالش های اساسی در حوزه معماری فقدان تناسب میان آموزش با فرآیند جذب و بکارگیری فارغ التحصیلان این رشته در بازارکار می باشد. کمبودهای آموزش در اولین تجربه کاری فارغ التحصیلان معماری بیش از پیش مشهود می گردد. با توجه به اهمیت آموزش و نقش آن در شایستگی حرفه ای فارغ التحصیلان معماری و مشاهده وضع موجود آموزش معماری در ایران، مشخص می شود که کشور ایران در این عرصه تا رسیدن به وضعیت قابل قبول فاصله معناداری دارد. بنابراین این سوال پیش خواهد آمد که چه راهبردهایی را می توان با هدف بهبود کیفیت آموزش معماری در راستای ارتقا شایستگی حرفه ای فارغ التحصیلان معماری در ایران تعیین نمود؟ در همین راستا این پژوهش با یک رویکرد کیفی و مصاحبه با 23 نفر از خبرگان معماری، اعضای هیات علمی دانشگاه های تراز اول کشور و برخی از فارغ التحصیلان دانشگاه های مادر و دانشجویان معماری و تحلیل آنها با تکنیک تحلیل محتوا، سعی در شناسایی راهبردهای مورد نظر داشته است. نتایج پژوهش در قالب راهبردها شامل اصلاحات در نحوه ورود به رشته معماری و هدفمند کردن دانشجویان، کاستی های آموزش و اصلاح سرفصل های دانشگاهی، انطباق آموزش و اجرا، پررنگ کردن آموزش بخش های اجرایی معماری، بهبود شرایط زمینه ای و ارتقای کیفیت دانشگاه ها، بازآفرینی نقش اساتید معماری، اصلاحات بزرگ مقیاس در کاستی های آموزش و کیفیت بیشتر آموزش معماری، ارتقا مهارت های فنی و حرفه ای و آموزش های مکمل دانشجویان معماری و اتصال به بازار کار که اجرای آن ها نیازمند هماهنگی در تمام سطوح درگیر در آموزش معماری است. پژوهشگران امیدوارند که این پیشنهادات، با همکاری صنعت و دانشگاه ها، بتوانند به پیشرفت و بهبود مستمر حوزه معماری و تامین نیازهای روزافزون جامعه و صنعت معماری کمک کرده و توسعه آموزش معماری و ارتقاء شایستگی فارغ التحصیلان معماری به سطح جدیدی ارتقا یابد.
کلیدواژگان: آموزش معماری، شایستگی حرفه ای، راهبرد ها، تحلیل محتوا -
صفحه 8
این پژوهش به واکاوی حس خاطره انگیزی از دیدگاه جنسیتی و پیوند آن به زندگی روزمره در فضاهای عمومی شهری می پردازد. هدف از مطالعه پیشرو، بررسی مولفه های کیفی فضاهای عمومی در ایجاد خاطره انگیزی بر مبنای جنسیت است که با بررسی فضاهای شهری مهم شهر قزوین سعی شده است تحلیلی مبتنی بر ایجاد خاطره انگیزی در این فضای شهری ارائه شود. سوال اصلی پژوهش، درباره نحوه ارتباط ابعاد مختلف فضاهای عمومی شهری با شکل گیری الگوهای خاطره انگیزی بر مبنای جنسیت است. این تحقیق به روش تلفیقی کمی و کیفی و رویکرد پژوهش از نوع همبستگی است. اطلاعات به روش مصاحبه ژرف نگر به صورت هدایت گردآوری شده است و تجزیه وتحلیل دادههای بخش کیفی با استفاده از تکنیک تم و با نرم افزار MAXQUDA2022.4 انجام شد. تجزیه وتحلیل داده های بخش کمی با استفاده از نرمافزار 24SPSS و در سطح استنباطی برای آزمون مدل، از تکنیک مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری از نرم افزار Amos24 استفاده گردید. در گام اول بر اساس تکنیک مصاحبه، 6 مولفه اصلی و 24 زیر مولفه به عنوان مولفه های کیفی فضایی موثر بر خاطره انگیزی بر مبنای جنسیت شناسایی شدند، سپس با استفاده از داده های حاصل از پرسش نامه شهروندان و تحلیل عاملی و معادلات ساختاری مولفه ها در قالب 6 عامل؛ کالبدی، اجتماعی و بومی، فضایی، فرهنگی و ارزشی، ادراکی و روان شناختی قرار گرفتند. در ادامه نیز به بررسی تفاوت دیدگاه شهروندان زن و مرد در مورد تاثیر این عوامل بر کیفیت فضاهای شهری در ایجاد حس خاطره پرداخته شد که نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد در مولفه های اجتماعی و بومی، مولفه های فضایی، مولفه های فرهنگی و ارزشی، مولفه های ادراکی در دیدگاه زنان و مردان تفاوت هایی مشاهده می شود و بهرهمندی مردان از پیکربندی و طراحی فضاهای مورد اشاره در ایجاد حس خاطره انگیزی در شهر قزوین بیشتر از گروه زنان است. همچنین نتایج نشان می دهد که زنان میان حقوق خود در ایجاد پیکربندی فضاهای شهری و تعلق خاطره انگیزی به شهر ارتباط معناداری می بینند.
کلیدواژگان: فضاهای شهری، خاطره انگیزی، تفاوت های جنسیتی، تحلیل ساختاری، قزوین. -
فراتحلیل مطالعات ابعاد و مولفه های گوناگون الگوهای معماری بومیصفحه 9
معماری بومی ایران، سابقه ای کهن دارد. در هر گوشه از آن، بناهایی با معماری های متفاوت به چشم می خورد که درعین حال اشتراکاتی باهم دارند، این ویژگی، آن ها را نیازمند بررسی کرده است. معماری امروز حاصل غفلت ما از شرایط فیزیکی ساکنین و تجربیات گذشته و وارد کردن معماری غربی بدون بومی سازی است. استمرار این جریان اولویت زیبایی شناسی بر آسایش را تشدید کرده و به مرور استفاده از انرژی های فسیلی را افزایش و هویت ما را از بین خواهد برد. ازاین رو مقاله حاضر در نظر دارد تا با واکاوی حوزه نظری پژوهش های انجام شده در حوزه الگوهای معماری بومی، به فراتحلیل مطالعات انجام شده در این خصوص بپردازد. با توجه به اینکه معماری بومی در جوامع مختلف می تواند معانی و نوع عوامل و الگوهای متفاوتی داشته باشد، ازاین رو در این مقاله سعی شده که جمع بندی نظری در حوزه عوامل در تحلیل ها صورت گیرد. جامعه آماری 61 مقاله (31 مقاله داخلی و 30 مقاله خارجی) در بازه زمانی 1390 تا 1402 است. گردآوری داده ها از مقالات بر اساس پروتکل پریسما بوده که با نظر متخصصین مورد انطباق قرار گرفته است. پس از مرور نظام مند مقالات، جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از روش فرا تحلیل و نرم افزار CMA2 استفاده شد. همچنین پس از تحلیل استنباطی داده ها از طریق نمودار قیفی، روش رگرسیون خطی اگر، خطای انتشار و آزمون Q ناهمگونی، با استفاده از روش رگرسیون خطی و رگرسیون چند متغیره، ابتدا میزان ارتباط بین یکایک متغیرهای مستقل و سپس کلیه متغیرهای مستقل در ابعاد مختلف با متغیر وابسته یعنی الگوهای معماری بومی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد، در مطالعات صورت گرفته، از میان کل متغیرها، نخست متغیر وابستگی شکل ساختمان به اقلیم موثرترین متغیر بر الگوی معماری بومی است و سپس به ترتیب متغیرهای انعطاف پذیری فضا به منظور کارکرد چندگانه در تمامی فصول استفاده از مصالح بومی و میزان تابش و دما بیشترین تاثیر را بر الگوی معماری بومی دارد.
کلیدواژگان: فراتحلیل، معماری بومی، الگوهای معماری، الگوهای معماری بومی
-
Explanation of the Influential Components of Western Architectural Culture in the Modern Era on the Physical and Decorative Structure of the Qajar Period Gardens of Shiraz.Page 1
During the Qajar period, due to Iran's relationship with other countries and the changes that occurred in the cultural and political fields, differences were also created in the thoughts, trends and styles of Iranian art and architecture. These effects, which were mostly seen in the residential buildings of the nobility, have occurred in all the building components from the body to the decorations. This influence was to such an extent that at the end of the Nasrid period, the architectural style of the buildings was a fusion of the traditional architecture of Iran and the West. Therefore, the question is raised, what components of western culture and architecture have influenced the physical and decorative structure of the Qajar period garden mansion in Shiraz? Therefore, in the conducted research, it is tried to investigate the influence of Western architectural art and culture on them by examining the physical and decorative features of the Qajar era gardens in Shiraz city. The combined research design used in this research is the type of alignment design and convergent model. In the qualitative part, a case study Chaharbagh mansions related to the Qajar era in Shiraz city (Eram Bagh mansion, Afifabad Bagh mansion, Narenjestan Qavam Bagh mansion and Manshibashi Bagh mansion) has been done. The relevant data were collected through the researcher's visit and observation of the structures and the registration physical and decorative features in accordance with the research question. The analysis the findings showed that in decoration component, the results qualitative and quantitative findings support each other and show that the elements of western architecture are widely used in the decorative components of these buildings. At the same time, regarding the physical component, although the qualitative findings show the significant presence of western elements in the physical architecture of these buildings, according to the respondents, western architectural elements were seen to some extent in the volume composition and elements of these buildings, but they do not have a strong presence the body of the buildings compared to the decoration components. .As mentioned earlier, the art and architecture of the Qajar era, affected by the currents modernism and the changes and developments of modernism and westernism, took on a new shape and color, and the achievements the modern era can be clearly seen in the buildings and mansions this era. to be Although the Qajar architecture is derived from the traditional architecture of Iran, especially the architecture of the Safavid and Zandiya eras, but at the end of the Qajar era, the elements western architecture can be seen in all parts of the building, especially in the appearance of the building and decorations. Even the use of new materials that were used in Europe were also used abundantly in the buildings of this period.As seen in the theoretical foundations of the research, the art and architecture of the Qajar era was influenced by the art and architecture of the West and European countries, and the trends of the modernity and developments that were the results of the Western modernity era entered Iran in different ways during this period. The art and architecture of this era had an impact. These effects can be seen in the aristocratic houses and mansions built in the big cities of Iran such as Shiraz. In this research, the effects of western art and architecture were investigated in two areas, physical and decorative, in four mansions of Bagh Eshrafi in Shiraz city. First, it was found that physical factors such as extroversion, columns, capitals, and long and wide porches are among the western elements in the examined buildings, but almost all the decorative elements in the buildings are influenced by western art and architecture. They are combined with Iranian decorations.Therefore, according to the examination of the studied samples and the issues raised, it can be said about the influence of Western art and architecture on the architecture of the Qajar period mansions that the mansions built in the city of Shiraz during the Qajar era can be the most He observed the influence of western patterns, especially in the decoration of buildings, and it was such that the closer to the end of this era, the buildings were more oriented towards western architecture.
Keywords: The Art, Architecture Of The West, Architecture Of The Qajar Era, The Mansion Of The Qajar Gardens Of Shiraz, The Body, Decorations Of The Building -
Page 2
The exploration of architectural space within the context of cinema allows for an examination of a place that extends beyond its mere physical factors, delving into its multifaceted social, cultural, philosophical, and psychological aspects. In the relationship between architecture and cinema, the emphasis shifts from the practical functions of architecture to the conceptual aspects of place and the interaction between the human (character) and his environment, thus uncovering the profound relationship between the art forms of architecture and cinema that transcends superficial aesthetic and physical evaluations. A crucial element within this study is the analysis of the relationship between characters, as users of place, and the narrative setting of the film with the place. This analysis can test the various dimensions and qualities of place as they relate to the content of the film, the character's reactions, and his sensory experiences, ultimately conclude meaning implications of place through the reading of the subject of the film and the relationship between the subject (character) and the place. Within this framework, the research seeks to delve into the meaning of place in "Taste of Cherry" by Abbas Kiarostami, with a focus on narrative content of the film and central character. The central inquiry is how the meaning implications of place is manifested in this particular case study. In response to this question, It is assumed that the meaning implications of place in "Taste of Cherry" is intrinsically linked to the film's narrative and the character's internal musings, reflection of his relationship with existence and mortality, and serving a dual purpose in illustrating the character's leaning towards either an embrace of life or a detachment from it. Considering the focus of the inquiry, which emphasizes the significance of delving into the character's internal reflections and his experiential engagement with the space and place constructs within the film, the research must delve into the subject of space and place through interpretive-hermeneutic methodologies. Within this framework, Martin Heidegger's phenomenological discourse emerges as a fitting paradigm, as it aligns with the research's thematic interest in the character's space and place experiences and his introspective relationship between his environment and surroundings. Furthermore, the philosophical concepts Heidegger espouses resonate with the contents of Abbas Kiarostami's "Taste of Cherry", a film that grapples with the contemplations of life, existence, and the counterpoint of death and nothingness. The current investigation adopts a qualitative approach, employing phenomenological methodology. In light of the research hypothesis, the meaningful factors of place are posited as dependent variables, while the interplay between the characteristics of place and the narrative content, as well as the character's situation, are deemed independent variables. These variables will be scrutinized in the case study analysis to substantiate the direct relationship between the physical, environmental, functional, and narrative factors- encompassing both verbal and non-verbal character interactions with place in "Taste of Cherry" and the meanings they convey. The compilation of research findings was derived from an examination of relevant literature, a meticulous viewing of the case study sample, and a review of written or audio-recorded interviews with the director about the subject of the research. The result of the research indicates that a direct and profound correlation between the physical factors (form, composition, materials, components and architectural elements of the place), environmental factors (landscape, site, ambient sound, color, light, objects), functional factors (type and use of the place and the activities performed in it), and narrative factors (character's behaviors and interactions with place) of the locations scrutinized in "Taste of Cherry" and the inherent meaning of these places within the film. These factors reflection the character's internal musings and the film's overarching narrative. On one hand, they can manifest the character's disengagement from life and the diminishment of the world's value and purpose in his eyes. Conversely, they can provoke a reconsideration of the impulse towards self-annihilation, fostering a shift in perspective that accepts a return to life, imbues the world with personal meaning, and encourages a connection with the environment and others. In this way, it can be said that the features of the locations in the "Taste of Cherry" are significantly related to the dual content of the work, contributing to representation the struggle between life and death.
Keywords: Phenomenology Of Place, Meaning Of Place, Taste Of Cherry, Abbas Kiarostami -
Identifying the dimensions and components of urban resilience versus floods using thematic analysis method and its quantitative evaluation using the structural equation modeling method, case study: Karaj metropolis.Page 3
Urban resilience, a prominent theory in the realm of urban planning, plays a significant role in bridging the gap between theory and practice in this field. Numerous scholars of urban planning have investigated resilience in their studies and they are exploring its meaning to be used in planning operations and in governance institutions. This surge of attention to the study of new concepts by planners has led to innovation, and finally, their tendency to improve the current conditions in cities. In this study, among the possible natural disasters in Karaj, the flood is chosen because of its importance and the considerable attention to it. It should be noted that the threat of flooding in Karaj deserves due attention because this city is located near the Karaj River and dam, and there is a possibility of river overflow and inundation, which could cause huge damages to urban facilities. In addition, any danger related to the Karaj River and dam could affect the water supply to Tehran, making this disaster more important. Therefore, it is essential to identify and extract the dimensions and elements of urban resilience, and a research in this field requires deep investigation. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the elements and dimensions of urban resilience against flood in Karaj city using theme analysis approach and quantitative evaluation by Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) method. This study is an applied research in terms of purpose, and a mixed methods research that conducted content analysis on the qualitative data collected by systematic review. This study used a Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) method in quantitative research with factor analysis approach. The population of qualitative research consisted of 161 national and international papers published in reliable scientific journals from 2002 to 2022, which included the keywords of ‘Urban Resilience’ and ‘Urban Resilience against Flood’. These papers were selected as samples by a judgmental sampling and were analyzed to get a general idea of effective dimensions and elements of urban resilience to flood in Karaj city. For this purpose, qualitative research, and in particular, content analysis was conducted. In addition, the population of quantitative research included senior and middle managers, operating officers of urban planning who worked in the ministry of road and urban development, faculty members and academicians, experts, practitioners and employees of research centers, as well as PhD students of urban planning field. Of which 400 were selected as sample by convenience sampling method, using the Krejcie and Morgan table. The instruments of collecting data in qualitative research were a checklist, and in quantitative research, a researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability was estimated at 0.844 based on the Cronbach’s alpha. The questionnaire included 60 items that were organized in a five-point Likert scale. In order to evaluate validity and reliability, the questionnaire was sent to the elites and the final version was designed after confirming the content validity index and ratio. The electronic link of the questionnaire was sent to the sample group, who completed and returned it via internet. For data analysis, MASQDA 13.28 and Smart PLS 3.2 were used. Goodness of fit (GOF=0.818) showed that the model fitted well with data. The results confirmed presence of social (β=0.925), economic (β=0.731), institutional/organizational (β=0.863), physical/structural (β=0.797), infrastructure/physical (β=0.946) and environmental (β=0.611) dimensions and their elements in the model of urban resilience to flood (P<0.01). Moreover, the results suggest that infrastructure/physical dimension has the most effect on urban resilience to flood and the elements and sub-elements of this significant dimension are provided in this study. It should be noted that the outputs of coding process need much attention, as they lead to the extraction of initial concepts. One of these concepts is ‘Increased urban capacities’ which was missed completely in the literature of urban resilience despite the considerable attention to this concept in engineering sciences such as civil and mechanical engineering. In fact, the researchers of this study believe that this concept involves some elements that imply that a city can cope with a natural or man-made disaster, if it is organized by elements of urban resilience. In other words, if the city maintains its function during the disaster, it can achieve a state that is better than the conditions of before the disaster.
Keywords: Urban Resilience, Floods, Karaj Metropolis, Thematic Analysis, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) -
Page 4
Architecture plays a fundamental role in inhabitants' understanding and relationship to the world. The focus of architectural practice on this role has the potential to support the inhabitants' interaction with the larger sociocultural reality. This qualitative research aims to develop a methodology for this relationship with a hermeneutical approach and interpretative objective (studying the comparative literature of philosophy and architecture). Using library studies as the methodology, the research was intended to find foundations and operational steps to order early scattered and incoherent materials. Data were gathered based on library research. ‘Understanding Hermeneutics and Mimesis’ starts with Heidegger’s account of understanding as the fundamental human mode of being. Heidegger’s thinking was very influential in the development of Gadamer’s hermeneutics, and this article therefore situates Gadamer in relation to Heidegger’s hermeneutic ontology. The research then outlines Gadamer’s hermeneutic ontology and Ricoeur’s narrative theory of hermeneutics. It lays out the basis of the theoretical framework and develops the relevant concepts. As Gadamer’s hermeneutics is tied up with ontology – the philosophical study of being in general – his theory of interpretation is all-encompassing. Gadamer’s hermeneutics lends itself to thinking about architecture in relation to human life and the meaning that informs it in a general way. It does not, however, lend itself easily to application to a specific example. To this aim, this article draws on Ricoeur’s narrative theory of hermeneutics, which offers a structure through which we can analyze an individual work in this hermeneutic context. The research uses Ricoeur’s theory of narrative hermeneutics to account for the productive act – the ‘doing’– and its impact on understanding. Then, it explores Gadamer’s ontology in existing architectural theory and the connection Ricoeur made himself between architecture and his narrative hermeneutics. Within architectural theory, hermeneutics is often put forward as an answer to problems within the practice and discipline of architecture. It is put forward, for example, as an answer to the overemphasis of technology in contemporary practice and the objectifying logic this engenders. Hermeneutics is also proposed as a framework through which contemporary architecture can enter a dialogue with its past and negotiate this often ambivalent relationship without falling into conservatism. Ricoeur applied his narrative theory of hermeneutics to architecture in his paper ‘Architecture and Narrativity’. In the paper, Ricoeur draws parallels between narrative as the configuration of time and architecture as the configuration of space. Ricoeur goes so far as to say that there is an entanglement of space and time in architecture. The final step in this research accounts for the development of the hermeneutic model of architecture. This is achieved through building on what Ricoeur refers to as the entanglement of space and time in architecture to provide an account of the built world as a key element of the hermeneutic situation. It does this in relation to Gadamer’s account of the temporal nature of human existence, as well as Ricoeur’s account of the temporal character of human experience. Regarding the temporal nature of human existence, Gadamer puts forward the concept of “effective history”. This article proposes the concept of “effective place” to describe how we are similarly affected by the constructed space in which we exist. This is proposed not simply as a spatial counterpart to Gadamer’s account of the temporal nature of human existence, but as an elaboration of the entanglement of space and time in the built environment. The model further develops the entanglement of the spatial and the temporal in the configuration of architecture, particularly the configuration's relationship to the previously existing structures of meaning and the rethought of these structures in light of that configuration. Ricoeur’s theory adapts well to a holistic temporal account of architecture in terms of the work being conceived in a time and place, then becoming a built reality, and finally, impacting inhabitation. The model developed in this research offers a holistic approach to architecture’s relationship to sociocultural structures of meaning and highlights the importance of the built environment to these structures. It also offers a holistic approach to architecture’s relationship to time, where the acts of building and inhabitation are part of a continuous process of interpretation and reinterpretation. Therefore, architecture must prioritize its connection to life and the human experience.
Keywords: Gadamer-Ricoeur Hermeneutics, Experience Of Place, Dwelling, Architectural Quality -
Page 5
The entry of biophilic into the field of design in architecture, unlike other architectural trends, has started from the field of theory and scientific books. For this purpose, architecture has been searching for a way to meet human needs since long ago, and one of the most important human needs is the need for nature and communication with it. Therefore, biophilic design does not mean to cover our buildings with flowers and plants, but biophilic design tries, by integrating nature in the design, to eliminate the gap between traditional housing design and contemporary housing, and significantly It has influenced people's life patterns by designing based on biophilic patterns derived from traditional housing in connecting architecture with nature in contemporary housing design. The purpose of this research was to compare the effective components of biophilic architecture in the design of contemporary residential complexes and traditional housing in Shiraz city. The current research has a combined paradigm due to the use of quantitative and qualitative methods. In order to investigate the comparative comparison of biophilic components, case samples in two categories of traditional housing patterns and contemporary housing were selected by the field method, and then questions based on biophilic components extracted from the theoretical foundations of a questionnaire were created by the researcher under the supervision of professors. and the researchers were designed considering the previous researches. For this purpose, validity assessment (referring to 34 experts in the field of architecture) by calculating cvr index and in terms of reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the validity index for all questions was above 0.75 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was more than 0.7. Then, using the descriptive-analytical method, the results of the questionnaires have been analyzed and evaluated with the help of SPSS version 24 software. The main hypothesis of the research was to investigate the priority of biophilic architectural components in contemporary and traditional housing according to experts. For this purpose, Friedman's ranking test was used and the result of the test showed that the ranking of components in traditional housing does not have the same priority according to experts (p<0.05). Comparing the ranking of components in traditional and contemporary housing tells about There are similarities in prioritization in some ranks and differences in other priorities. According to architectural experts, visual connection with nature, direct connection with natural systems and shelter in traditional and contemporary patterns are of high importance and perspective, risk and patterns and biomorphic forms have the same ranks but other components They had different priorities. Although Friedman's ranking test determines to some extent the difference in the value of each component in traditional and contemporary housing, it does not show the significance of this difference in the form of paired comparison of each component in contemporary and traditional housing. For this reason, the Wilcoxon signed test was used for pairwise comparison of components. This test is the non-parametric equivalent of the t-mean pairwise comparison test. Also, the Wilcoxon signed test was used for pairwise comparison of components. This test is the non-parametric equivalent of the t-mean pairwise comparison test. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was used to show the normality and non-normality of the distribution of the variables. The results of the data distribution tests showed that the obtained data do not have a normal distribution (p<0.05) and should be Non-parametric tests should be used to measure research hypotheses. To investigate the effect of age and education on the responses, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the age and education of people did not have a significant effect on their responses, and to investigate the significant difference of gender on the responses, Mann-Whitney test was used. The result of this test showed that the gender of people has no significant effect on their answers. The results of the research show that the average ratings obtained in contemporary residential complexes and traditional housing in Shiraz in the components of visual connection with nature, thermal diversity and air flow, direct connection with natural systems, connection With natural materials and shelters, they have a significant difference in quantity. In other words, although in the prioritization of some of these components, they have the same ranks in both types of housing, but their value has a significant difference.
Keywords: Housing, Contemporary, Traditional, Biophilic, Architecture, Design -
Page 6
There are many problems associated with historic cities such as Kerman City, including the interventionist design in the historical fabric that occurs without coordination and is incompatible with the city's historical fabric, which is one of the most serious problems. A general problem that most cities in Iran are facing is the problem of worn-out fabric, which is incompatible with modern living conditions, as well as changing the characteristics of modern cities as we know them. As a result of this, historical city residents will lose their sense of identity and sense of place, which will result in a cultural and identity break that will have a negative impact on human societies over the course of the next few decades. Architecture experts are focused on preserving the basic principles that have formed the historical fabric over the years, as well as adapting those principles to meet the contemporary requirements. In order to achieve compatibility between interventionist designs in historical fabric, it has been necessary to conduct a large amount of research in order to determine whether the interventions are of good quality. However, the various design indicators that make the interventionist plan adaptable to the historical fabric and the extent of the influence of each of these indicators on the adaptability in a historical fabric such as the city of Kerman have not been accurately determined so far. So, it is the aim of this research to identify spatial features in interventionist design that can help to provide greater adaptability of the design to the varying circumstances. In the next step, the impact of each of the physical characteristics on the adaptability of interventionist designers to the historical fabric of Kerman City has been determined, and finally, using the obtained results, design solutions are presented from the experts' point of view. In this research, in the first step, through interviews with experts, indicators that can influence adaptability in interventionist design are identified. Interviews are conducted with experts who have experience in designing historical fabric and were among the architecture professors of Kerman universities. Interviews with experts will continue until the identified indicators reach the threshold, which means that no new indicators will be added to the previously identified indicators in the final interviews. After identifying the adaptability indicators of the interventionist plans in the historical fabric of Kerman, the identified indicators are classified into 3 groups, physical shape and proportions, traditional materials and elements, and the characteristics of the fabric, and in the form of a questionnaire among the residents of the fabric and Experts are distributed. The sample size of this part of the research includes 384 residents of historic fabric and 260 experts using Cochran's formula. The viewpoints of residence were compared with the viewpoints of experts in terms of priority of indicators which cause compatibility of design intervention with existence identity in historic fabric of Kerman City. In addition, a hierarchical analysis of the indicators has also been performed by using the opinions of experts and residents of the historical fabric in order to prioritize the indicators using pairwise evaluations as a method of evaluating them. The results of the research were analyzed statistically using the SPSS software program in order to prove hypotheses and analyze the results. The interventionist design indicators were analyzed hierarchically using Expert Choice software in order to fit the plan to the historic fabric and adapt it to the interventionist design indicators. The results of the research show that from the point of view of experts, the index of physical shape and proportions, the index of traditional architectural materials and elements, and the index of fabric design features have the greatest impact on the adaptability of the design to the historical fabric, and from the point of view of the residents, the index of traditional architectural materials and elements, the index The physical shape and proportions and index of fabric design features respectively have the greatest effect on the adaptability of interventionist designs with historical fabric. Different methods show the same results in terms of priority in design intervention to meet adaptability in both expert and residence viewpoints. Architects and urban planners can use the findings of this research to design historical fabric, especially in Kerman City.
Keywords: Kerman, Fabric, Intervention, Compatibility, Physics -
Page 7
A major goal of the university education program in the architecture field is to prepare architecture graduates for professional activities and involvement in the market. Finding the accurate educational method in the architecture field to participate in the field of professional work will be regarded as the major success of the Iranian educational system. The universities and higher education institutions of the country are among the institutions that can nowadays significantly influence the growth and development of a country. The higher education system greatly affects the fate of society in the long run, therefore, higher education has a high contribution to the progress and development of society, and the university is the origin of this evolution. Thus, architectural education plays an essential role in responding to citizens' growing need for architects' services, because of which the growth of society can be expected in terms of architecture. A major mission of the university is to transfer and promote knowledge and technology and develop skills and abilities in people for employment and fulfilling the market needs, but unfortunately, no concord exists between education at universities and the market. Lack of the skills and abilities required by the market is one of the main factors in the graduates' failure to find jobs and employment. The importance of architecture education and its role in the professional qualification of architecture graduates and the current situation of architecture education in Iran clearly indicate a significant gap in our country to reach an acceptable position in this context. The current research focuses on the presence of a gap between architecture education and the profession, resulting in the graduates' feeling of inefficiency in the professional market. A basic challenge in the architecture field is the mismatch between architecture education and the recruitment and employment process of graduates in this field in the market. When an architecture graduate enters the field of professional work with the first work experience, it further discloses the lack of applied architecture education at the university for architecture graduates. Therefore, the question is raised what solutions can be determined and proposed to improve the architecture graduates' professional qualification in Iran, aiming at the improvement of the architecture education quality? The research question has led to goal-setting that the indicators should be determined and categorized to be used for the professional competence of architecture graduates in Iran. Accordingly, this study with a qualitative approach held interviews with 23 experts and faculty members of the Iranian top universities, some graduates of the mother universities, and architecture students. Data were analyzed with the content analysis technique, trying to identify the intended strategies. Based on the expressions of the interviews and the extracted codes and categories, 42 categories were categorized in the form of seven themes. These themes were also classified into the general form of research strategies to improve both the education quality and the professional competence of architecture graduates. The frequency of the categories extracted from the interviewees' views was analyzed and reviewed using MAXQDA2020 software to use the results of the research in long-term strategies. These include reforms in entering the architecture field, targeted classification of students, solutions to address educational deficiencies, reforming academic titles, major reforms in educational deficiencies, and improving background conditions and strategies related to architecture faculties. This study also seeks to investigate re-creating the role of architecture professors, improving technical and professional skills, creating additional education opportunities for architecture students, adapting and implementing education depending on highlighting the executive part of architecture and short-term solutions, including reform, the entry mechanism into architecture, and targeted classification of students. Challenging conditions of students, solutions related to facilitating architecture education, quality improvement of the educational architecture professors and special expectations from them, reducing the gap between university education, architecture implementation and empowerment, the implementation of communication strategies between education and the market, and reforms at higher levels for a higher education quality are the other goals. Paying attention to the mentioned issues at Iranian universities and educational institutions can improve the architecture education quality and thus facilitate entry into the architecture profession for graduates of this field.
Keywords: Architectural Education, Professional Competence, Strategies, Content Analysis -
Page 8
This research examines the sense of memory from a gender point of view and its link to everyday life in urban public spaces. The purpose of the forward study is to investigate the qualitative components of public spaces in creating a memorable experience based on gender, and by examining the important urban spaces of Qazvin city, an analysis based on creating a memorable experience in this urban space has been tried to be presented. The main research question is about how different dimensions of urban public spaces are related to the formation of memorable patterns based on gender. This research is a quantitative and qualitative integrated method and a correlational research approach. Information has been collected by in-depth interview method in a guided manner, and qualitative part data analysis was done using theme technique and with MAXQUDA2022.4 software. Analyzing the quantitative data using SPSS 24 software and at the inferential level for model testing, the structural equation modeling technique of Amos 24 software was used. In the first step, based on the interview technique, 6 main components and 24 sub-components were identified as spatial qualitative components affecting the memorability based on gender, then using the data obtained from the citizen questionnaire and factor analysis and structural equations of the components in the form of 6 factors physical, social and native, spatial, cultural and value, perceptual and psychological. In the following, the difference in the views of male and female citizens regarding the impact of these factors on the quality of urban spaces in creating a sense of memory was investigated. The obtained results showed that there are differences in the social and native components, spatial components, cultural and value components, perceptual components in the perspective of women and men, men benefit from the configuration and design of the mentioned spaces in creating a memorable feeling in Qazvin city more than It is a women's group. Also, the results show that women see a significant connection between their rights in creating the configuration of urban spaces and a memorable belonging to the city.
Keywords: Urban Spaces, Evocativeness, Gender Differences, Structural Analysis, Qazvin -
Meta-analysis of Studies on Various Dimensions and Components of Native Architectural PatternsPage 9
native architecture; It is an architecture that has given an appropriate answer to the needs of man, in relation to himself, society, the surrounding world and nature (basic needs) and has not occurred due to a specific event, in a specific time frame, it is a human-oriented architecture and based on his identity, It is formed as a dynamic movement over time. In fact, past architecture has crystallized typological values in the concept of type and transferred it. The architect has created a link between the present and the past through the concept of type and acting based on it. This link has become a chain of interconnected links that have evolved throughout history. What is being built in the present is a link of that chain. To act correctly and appropriately in the present tense, one must read the links of a chain. The starting point of this chain is a kind of base. In general, Iran's architecture of yesterday was valuable and proud; He gave honor to the soil, and he left behind the dignity of efficiency, reliability and beauty to man, and he thought of the sublime. Today, by examining the surrounding world, a certain regularity can be seen in the complex system of nature and human mind, which is necessary to establish order and balance in life. Therefore, decision-making in different situations is required to simplify complexities from a mental point of view and to find some kind of regularity in order and disorder in order to identify and remember patterns that lead to the conscious discovery of design patterns. Christopher Alexander first took an effective step in this field by proposing the theory of pattern language, but today, despite the design of several patterns based on Alexander's intuitive knowledge, some thinkers have not yet paid attention to this topic of architecture. According to Alexander, all the buildings that have been built so far, whether traditional or modern, all of them take their shape from the languages that their builders use; And it is the language that gives meaning and concept to the structure and saves it from the resulting anonymity.The native architecture of Iran has an ancient history. In every corner of it, buildings with different architectures can be seen, which at the same time have something in common, this feature has made them need to be investigated. Today's architecture is the result of our neglecting the physical conditions of the residents and past experiences and importing western architecture without localization. The continuation of this current will intensify the priority of aesthetics over comfort and will gradually increase the use of fossil energies and destroy our identity. Therefore, the present article aims to analyze the theoretical field of the researches conducted in the field of native architectural patterns, to meta-analyze the studies conducted in this regard. Considering that native architecture in different societies can have different meanings and types of factors and patterns, therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to make a theoretical summary in the field of factors in the analysis. The statistical population is 61 articles (31 domestic articles and 30 foreign articles) in the period from 1390 to 1402. The collection of data from the articles was based on the Prisma protocol, which was adapted to the opinion of experts. After a systematic review of the articles, meta-analysis method and CMA2 software were used to analyze the data. Also, after the inferential analysis of the data through the funnel plot, the linear regression method if, the diffusion error and the Q test of heterogeneity, using the linear regression and multivariate regression methods, first the relationship between each independent variable and then all the independent variables in different dimensions with The dependent variable, i.e. native architectural patterns, was evaluated. The findings of the research show that among all the variables in the studies, the dependence of the building shape on the climate is the most effective variable on the local architectural pattern, followed by the variables of the flexibility of the space for multiple functions in all seasons of using local materials. And the amount of radiation and temperature has the greatest effect on the native architecture pattern.
Keywords: Meta-Analysis, Native Architecture, Architectural Patterns, Native Architectural Patterns