فهرست مطالب

نشریه تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 94 (بهار 1403)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1403/05/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 6
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  • فریبرز عباسی*، مهدی اکبری، ابوالفضل ناصری، نادر عباسی، جواد باغانی، محمد جلینی، محمدعلی شاهرخ نیا، محمدمهدی نخجوانی مقدم، سالومه سپهری، منصور معیری، علیرضا حسن اقلی، سید ابو القاسم حقایقی مقدم، علی قدمی فیروزآبادی، سید حسن موسوی فضل، محمدرضا یزدانی صفحات 1-16

    این تحقیق با هدف ارزیابی حجم آب آبیاری و بهره وری آب 35 محصول زراعی و باغی در ایران انجام شد. اندازه گیری های میدانی شامل حجم آب آبیاری و عملکرد محصول برای حداقل یک فصل زراعی در قطب های تولید هر محصول انجام شد. محصولات شامل 12 محصول زراعی (گندم، برنج، جو، ذرت علوفه ای، یونجه، چغندرقند، نیشکر، لوبیا، آفتابگردان، پنبه، کلزا، سویا)، 17 محصول باغی (زعفران، سیب، زیتون، پرتقال، نارنگی، هلو، شلیل، آلو، لیمو، انجیر، انگور، خرما، انار، گردو، بادام، پسته، گیلاس) و 6 محصول سبزی و صیفی (گوجه فرنگی، هندوانه، سیب-زمینی، خیار، خربزه، پیاز) بودند. نتایج نشان داد میانگین حجم آب آبیاری محصولات مختلف از 3984 برای محصول کلزا تا 32500 مترمکعب بر هکتار برای نیشکر متغیر است. میانگین حجم آب آبیاری 35 محصول مورد مطالعه 8032 مترمکعب بر هکتار تعیین گردید که این شاخص به تفکیک محصولات باغی، زراعی و سبزی و صیفی به ترتیب 9162، 7669 و 7247 مترمکعب بر هکتار بود. همچنین حجم کل آب مورد استفاده برای 35 محصول مورد مطالعه 7/61 میلیارد مترمکعب و حجم کل آب آبیاری سایر محصولاتی که در این تحقیق ارزیابی نشده بودند، 4/9 میلیارد مترمکعب برآورد شد. در مجموع، حجم کل آب مورد استفاده برای آبیاری محصولات آبی کشور 1/71 میلیارد مترمکعب برآورد می شود. میانگین وزنی بهره وری آب آبیاری و آب محصولات مورد مطالعه به ترتیب 9/1 و 5/1 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب تعیین شد. از نظر شاخص درآمد ناخالص به ازای واحد حجم آب آبیاری، زعفران و پسته بیشترین، و نیشکر، سویا، جو، ذرت علوفه ای، گندم و یونجه کمترین مقدار این شاخص را به خود اختصاص دادند.

    کلیدواژگان: حجم آب کاربردی، بهره وری فیزیکی، تحلیل خوشه ای، درآمد ناخالص
  • امیر اسلامی*، عبدالرسول شیروانیان، رضا زارعیان صفحات 17-37

    افت شدید سطح آب سفره های زیرزمینی دشت ها، نشان از نبود رویکرد مناسب برای ایجاد هم افزایی بین تمامی ذی نفعان حوزه آب در مدیریت منابع آب می باشد. از سوی دیگر، غیرقابل انکار بودن محدودیت منابع آب، موجب شده که اتخاذ مدیریت یکپارچه منابع آب به عنوان یک الزام مورد توجه قرار گیرد. در این خصوص، بایستی در یک دشت کشاورزی تطابق برداشت از منابع آب زیرزمینی با آب قابل برنامه ریزی وجود داشته باشد تا از شدت بحران ایجاد شده کاسته شده و به مرور زمان به تعادل بخشی دشت کمک شود. از این رو، اجتناب از توسعه افقی در بخش کشاورزی و پرداختن به افزایش بهره وری آب بایستی در دستور کار تصمیم گیران به ویژه در مبحث برنامه ریزی الگوی کشت قرار گیرد. این پژوهش با هدف نقش اصلاح الگوی کشت در ارتقای بهره وری فیزیکی و اقتصادی آب در دشت قادرآباد-مادرسلیمان استان فارس به انجام رسیده است. داده های مورد نیاز محصولات شامل تقویم زراعی، قیمت در زمان برداشت، هزینه تولید، عملکرد، میزان آب قابل برنامه ریزی ماهانه دشت و میزان آب آبیاری ماهانه هر یک از محصولات مربوط به سال زراعی 01-1400 بوده که به صورت اسنادی از سازمان جهادکشاورزی و شرکت آب منطقه ای استان فارس جمع آوری گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها به روش برنامه ریزی ریاضی و با استفاده از نرم افزار GAMS انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد، اصلاح الگوی کشت در این دشت سبب صرفه جویی سالانه 64/8 میلیون متر مکعب آب (معادل 26 درصد)، افزایش 11 درصدی بهره وری فیزیکی و افزایش 4/39 درصدی بهره وری اقتصادی آب نسبت به الگوی فعلی کشت شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: آب قابل برنامه ریزی، تغییر اقلیم، کمبود آب، معیشت بهره بردار
  • محمد جلینی*، سید ابوالقاسم حقایقی مقدم، محمدمهدی نخجوانی مقدم صفحات 38-51

    هدف از اجرای این پروژه، اندازه گیری حجم آب آبیاری، عملکرد و بهره وری آب در مزارع پنبه تحت مدیریت کشاورزان در استان خراسان رضوی بود. مزارع آزمایشی طوری انتخاب شدند که عوامل مختلف از جمله روش آبیاری، بافت خاک و کیفیت آب آبیاری را پوشش دهند. در کل استان جمعا 51 مزرعه پنبه در شهرستان های سبزوار، بردسکن، نیشابور، خواف، رشتخوار و سرخس انتخاب شدند. مزارع منتخب در طول سال 1397 مورد پایش زراعی و آبی قرار گرفتند. برداشت اطلاعات مزارع منتخب، از طریق مراجعه حضوری به مزارع، تکمیل پرسشنامه، نمونه برداری از خاک و منبع آبی مزارع، ثبت برنامه آبیاری و اندازه گیری دبی منبع آب انجام شد. نیاز آبی پنبه در مناطق مختلف محاسبه و با میزان آب آبیاری کشاورزان مقایسه شد. نتایج نشان داد که دامنه تغییرات مقدار آب آبیاری در مزارع استان بین 4920 تا 17620 مترمکعب بر هکتار متغیر و متوسط میزان آب آبیاری در مزارع برابر 9830 مترمکعب بر هکتار بود. دامنه تغییرات مقدار عملکرد پنبه نیز بین 1000 تا 6300 کیلوگرم بر هکتار متغیر بود و متوسط عملکرد محصول برابر 3078 کیلوگرم بر هکتار بدست آمد. همچنین دامنه تغییرات مقدار بهره وری آب پنبه بین 0/102 تا 0/957 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و متوسط آن برابر با 0/357 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب بود. میانگین بهره وری آب در دو روش آبیاری سطحی و قطره ای به ترتیب برابر 0/318 و 0/669 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب حاصل شد. این امر بیانگر آنست که با تغییر روش آبیاری از سطحی به قطره ای، بهره-وری آب در مزارع پنبه استان بیش از 110 درصد قابل افزایش است.

    کلیدواژگان: مدیریت آبیاری، روشهای آبیاری، آبیاری سطحی، آبیاری قطره ای
  • محمد کریمی*، سالومه سپهری، محمد جلینی صفحات 53-68

    با توجه به محدودیت منابع آب، لزوم بهبود بهره وری آب و اهمیت اقتصادی تولید آلو، بررسی شاخص های مدیریتی از جمله حجم آب آبیاری، عملکرد و بهره وری آب آبیاری ضرورت دارد. در این تحقیق، حجم آب آبیاری و عملکرد آلو در 20 باغ منتخب در دو شهرستان مشهد و چناران از استان خراسان رضوی در طول یک سال زراعی 1400-1399 اندازه گیری گردید. در انتهای فصل رشد و پس از تعیین میزان عملکرد، مقادیر بهره وری آب آبیاری و بهره وری آب کاربردی (آبیاری + بارندگی موثر) تعیین شد. در ادامه، حجم آب آبیاری با نیاز ناخالص آبیاری برآورد شده از روش پنمن-مانتیث با استفاده از داده های هواشناسی ده سال اخیر و سند ملی آب مقایسه شدند. میانگین وزنی حجم آب آبیاری، حجم آب کاربردی، عملکرد آلو، بهره وری آب آبیاری و بهره وری آب کاربردی به ترتیب 10256 مترمکعب در هکتار، 10353 مترمکعب در هکتار، 14713 کیلوگرم در هکتار، 1/53 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و 1/51 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب تعیین شد. حجم آب آبیاری، عملکرد و بهره وری آب آبیاری در باغات منتخب در روش آبیاری قطره ای به ترتیب 9919/87 مترمکعب در هکتار، 18/83 تن در هکتار و 1/88 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و در روش آبیاری سطحی به ترتیب 11432/60 مترمکعب در هکتار، 14/80 تن در هکتار و 1/31 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب بدست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که متوسط حجم آب آبیاری استفاده شده توسط کشاورزان در باغات آلو (10449 مترمکعب در هکتار) کمتر از میانگین نیاز ناخالص آبیاری محاسبه شده (14964 مترمکعب در هکتار) و برآورده شده با استفاده از سند ملی آب کشور بوده است.

    کلیدواژگان: روش های آبیاری، عملکرد آلو، بهره وری آب، میزان آب آبیاری
  • کرامت اخوان*، میلاد خیری قوجه بیگلو، مجید مردپور، فرهود کلاته صفحات 69-82

    کنترل تلفات نشت آب از کانال ها و مخازن ذخیره به منظور حفاظت از منابع محدود آب کشور ضروری است. برای کنترل نشت، تاکنون روش های متعددی به کار گرفته شده و امروزه استفاده از پوشش های ژئوسنتتیک، نظیر ورقه های ژئوممبران، مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در این تحقیق، مشکلات موجود در مراحل مختلف طراحی و اجرای پوشش ژئوممبران در کانال ها در شبکه آبیاری مغان بررسی شده است. سپس میزان نشت از این نوع پوشش در شرایط مختلف با استفاده از روش ورودی-خروجی بررسی گردید. در تحقیق حاضر، از بین کانالهای اجرا شده با پوشش های ژئوسنتتیک در شبکه آبیاری مغان، کانال پمپاژ 3 مغان با توجه به اهمیت و ویژگی های فنی انتخاب شد و بر روی آن بررسی صحرایی از نظر خصوصیات هیدرولیکی، کنترل نشت، کارایی و بررسی مسائل اجرایی به عمل آمد. بر اساس نتایج آزمایشات، میزان متوسط نشت آب در طول بازه کانال های خاکی 46/86 لیتر در روز در متر مربع بدست آمد و بر اساس بازدیدهای صحرایی، رسوب و تخریبی در کانال مشاهده نگردید. این میزان نشت در مقایسه با سایر پوشش های ژئوسنتتیک مطالعه شده در سایر نقاط (69-14 لیتر در روز در هر مترمربع) برای کانال های پوشش شده با پلی اتیلن کم چگالی به ضخامت 2/5 میلیمتر در حد متوسط قرار دارد.

    کلیدواژگان: پوشش ژئوسنتتیک، تراوش، شبکه آبیاری مغان، عملکرد کانال، کانال خاکی
  • بهمن یارقلی، فرشید تاران* صفحات 83-96

    به دلیل کمبود منابع آب و افزایش روزافزون تقاضا برای آن، فاضلاب تصفیه شده در صورت تامین استانداردهای کشاورزی می تواند به عنوان یک منبع جایگزین یا تکمیلی آب در جهت رسیدن به کشاورزی پایدار مطرح باشد. در این مطالعه، با توجه به مشکل کم آبی و وجود زمین های مستعد کشاورزی در استان قزوین، به ویژه در منطقه بوئین زهرا، امکان استفاده از پساب تصفیه خانه فاضلاب شهر قزوین در شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی بوئین زهرا بررسی شد. در مرحله نخست، وضعیت محیط زیست منطقه بوئین زهرا مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت و سپس، به مدت یک سال (1399-1398) نمونه برداری های ماهانه از فاضلاب خام ورودی و پساب خروجی انجام شد. تحلیل های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و میکروبی این نمونه ها برای ارزیابی کارایی تصفیه خانه فاضلاب قزوین انجام شد. سپس، با بررسی الگوی کشت منطقه و نیازهای کیفی محصولات کشاورزی، برنامه ای برای توسعه شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی بر اساس کمیت و کیفیت پساب تولیدی تدوین شد. بررسی های انجام شده شامل انتقال ثقلی، افت شدید آبخوان، خصوصیات خاک و الگوی کشت منطقه بود. با در نظر گرفتن این عوامل و مقبولیت اجتماعی طرح، توسعه شبکه با استفاده از 20/8 میلیون متر مکعب پساب سالانه و پوشش 2000 هکتار از زمین های بوئین زهرا پیشنهاد شد و الگوی کشت و سیستم آبیاری مناسب تعیین شد. در نهایت، با توجه به اهمیت مسائل بهداشتی و زیست محیطی، یک برنامه جامع برای پایش کیفی اجزای مختلف طرح شامل پساب، خاک، محصولات کشاورزی و کارگران شاغل در پروژه تهیه و ارائه شد تا از استفاده پایدار و ایمن از این منبع اطمینان حاصل شود.

    کلیدواژگان: آبیاری، فاضلاب، کشاورزی پایدار
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  • Fariborz Abbasi *, M. Akbari, Abolfazl Nasseri, Nader Abbassi, J. Baghani, M. Joleini, Mohammadali Shahrokhnia, Mohammad Mehdi Nakhjavanimoghaddam, Saloome Sepehri Sadeghian, M. Moayeri, A.R. Hassanoghli, Abolghasem Haghayeghi, Ali Ghadami Firouzabadi, Syeed Hassan Mousavifazl, M.R. Yazdani Pages 1-16
    Introduction

    In terms of water consumption in different sectors, in Iran as in other countries, a significant part of surface and groundwater resources is used in agricultural sector. For the amount of water consumed in Iran's agricultural sector, different numbers have been reported in various sources. In the past three decades, water consumption in agricultural sector in various sources and methods has been reported between 44 and 86 billion cubic meters (Movaheddanesh, 1994; Ghodratnema, 1998; Mohammad-Vali-Samani, 2005; Nasseri et al., 2017; 2018). The physical water productivity is also one of the important indicators of irrigation management, which is determined by using the amount of product produced per unit of applied irrigation water. Abbasi et al. (2017) estimated and analyzed water productivity values in Iran for different years. They estimated the values of water productivity varying from 0.94 to 1.29 kg/m3 and average being 1.07 kg/m3. Abbasi et al. (2019) also showed that water productivity index in Iran had an upward trend with a slope of 0.045 kg per year. It varied from 1.0 kg/m3 in 2008 to about 1.45 kg/m3 in 2017. Past researches regarding the estimation of water consumption in agricultural sector have been reported with estimation methods such as water balance method, which is not accurate and is associated with errors. On the other hand, the figures presented for the amount of water consumed in agricultural sector are very different and there are doubts about their accuracy. Despite the importance of the issue, accurate information on the amount of irrigation water for agricultural crops in different regions of Iran is not available and this issue has always been one of the main concerns of the water industry managers and planners. Therefore, carrying out a research work that lead to more accurate numbers about the amount of applied irrigation water for different crops, can be of great help to the decision-making of officials related to water and agriculture. Therefore, the main goal of this article is a comprehensive evaluation of water management indicators in agricultural sector (including the water productivity and applied irrigation water for different crops).

    Methodology

    Field measurements including applied irrigation water and crop yield were carried out for at least one cropping season in the production hubs of each crop. The studied crops include 12 agricultural crops (wheat, rice, barley, fodder corn, alfalfa, sugar beet, sugar cane, beans, sunflower, cotton, rapeseed, soybean), 17 garden crops (saffron, apple, olive, orange, tangerine, peach, nectarine, plum, lemon, fig, grape, date, pomegranate, walnut, almond, pistachio, cherry) and 6 vegetable and summer crops (tomato, watermelon, potato, cucumber, melon, onion). These crops covered more than 85% of the cultivated area and irrigated lands in different provinces. For each crop, applied irrigation water was measured in a crop season and the yield for one year or the average of two years, but for garden plants, due to climate changes and frost that affect the yield, the average yield of 1-3 years was determined and used in the analysis. Physical water productivity of irrigation water from the ratio of crop yield to applied irrigation water and water productivity from the ratio of crop yield to water (total volume of irrigation water and effective precipitation) and gross income per unit of applied irrigation water was calculated from the product of crop yield in the sales price divided by the applied irrigation water. In this research, the cluster analysis model was used to determine the homogeneous crops.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that applied irrigation water for different crops varies from 3984 for rapeseed to 32500 cubic meters per hectare for sugarcane. So that the weighted average applied irrigation water of 35 studied crops was determined to be 8032 cubic meters per hectare.This index was 9162, 7669 and 7247 cubic meters per hectare, respectively, for garden, agricultural, vegetable and summer crops. Also, the total applied water used for the 35 studied crops was estimated at 61.7 billion cubic meters and the total irrigation water for other crops that were not evaluated in this research was estimated at 9.4 billion cubic meters. The total water used in irrigated crops is estimated at 71.1 billion cubic meters, which is about 70% of the total renewable water in Iran. The weighted average of irrigation water productivity and water productivity of the studied crops was determined as 1.9 and 1.5 kg/m3, respectively. Saffron and pistachio provided the highest gross income per unit of irrigation water and sugarcane, soybean, barley, fodder corn, wheat and alfalfa had the lowest values.

    Conclusions

    The results of this research provide valuable information for managers and decision makers in different provinces of Iran.

    Keywords: Applied Irrigation Water, Physical Productivity, Cluster Analysis, Gross Income
  • Amir Eslami *, Abdolrasool Shirvanian, Reza Zareian Pages 17-37
    Introduction

     The sharp drop in the water level of the underground aquifers in the plains shows the lack of a suitable approach to create synergy between all the stakeholders in the water sector in the management of water resources. On the other hand, the undeniable limitation of water resources has led to the adoption of integrated water resources management as a requirement. In this regard, in an agricultural plain, there should be a matching of underground water resources with programmable water in order to reduce the severity of the created crisis and help to balance the plain over time. Therefore, avoiding acreage expanding in the agricultural sector and increasing water productivity should be on the agenda of decision makers, especially in the planning of cropping patterns.

    Material and Method

    This research has been carried out with the aim of improving the cultivation pattern in improving the physical and economic productivity of water in the Qaderabad-Madarsolaman plain of Fars province. The required data of the products include crop calendar, price at the time of harvest, production cost, yield, monthly programmable amount of plain water and monthly irrigation water amount of each crop related to crop year 2021-2022, which is in the form of documents from Jihad- Agriculture Organization. and the Regional Water Company of Fars province was collected. Data analysis was done by mathematical programming method using GAMS software.

    Results

    The results showed that after implementing the model and determining the optimal cultivation pattern, the number of agricultural products in the plain increased by 50%. So that the number of products reached 18 products from 12 products. Also, the area under cultivation of crops in the optimal cultivation pattern decreased by 27% and reached 3861 ha from 5303 ha. Meanwhile, the amount of irrigation water of the optimal pattern caused a 26% reduction in the consumption of underground water resources. In addition, the amount of crop production in the current and optimal model was 8,469,3000 and 6,947,060 kg, respectively, and the decrease in the cultivated area has caused an 18% decrease in this index in the optimized model. However, the economic efficiency of the entire plain in the current and optimal model was calculated as 1975.37 and 2035.60 billion rials, respectively, which indicates a three percent increase in the optimal model. With regard to the direct effects of the modification of the cultivation pattern of the Qaderabad-Madarsolaman plain, including the increase in the number of agricultural products of the plain and the introduction of six crops with the highest economic water productivity into the optimal cultivation pattern, as well as the reduction of the area under cultivation of crops in the optimal cultivation pattern, and the increase of the economic efficiency of the entire plain in this pattern, it is expected that the index of physical productivity and economic productivity of the whole plain will also change. So, the physical water productivity index of the whole plain in the current and optimal model was obtained as 2.56 and 2.84 kg/m3, respectively. In the same way, the water economic productivity index of the whole plain was calculated as 59,607 and 83,086 rials per cubic meter, respectively.

    Conclusions

    The modification of the cultivation pattern in the Qaderabad-Madarsolaman plain resulted in the annual saving of 8.64 million cubic meters of water, an 11% increase in physical productivity, and a 39.4% increase in the economic productivity of water. Based on this, focusing on the water productivity index in the form of improving physical and economic productivity can be followed as a suitable approach to create synergy between all stakeholders and beneficiaries of the water sector in the management of water resources in the agricultural sector. In this approach, by focusing on increasing water productivity, in a defined time period, while minimizing the amount of production reduction, and by increasing the livelihood level of the users, it is possible to reduce the agricultural water consumption in the plains to the amount of programmable water.

    Keywords: Climate Change, Farmer', S Livelihood, Programmable Water, Water Shortage
  • Mohammad Joleini *, Abolghasem Haghayeghi, Mohammadmehdi Nakhjavanimoghaddam Pages 38-51
    Introduction

    Razavi Khorasan province is one of Khorasan provinces in northeastern Iran, the center of this province is Mashhad. The area of this province is 118854 square kilometers. Due to having high evaporation potential and low rainfall, which is mostly associated with inappropriate distribution, this region is among the dry and semi-arid regions of our country, so that water is considered the most important factor limiting the growth and development of agriculture. Nowadays, limitations in water resources has made it necessary to create ways to increase water productivity. This is a proof of the importance of careful planning and finding the use of different irrigation methods to increase the water productivity of agricultural activities. By examining the sources, it was found that the volume of water used in the cotton crop varies in different regions and with different irrigation systems. This research aims to measure the volume of applied water, the yield and productivity of cotton under the management of farmers in Razavi Khorasan province (Bardaskan, Nyshabor, Sabzevar, Khaf, Roshtkhar and Sarakhs cities) and compare the amount of applied water with the water requirement of cotton in these six plains (city) with the national document and It was also calculated by Penman-Monteith method with meteorological data.

    Methodology

    This project was carried out in the field in order to determine the useful water of cotton in the fields under the management of farmers during one cropping season (2018). Six cities of Bardaskan, Nyshabor, Sabzevar, Khaf, Roshtkhar and Sarakhs were selected in Razavi Khorasan province, which have the largest area under cotton cultivation. At first, based on the data required by the project, a questionnaire containing necessary information for investigation and logical conclusion was prepared. The required data of the selected farms in each city were either measured or through face-to-face interviews with the farmer or were calculated and completed according to the data of the previous two stages. The measurements were carried out in type of water source, irrigation network and method and water source discharge, total level The field and area under cultivation of cotton crop, variety, planting arrangement, planting date, soil texture, electrical conductivity of irrigation water and soil saturation extract, date of first irrigation, irrigation cycle and different irrigation methods, etc. The Measured Applied water were compared with the net irrigation water requirement estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using the last 10 years meteorological data (2009 to 2018) and also with the national water document values. Crop yield was recorded at the end of the growing season and water productivity was calculated as the ratio of yield to total water (irrigation applied water and effective rainfall).

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the volume of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Bardaskan region were 7369 m3/ha, 4583 kg/ha and 0.638 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Nysahabor region were determined as 9773 m3/ha, 3554 kg/ha and 0.528 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Sabzevar region were 9173 m3/ha, 3033 kg/ha and 0.225 kg/m3, respectively. In Khaf region the amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity were 14791 m3/ha, 2821 kg/ha and 0.194 kg/m3, respectively. The amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in Roshtkhar region were 11281 m3/ha, 3466 kg/ha and 0.327 kg/m3, respectively, The amount of applied water, the amount of Cotton yield and the water productivity in Sarakhs region were determined as 9004 m3/ha, 2113 kg/ha and 0.265 kg/m3, respectively. The average amount of applied water, the amount of cotton yield and the water productivity in above six regions were 9830 m3/ha, 3078 kg/ha and 0.357 kg/m3, respectively. Also, the average volume of irrigation water, yield and productivity of water in the surface irrigation method were 10175 m3/ha, 2892 kg/ha and 0.318 kg/m3 respectively, and in the drip irrigation method 7242 m3/ha 4470 kg/ha and 0.649 kg/m3 were obtained.

    Conclusions

    In Razavi Khorasan province, underground water sources are facing a reservoir deficit. Therefore, efforts towards better use of extracted water and reducing exploitation of underground water resources are inevitable. In this project, the water given by the farmers for cotton production during one cropping season was measured in the six plains of Bardaskan, Nyshabor, Sabzevar, Khaf, Roshtkhar and Sarakhs cities,  without interfering farmer’s irrigation schedule ; these plains had the largest area under cotton cultivation in Razavi Khorasan province. The method of irrigation of the fields was surface and drip irrigation (tape). The results showed that the average volume of water, yield and water productivity in these planes were 9830 cubic meters per hectare, 3078 kg per hectare and 0.357 kg per cubic meter of water, respectively. The difference between the volume of applied water, performance and water efficiency in two methods of surface and drip irrigation was significant. Under the drip irrigation system, comparing surface irrigation method, the volume of applied water was 30% less (7242 cubic meters per hectare versus 10175 cubic meters per hectare), the yield was 55% higher (4470 kg/hectare versus 2892 kg/hectare) and the water productivity was about 104% higher (0.649 kg/cubic meter of water vs. 0/318 kg/cubic meter of water.

    Keywords: Irrigation Management, Irrigation Methods, Surface Irrigatin, Drip Irrigatin
  • Mohammad Karimi *, Saloome Sepehri Sadeghian, Mohammad Jolaini Pages 53-68
    Introduction

    Due to the limitation of water resources in the production of agricultural products in the country and the need to improve water productivity in the production of horticultural products on the one hand and the economic importance of plum production in the country on the other hand, the investigation of management indicators such as the volume of irrigation water, yield and irrigation water productivity is necessary in the production of plums in the country. Plums are one of the most important orchard products, and the livelihood of a large number of farmers in different regions of the country, including Khorasan-Razavi province, depends on this product. Therefore, the current project was carried out with the aim of direct and field measurement of the water content of plum varieties in orchards under the management of local farmers in the producing regions of this product in the province. According to the latest statistics published by the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad (Statistical Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture of Khorasan Razavi Province in 2022), the area under plum cultivation in Mashhad and Chenaran regions is 328 and 75 hectares, respectively, and the yield per unit area in those two mentioned regions is 3905 and 6028 kg/ha, respectively.

    Methodology

    In Khorasan Razavi province, two regions with highest area under plum cultivation were selected for evaluation, Chenaran and Mashhad. To conduct this research, 10 orchards in Chenaran region and 10 orchards in Mashhad region have been selected. The volume of irrigation water was measured in these 20 orchards during the irrigation season. The measurements were carried out in different irrigation and planting methods, various soils, different salinity of irrigation water and soil, and different plum varieties during the growing season of 2021-2022 without interfering with the farmer's irrigation management. The measured values were compared with the gross irrigation water requirement estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using the last 10 years meteorological data and also with the national water document values. Plum yield was recorded at the end of the growing seaso nand water productivity was calculated as the ratio of yield to total water (irrigation applied water and effective rainfall).

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the amount of applied water, the amount of plum yield and the water productivity in Chenaran region were 10899 m3/ha, 21.73 ton/ha and 1.9 kg/m3, respectively. The volume of applied water, the amount of plum yield, and water productivity in Mashhad region were determined as 10229 m3/ha, 13.11 ton/ha and 1.42 kg/m3, respectively. The volume of plum irrigation water in the regions varied from 4999 to 16862 and its weighted average (based on the cultivation area) was 10256 m3/ha. While the average gross requirement of irrigation water in the regions using the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data of the last ten years and the national water document was 14964 and 12173 m3/ha, respectively. The average yield of plum in the selected orchards varied from 5560 kg/ha to 89800 kg/ha and the average was 14713 kg/ha. Irrigation water productivity in selected orchards varied from 0.4 to 7.09 and the average was 1.53 kg/m3. The applied water productivity in the selected orchards was 1.51 kg/m3.

    Conclusions

    According to the results of this research in Chenaran and Mashhad, the weighted average volume of irrigation water and the irrigation water productivity in plum orchards are 10256 m3/ha and 1.53 kg/m3, respectively. The volume of irrigation water to produce plum in these two regions was about 31% more than that in country and the irrigation water productivity was about 32.6% less than that in country. The volume of irrigation water, yield and irrigation water productivity in plum orchards in drip irrigation method were 9920 m3/ha, 18827 kg/ha and 1.88 kg/m3, respectively, and in surface irrigation method they were 11433 m3/ha, 14804 kg/ha and 1.31 kg/m3 respectively. The yield of plum and the irrigation water productivity in drip irrigation method, compared to the surface irrigation method, increased by 27 and 43%, respectively, and water consumption decreased by 13%. Comparing the volume of irrigation water used by farmers in the plum orchards with the gross irrigation requirement, shows that the farmers have no enough water for irrigation and unintentionally, they follow deficit irrigation in the plum orchards, and in fact, the farmers use water available for them. The average yield of plums with drip irrigation method was equal to 18.83 ton/ha, which is about 65.75% higher than the average yield of plums in the country. Based on this, plum cultivation in both regions and also the use of drip irrigation method in plum orchards cab is recommended.

    Keywords: Volume Of Irrigation Water, Irrigation Methods, Water Productivity, Yield Of Plum
  • Karamat Akhavan *, Milad Kheiry Goje Biglo, Majid Mardpour, Farhoud Kalateh Pages 69-82
    Introduction

    The performance of geomembrane liners depends on proper design, installation, and maintenance. Geomembranes exhibit thermoplastic behavior, expanding and contracting significantly with temperature changes. This can lead to issues like wrinkling and uplift, which can compromise the liner's seepage control function. Proper maintenance is also essential, as geomembranes are sensitive to mechanical damage that can greatly reduce their effectiveness.In Iran, geomembrane lining of irrigation canals has been implemented in several projects, including the Moghan Irrigation Network. However, comprehensive studies on the performance and durability of these liners are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of geomembrane liners in controlling seepage from Pumping channel No. 3 of Moghan, and identify any issues related to their design, installation and operation. The results can help guide the rational expansion and optimal utilization of geomembrane lining for improving agricultural water productivity in Iran.

    Literature Review:

    Geomembranes exhibit thermoplastic behavior, expanding and contracting significantly with temperature changes. Geomembranes layers have a high coefficient of thermal expansion, causing wrinkling or waves in parts of the liner when heated. Proper temperature is critical for seam welding to avoid inadequate bonding and uplift of the geomembrane on slopes. Long-term wrinkles can also become failure points. Proper maintenance is essential for the sustainable operation of geomembrane projects, especially for exposed liners. Preventing mechanical damage (intentional and accidental) is crucial for the liner's durability and effectiveness. Geomembranes are sensitive to intentional damage (cutting, burning, abrasion, impact, etc.) which can greatly reduce the liner's seepage control capacity.

    Methodology

    The Moghan irrigation network, particularly Pumping Channel No. 3, has been a focal point for evaluating hydraulic performance, seepage control, and durability in irrigation systems. This channel, which spans 28 kilometers, is crucial for drawing water from the irrigation network and has a capacity of 2.3 cubic meters per second, serving approximately 3,500 hectares of agricultural and industrial land. Research conducted on this channel has employed the inflow-outflow method to measure average seepage rates, which were found to be around 46.86 liters per day per square meter. This rate is considered moderate compared to other geosynthetic-lined channels, highlighting the need for ongoing maintenance and monitoring to manage water loss effectively.Field inspections have revealed significant deterioration in the channel's walls and floor, leading to operational challenges. In 1999, significant repairs were made to three critical sections of the canal, covering 8 kilometers in total. However, these repairs proved insufficient, as severe damage reoccurred within two years of service. This situation emphasizes the necessity for robust construction practices and the potential benefits of using advanced materials, such as geomembranes, to enhance the durability and performance of irrigation channels. The research indicates that while immediate repairs can address some issues, long-term solutions are essential for maintaining the integrity of the irrigation infrastructure.Overall, the evaluation of Pumping Channel No. 3 illustrates the complexities and challenges faced in managing irrigation systems, particularly regarding hydraulic efficiency and seepage control. The findings suggest that integrating geosynthetic materials could significantly improve the channel's performance and longevity, thereby optimizing water resource management in the Moghan region. Continuous assessment and adaptation of maintenance strategies will be crucial in ensuring that the irrigation network meets the agricultural demands of the area effectively.

    Results and Discussion

    The average seepage rate along the canal reaches was 0.4686 liters per square meter per day. No sedimentation or damage was observed during field inspections. The results demonstrate the acceptable short-term effectiveness of well-installed geomembrane liners in controlling water losses. Properly designed and maintained geomembrane liners can significantly reduce seepage, improving agricultural water productivity. However, geomembranes require careful consideration in design, construction and operation to avoid issues like thermal wrinkling and mechanical damage that can compromise their seepage control function.

    Conclusion

    Controlling seepage from water storage and conveyance systems is essential in water-scarce countries like Iran. Geosynthetic liners, especially geomembranes, are rapidly expanding in Iran due to their unique waterproofing capabilities and other advantages like quick and easy installation. However, comprehensive studies on the performance of these liners are lacking. Rational expansion, proper utilization and optimal investment requires comprehensive evaluation of completed projects. This study's results indicate the acceptable short-term effectiveness of well-installed geomembrane liners in controlling water losses. Therefore, geomembrane liners can contribute to improving agricultural water productivity by significantly reducing seepage, if they meet waterproofing requirements. However, long-term performance and durability require further investigation.

    Keywords: Geomembrane, Seepage Control, Irrigation Canal Lining, Hydraulic Performance, Water Conservation
  • Bahman Yargholi, Farshid Taran * Pages 83-96

    Due to the scarcity of water resources and ever-increasing demand for it, treated wastewater, if meeting agricultural standards, can serve as an alternative or supplementary water source for achieving sustainable agriculture. In this study, considering the water shortage problem and the presence of arable lands in the province of Qazvin, especially in the Buin Zahra region, the potential of using the effluent of Qazvin’s sewage treatment plant in Buin Zahra’s irrigation and drainage network was investigated. In the first phase, the environmental status of the Buin Zahra region was studied, and subsequently, for one year (2019-2020), monthly samples were taken from the raw wastewater inflow and the treated effluent. Physical, chemical, and microbial analyses of these samples were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the Qazvin sewage treatment plant. Based on the area's cropping pattern and the quality requirements of agricultural products, a plan for the development of the irrigation and drainage network was devised, considering the quantity and quality of the produced effluent. The evaluations included gravitational transfer, significant aquifer depletion, soil characteristics, and the area's cropping pattern. Taking these factors and the social acceptance of the plan into account, the network development was proposed using 20.8 million m3 of effluent annually, covering 2000 ha of Buin Zahra's lands, and the appropriate cropping pattern and irrigation system were determined. Finally, given the importance of health and environmental issues, a comprehensive program for monitoring the quality of various components of the plan, including effluent, soil, agricultural products, and project workers, was prepared and presented to ensure the sustainable and safe use of this resource.

    Keywords: Irrigation, Sewage, Sustainable Agriculture