نشریه جامعه شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1403)

In this research, the role of border markets on the sense of security of border villagers in Baneh city has been investigated. The method used in this study was qualitative using a typical case study and focus groups. Findings show that cross-border exchanges and cross-border trade have played an important role in improving the living conditions of border residents and and helped the residents to improve their lives both economically and socially.With the creation of bazaars, according to the people and the officials, the number of smugglers who endanger the security of the people has been reduced to some extent. In terms of investment and inclination to economic and commercial activities with people across the border, we have seen an increasing trend, but productive investment has not been made in the region, which is one of the weaknesses of creating those markets. The feeling of financial security compared to the period before the establishment of the bazaar has been increasing and has also had a positive impact on reducing unrest in the region and reducing crime within villages and border areas. But the sense of security in border and Culbary traffic has diminished, and law enforcement policies need to be revised to some extent in favor of Culbarha and small businesses. In the initial goals of the formation of cross-border exchanges, economic development and healthy employment, these decisions have been prominent, but the effectiveness of markets in other areas, including urban areas, has been greater than rural border areas.

The aim of this article is an anthropological study of policy making of formal institutions and its effect on the life in the neighborhoods in historical and old contexts, in the center of Tabriz city. By focusing on the relationship between institutions and local communities, I used library studies and online news agencies for extracting laws of institutional politics, and ethnography by observation and participation for observing lived spaces in the neighborhoods.Policymaking in the international, national, and local levels in comprehensive programs, laws of parliament and UNESCO world sites in half of the century lead to “Al Ghoyoob” politic in the practice of the Office of East Azerbaijan Cultural Heritage. This politics means ban of construction beyond one floor and therefore people leaved their homes. Now we see the concrete effects of the politics and abandonments: homes which are to be corroding, extensive house destructions, damaged doors, locked doors, construction violations, residential heterogeneity, and anarchic condition.

One of the damages to social relations is social isolation caused by the loosening of social bonds, which in turn can be affected by today's urban context. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to investigate the sociological relationship between the qualitative indicators of the urban context and the social isolation of women in 1402. The statistical population is women over 18 years old in the city of Isfahan. Sampling was done using a cluster method from the upper, middle and lower areas of the city (some streets and alleys from each street and some women living in that area were selected from the three areas). The number of 350 samples has been checked with the questionnaire tool. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by the supervisors and also by statistical tests. The data results using spss software show that the quality of physical, economic and social fabric has a negative and significant relationship with women's isolation. That is, by increasing the desirability and quality of the urban context, the isolation of women in all aspects of loneliness, helplessness, social despair and social tolerance will decrease. The impact of physical quality on social isolation is greater than other dimensions (-0.328). After that, social quality with a coefficient (-0.241), cultural quality with a coefficient (-0.232) and economic quality with a coefficient (-0.121) have an effect on women's social isolation. Also, the general results of the correlation test between the quality of the urban fabric and the isolation of women show that these two variables have a significant and negative relationship with the coefficient (-0.257). That is, with the increase in the quality of the urban context, the amount of social isolation of women decreases.

The objective of the present study was meaning-based analysis of the role of professional development in teachers’ social status. The research was conducted by qualitative method and based on grounded theory methodology. Its statistical population included the teachers working in education organization in the west of Tehran province, 19 of whom selected as the sample based on the principle of theoretical saturation. According to the opinion of the research’s guiding group and using the Delphi method, the interview questions were reviewed by experts in the fields of sociology, management, and educational sciences and they confirmed its content validity. Moreover, Cohen’s kappa coefficient was employed to measure its reliability (judges’ consensus rate). The concepts extracted from these interviews included 54 initial conceptual propositions in professional development section, 132 conceptual initial propositions in social status section, and 45 conceptual initial propositions in the section of the role of professional development in teachers’ social status. These concepts were reflected at three stages of open, axial, and selective coding and in the form of a grounded theory model (paradigm) centered on a core category, causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences. The research data analysis indicates the role of professional development in the teachers’ social status, stating the presence of a synergistic and direct relationship between the research’s two main categories, i. e. professional development and teachers’ social status, in which the teachers play a decisive and effective role. The paradigm or schematic design is presented in the research findings and results section

The rapid growth of urbanization along with the increase of rural-urban migration has provided a favorable platform for the formation of marginal areas around the cities. The rapid growth of urbanization has caused many problems and problems for cities, among which we can mention the problems of marginalization and the growth of informal settlements. Meanwhile, the city of Bonab, as one of the cities of East Azarbaijan province, has faced the problem of marginalization due to having different capacities. The present research has investigated the problems of social harms of marginalization in Bonab city. The current research is a qualitative research method based on foundational data theory and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The statistical population was the residents of Aghdash, South Dizj (Iran Garage), North Dizj (Almalo neighborhood) of Benab city in East Azerbaijan province, 41 of them were interviewed and theoretical saturation was achieved. The investigation and analysis of the conducted interviews indicate that the people living in the suburbs are engaged in informal jobs such as buying and selling drugs, alcoholic beverages, labor and carpet weaving due to the lack of skills and expertise, and it is also one of the main causes of injuries. Social in these neighborhoods, we can point to things like economic and social inequalities, the availability of drugs and the lack of a proper program to fill free time. Dropping out of school due to economic poverty, the low literacy level of families, and the addiction of parents has created a phenomenon called working children, these factors have caused false employment, and the lack of cultural centers has caused delinquency in these areas.

Employment is often more than just a means of making a living, and lossing a job may be one of the most stressful experiences in life. This phenomenon apart from the financial problems it causes, it may affect people's health. This study examines the impact of unemployment on health during the period 2000-2021 in Middle Eastern and North African countries using the quantile panel econometric approach. For the health index, two variables of life expectancy and death rate under five years have been used. The results of the research indicate that in all quantiles of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95, unemployment had a negative and significant effect on life expectancy, while unemployment had a significant effect on the death rate and Mir has had a positive and significant impact. The control variables of GDP per capita, trade and current health expenses were also used and all three variables had a positive and significant effect on life expectancy and a negative and significant effect on the death rate.The results of the research indicate that in all quantiles of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95, unemployment had a negative and significant effect on life expectancy, while unemployment had a significant effect on the death rate and Mir has had a positive and significant impact. The control variables of GDP per capita, trade and current health expenses were also used and all three variables had a positive and significant effect on life expectancy and a negative and significant effect on the death rate.The results of the research indicate that in all quantiles of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95, unemployment had a negative and significant effect on life expectancy, while unemployment had a significant effect on the death rate and Mir has had a positive and significant impact.

The present research tries to discover the most important political economic elements and components of the construction period in Iran (1376-1368) with an analytical-adaptive method and using the data obtained from library sources and compare it with the characteristics of the development-oriented government. The basis of the variables of the development government of Leftwitch. Leftwitch has mentioned five characteristics for the development government: the existence of developmental elites,bureaucratic power and institutional ability,the independence of the government from social classes,the existence of a weak civil society,and a suitable international platform for the development of the country. . The findings of this research show that the most important characteristics and propositions governing the constructive government and the ruling elites of this period were: economic liberalism,economic development,Islamic realism in foreign policy,pragmatism and pragmatism,technocracy and technocracy. Privatization and structural adjustment,and for these reasons,the general atmosphere of the constructive government has had the same characteristics as the development-oriented governments. The construction government had relatively high bureaucratic authority and technical-institutional ability to advance the country's development project,this government had high independence from different social classes and had special relations with the commercial-industrial capitalist class. Although civil society is growing in this period,it is considered relatively weak. Despite the improvement compared to the first decade of the revolution,the variable of the international development platform is evaluated as unfavorable compared to the development-oriented governments of East Asia. This government more or less has the characteristics of the developmental government of Leftwich and this similarity in the variables of the existence of developmental elites,the relative independence of the government from the classes and the state of civil society is more than the variables of bureaucratic authority and a suitable international platform for development has been

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the state of the Tabriz metropolis with an emphasis on the indicators of an elderly-friendly city in formal and informal settlements.

The research method is descriptive-survey, and the data were collected based on questionnaires and field studies. Cronbach's alpha method was used to evaluate the reliability of the research tool, and to determine the validity of the research, the factor analysis technique was used, using the KMO index and Bartlett's test. The statistical population with a sample size of 384 people contains residents of areas 2, 8, and 10 of the Tabriz metropolis, as well as 27 managers and experts in urban affairs. Data analysis was done in an SPSS software environment.The geographical scope of the research: The area under study is districts 2, 8, and 10 of Tabriz city.

The findings of the research showed that among the eight indicators analyzed, from the point of view of the elderly, the indicators of "public and religious buildings and places" (13/53) and " "Cultural-Recreational" (9/85) have the highest and lowest points, and from the point of view of city managers, "public and religious buildings and places" (16/52) and " "Intra-city transportation" (14/56) were ranked first and last. There is a significant difference in the indicators of the elderly-friendly city among the studied areas. Also, other research findings indicate no significant difference between the satisfaction of the elderly with life in the metropolis of Tabriz and their education.

In general, Tabriz metropolis is lower than the average index of an elderly-friendly city and is not in a favorable situation.

Social media has become an integral part of our lives, influencing us in various ways. Instagram, one of the most popular social media platforms in Iran, frequently features psychological content. When psychological claims are presented to the general public through social media, it is called pop psychology. Despite the widespread dissemination of psychological claims on Instagram, no studies have examined Instagram psychologists or their typology; Therefore, this study aimed to identify different types of pop Instagram psychologists using descriptive criteria. Netnography, a form of ethnography conducted online, primarily involving continuous and in-depth observation, was employed as the research method for this study. Through continuous and in-depth observations, guided by logical principles and scientific evidence, we identified six types of pop Instagram psychologists: evidence-based psychologists, common sense psychologists, covert pseudoscientific psychologists, overt pseudoscientific psychologists, psychobabble, and mixed-type psychologists. This study demonstrated that pop psychology on Instagram is not a uniform phenomenon and manifests in various forms; Furthermore, we found that some types of pop psychology claims are more beneficial while others are highly detrimental. Further research could quantitatively validate the proposed typology or engage in deeper analyses of each type, examining both their characteristics and their potential positive and negative consequences.

Poverty has consequences beyond material deprivation and encompasses intangible aspects like stigma. Poverty stigma is a universal characteristic associated with poverty, manifesting as shame and humiliation in public. This study aims to categorize and evaluate strategies for addressing stigma. A qualitative approach was employed in this study, utilizing semi-structured interviews with 20 educated-underprivileged individuals in Iran. Thematic analysis was also conducted to examine the findings.The results reveal four types of stigma experienced by the participants, depending on the nature of the stigma exposure: no stigma, felt stigma, enacted stigma, and comprehensive stigma. The majority of participants were found to face enacted stigma. Those who have encountered or experienced poverty stigma in their social interactions employ stigma management techniques to mitigate its impact. Strategies such as accepting their current situation, avoiding direct interactions, seeking alternative avenues for growth, pretending to possess wealth, concealing their identity, and practicing reciprocity are all utilized as means of managing stigma.

The aim of the current research is to analyze the economic and industrial underdevelopment of the mining sector as one of the development capacities and potentials in Kurdistan province. Conceptual framework of the concepts of economic and industrial development under Norx's theories of balanced growth and Hirschman's unbalanced growth and Schumpeter's theories of economic development, which consider economic and industrial development as the basis for solving underdevelopment and emphasize the importance of continuous and sustainable development. Has been adopted. Also, the method of contextual theory, which is based on contextual, causal, interventional conditions, consequences and adopted strategies - underdevelopment - has been used. The sampling method is theoretical and targeted, and the logic of the theoretical saturation method was used to reach the findings of the interviews with 15 experts, managers and activists of the mining sector. The results showed that the weakness of the industrial and communication infrastructure of the province has provided the basis for the underdevelopment of the mining sector. Expensiveness, unwillingness of investors, existence of brokerage market, long-term nature of investment and capital transfer, capital-intensiveness of mining activities have caused the decrease and lack of investment in this sector, and this has caused the conditions of underdevelopment. . The administrative and security obstacles of mines in exploiting the capacities and potentials of this sector have acted as intervention conditions in underdevelopment. These conditions have provided the polarization of the distribution of industrial and mining activities among the cities of the province and institutional and civil conflicts. This strategy indicates the consequence of underdevelopment and at the same time the reproduction of underdevelopment of the province in the mining sector. Therefore, suggestions have been made to solve the underdevelopment of this sector and its economic and industrial development.

This paper explores and tries to explain the transnational investment behavior of Tabriz citizens in the foreign countries' residential sectors. The main focus of this study is to investigate the motivations, strategies, and outcomes linked to such cross-border investments. The research design adopted for this study is qualitative, based on the grounded theory approach. Using in-depth interviews with 18 cross-border investors from Tabriz and data analysis based on Strauss and Corbin's approach, some open, focused, and selective codes were extracted. Based on the research findings, it is observed that economic insecurity, preservation of asset value, government incentives, and successful experiences of migrants and political-social changes are among the causal conditions. Yet, the variables incorporated in the contextual factors are legal environments of host country, information availability, cultural contact and social networks. Whereas, the fluctuating currency, changing exchange rate, competition between investors, and psychic effects are recognized to be intervening variables. All these factors collectively are considered as main driving forces for cross-boundary investments of the people in the real estate sector . Contrarily, the research findings indicate that such strategies of acceptance and resistance by the citizens have led to reduced domestic investment and increased dependence on foreign markets through the results of cross-border investment activities over the past years. The happening has also contributed towards uneven distribution of wealth, migration and family system changes, as well as breakdown of social cohesion. The effects of such investments also include the loss of national identity, changes in values and beliefs, and the discovery of new social networks. The inference from this research is that while Iranians' cross-border investment may yield short-term personal financial gains, it has very significant long-term costs regarding its adverse impact on the sustainable development and welfare of the Iranian society.