نشریه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 51 (پاییز 1403)

This article, with the aim of finding the roots of the unique spirit of resistance of the people in Gaza, investigates how the people of Gaza interacted with the wars that the conquerors and invaders had in Gaza in different historical periods, and the correctness of this statement that the spirit of resistance in the people of Gaza dates back to It has a long history and has been reviewed. In response to the problem, it was in the stage of collecting library and documentary information and in the stage of data analysis, historical and comparative analysis was used. The findings of the research show that according to history, Gaza, relying on the institutionalized culture of resistance, has not bowed down to any aggressor and has not shown softness. Among the prominent features of this culture, which is the key to the stability of the people of Gaza, is courage, bravery, stubbornness and anti-tyranny, which is the legacy of many war situations that Gaza has been involved with in all historical periods from ancient times until now, and has caused people to suffer. Is. Despite its small area, Gaza has been one of the most important places on earth due to its very important geographical location, which has always been exposed to threats, wars, occupations and conflicts. Therefore, the people of Gaza, generation after generation, have fought to defend their identity and have been stubborn against the invaders, and the qualities of courage, endurance and patience in the face of hardships, and the aversion to accepting humiliation, weakness, and weakness are a legacy that their fathers have inherited.

This article aims to understand and recognize the role of digital media in addressing cognitive warfare in Iraq, as well as explore how digital media can effectively confront and navigate the ongoing conflicts in the country. Given Iraq's history of external occupation and current interventions by Western nations, the Iraqi society has become a prime target for cognitive warfare attacks.
To address this research question, thematic analysis of interviews with 20 media and cognitive warfare experts in Iraq was conducted, including professors from Mazaya, Imam Kazem, Farahidi, Baghdad, and Dhiqar universities, until theoretical saturation was achieved.
The analysis of the primary themes derived from the interviews indicates that audience-oriented approaches and professionalism are fundamental strategies that digital media should adopt to effectively address cognitive warfare. In this context, education and awareness-raising, mobilizing public opinion, promoting knowledge and self-confidence within society, and fostering community cohesion are essential components that contribute to audience-centeredness. Furthermore, to achieve professionalism, it is crucial to focus on digital capacity building and the advancement of persuasive journalism within Iraqi society.
To effectively address cognitive warfare, both traditional and new media in Iraq must devote significant attention to this issue. It is essential for these media outlets to fully comprehend the complexities of cognitive warfare and to prioritize informing and educating the public. By considering the needs and interests of the Iraqi audience, media discussions can become more impactful, enabling the Iraqi people and public opinion to better understand the issue at hand.

The attack of the international coalition led by the United States of America on Iraq in 2003 led to the establishment of a new political system based on ethnic divisions in this country. Due to the lack of formation of a powerful government behind these agreements and the approval of the country's constitution in 2005, the country's foreign policy has been affected by various actors. This issue has caused a kind of pragmatism in Iraq's foreign policy. In this regard, the present research seeks to investigate the characteristics and results of this pragmatism in Iraq's foreign policy.

This research has done a scientific investigation of this issue using documentary sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach.

The authors of this article have come to the conclusion that the pragmatism formed in the behavior of Iraqi politicians based on the opinion of Charles Chao Rong Fua was based on small pragmatism. In this regard, the interests, goals and strategies formed in the foreign policy of this country are also affected by this.

The pursuit of small pragmatism has made the interests, goals and strategies of Iraq's foreign policy to be pursued in order to maintain the survival of the system. In this regard, the interests and objectives of the foreign policy are: getting out of isolation and rebuilding foreign relations, getting rid of territorial occupation, providing security and countering terrorism with the cooperation of foreign actors, providing and developing weapons and military power of the country, revitalizing the oil economy and expanding the routes Energy transfer, provision of needed domestic goods and increase in foreign investment. The foreign policy strategies of this country also include creating a balance between regional and extra-regional powers present in Iraq, mediation, neutrality towards crises and joining alliances and coalitions.

This article examines the patterns and trends of Qatar's foreign policy and its impact on Iran. And it is trying to answer the question: What are the most important models of Qatar's foreign policy and its effect on relations with Iran?
The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, and the library method and the study of sites were mainly used to collect information.
During the last decade, Qatar has emerged as an active actor in the Middle East and North Africa region. Based on the findings of this research, Qatar has tried to adopt four models, which are: emphasis on Islamic identity and media diplomacy. In the Islamic world, compliance with global capitalism and economic interdependence, paying attention to the structure of the international system (security, defense, and scientific-educational), intelligent balance, and active mediation. On the other hand, these policies have caused Iran to review its relations with Qatar when necessary.
Qatar's foreign policy has seen significant changes from 2011 to 2023, which have had significant effects on the country's relations with Iran. This period of time includes events such as the Arab Spring, the diplomatic crisis in the Persian Gulf, and changes in regional and international policies that have played an important role in the formation and evolution of relations between the two countries. Independence, soft diplomacy, and strategic investments have been among the important patterns of Qatar's foreign policy that have helped to strengthen the country's relations with Iran. However, regional crises and changes in international politics have also created challenges for these relations. In general, Qatar's foreign policies in this period have been able to maintain a complex balance in relations with Iran and exploit these relations as a tool to increase its regional influence.

As one of the arenas of competition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, Lebanon is always of great importance. From this point of view, the present study tries to analyze the competitive acting of Tehran and Riyadh in Lebanon from the point of view of the balance of threats, in order to determine the factors influencing what and why this confrontation is, as opposed to the purely constructivist approach, which is a common approach in this field.

The research method is descriptive and the method of collecting sources is a library and seeks to answer the question that; What have been the grounds and consequences of the Iran-Saudi rivalry in Lebanon?

Lebanon's important geopolitics and multiplicity of ethnicity and religion, which cause internal conflicts and prevent the formation of a strong nation-state, are among the factors that have influenced the role of Iran and Saudi Arabia in Lebanon. The consequences of this competition have been the intensification of the fragility of the socio-political and economic structure, the expansion of the sphere of influence of regional and sometimes global competitors, and the rule of the security atmosphere in Lebanon.

Lebanon's crisis is rooted in the history and geography of this country. The existence of many ethnic and religious groups is one of the main reasons for the presence of Iran and Saudi Arabia in Lebanon. Understanding the existing international realities, these two countries took many measures to form a coalition with their aligned groups in Lebanon, and with political, military, economic, etc. support in this field, in addition to trying to empower the currents under their support as much as possible in the field. The internal affairs of Lebanon tried to increase their power and influence in this country and weaken each other's status and interests.

The Al-Aqsa storm operation and the subsequent crimes of the Zionist regime against the people of Gaza, which have been ongoing since October 7, 2023 have provided the basis for changing attitudes and approaches in the functional nature of the structure and agency at the global level and raised the question that Will this issue cause confrontation or interaction of structure and agency in different countries, especially Islamic countries?

In response to this question, in the form of "process tracing" method and based on the framework of structure and agency, while examining the general trend of this issue in the countries of the world, Turkey was selected as a case study and investigated.

The finding of the research is that while the Gaza crisis has brought "increasing conflict between the structure and the agent" in different countries of the world; But this process in Islamic countries, especially Turkey, has been a two-way interaction/confrontation, and the continuation of the Gaza crisis in Turkey has made this process more confrontational.

The crisis in Gaza and the intensification of the Zionist regime's crimes in other countries of the region have intensified the wave of criticism and protests against the policies of the ruling Turkish government and made the process of communication between the structure and the agency even more confrontational. From the realm of necessity, to step into the realm of “what will be” or “what should be”; and basically, he wants to perform the role of “active activism” and “strategic activism” correctly and effectively.

Good governance is one of the most debated issues regarding the way of managing societies and there are various narrations regarding its patterns and components which is not able to be implemented in Islamic societies due to its materialistic perfectionism and human-centered tendency.Islam has repeatedly emphasized governance as the most important and necessary measure to implement God's religion in the Qur'an, the Prophet's (PBUH) way of life and the Sunnah and neglecting Islamic sources is the missing chain of governance in the Islamic world.Due to the substantive difference between the components of Western and Islamic governance, the main goal of the current research was to examine the Quranic components and the Prophet's life in governance.

Descriptive-analytical method of the content analytical type, which, in addition to what is the concept of good governance and its components, analyzes governance from the perspective of the Qur'an, the Prophet's (PBUH) way of life, and the Sunnah and has presented a model for the Islamic world

Sublime governance seeks to achieve closeness to God. The mentioned model indicates the convergence and co-evolution of the components of accountability, transparency, participation, rule of law, efficiency and justice along with other components

The results of the research show that in supreme governance, providing justice was the biggest goal and concern after monotheism.