نشریه شاهد اندیشه
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار و تابستان 1403)

Studying the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom has been one of the important research agendas in the period after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. The dispersion of the findings of sacrifice studies is such that simply performing the meta-analysis of previous studies can provide a clear perspective on sacrifice researchers and appropriate research agendas in the light of describing and criticizing the research findings available to them. The purpose of the study is to identify the study axes related to the culture of self-sacrifice, martyrdom and sacrifice, and also to clarify the criticisms of self-sacrifice studies. The 3 main questions of the study are as follows: What is the focus of study of the researchers in the studies on the culture of self-sacrifice, martyrdom and sacrifice (1379-01401)? What are the most important criticisms of sacrifice studies? What will be the future formulation of research agendas that can be presented in the field of self-sacrifice studies? The meta-analysis of 60 selected scientific-research articles shows that the explanation of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom (32.4%), the description of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom (24.3%), the conceptualization of sacrifice and martyrdom (18.9%), the policy making of culture of sacrifice and martyrdom (13.5%), pathology of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom (8.1%), and methodological considerations in the studies of sacrifice and martyrdom (2.7%) constitute the six study axes. "Identifying factors affecting the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom" has been in the focus of researchers' interests; On the other hand, "Pathology of the Culture of Sacrifice" and "Methodological Exploration in the studies of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom" have had the least success among the researchers of sacrifice. "The predominance of the functional-structural approach and the maximum inattention of researchers to interpretive approaches" and "researchers' contentment with the specific meaning of sacrifice and the abandonment of its phenomenal appearance in the current Iranian society" are two basic criticisms of internal studies of sacrifice. "Construction of a posteriori knowledge" and "designing researches based on multi-layered qualitative sampling" are two suggestable research agendas for future studies in the field of self-sacrifice and sacrifice.

Every society has its own issues and problems, and minimizing the obstacles to a healthy and vibrant social life requires a solid and strong management force. Governments are often considered the main custodians of solving social opacity and faults, leading to those who are equipped with the ability to systematically monitor these issues, who consider social concern and human relations to be dependent on the realization of divine satisfaction and place themselves in these coordinates. The reason for Islam's command to respect and pay attention to believers and members of society, both in terms of material and spiritual matters, is that believers should be aware of each other and get out of the circle of selfishness. Khums, zakat, giving, and charity, etc., are the manifestation of this belief in caring for altruism. This article tries to explain the concept of "berr" by examining the verses and traditions and intellectual analysis, focusing on Surah Al-Insan and Surah Al-Mutaffifin. Attributed to this attribute is also expressed with the word "Abrar". In fact, the research method of this article was in the form of analyzing the content of the verses of the Qur'an and in the form of creating questions; That is, the question is the driving force for us to enter the Qur'an and turn to God. Our general question in this research is "What is the best way to deal with the social harms of the society?" which can obtain its details and numerous questions by referring to the scientific custom as well as the custom of the society and the set of experiences that have been seen from this concept in the society.This process led to the formation of the existential structure of Berr and in the end it led to the effect of the behavioral model of such people (Abrar) on solving the damages and disorders of the society, which by finding it in examples of traditions, a more detailed design of the spirit and performance of Abrar was formed.This article tries to explain the concept of "barr" by examining the verses and narrations and intellectual analysis, focusing on Surah Mubarakeh Man and Muftafin. Attributed to this attribute is also expressed with the word "Abrar". In fact, the research method of this article was in the form of analyzing the content of the verses of the Qur'an and in the form of creating questions; That is, the question is the driving force for us to enter the Qur'an and turn to God. Our general question in this research is, "What is the most optimal mode of facing the social harms of the society?" which can obtain its details and numerous questions by referring to the scientific custom as well as the custom of the society and the set of experiences that have been seen from this concept in the society. This process led to the formation of the existential structure of Abrar, and in the end, it led to the effect of the behavioral model of such people (Abrar) on solving the harms and disorders of the society, which by finding it in examples of traditions, a more detailed design of Abrar's spirit and performance was formed.

The discourse theory of "Lacla and Mouffe" in the book "Hegemony and Socialist Strategy" is one of the new theories used in the analysis of social phenomena. The upcoming research with a descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of how to reflect this discourse in the two novels "Safar be geraye 270 daraje" and "Dar sho'lehaye ab" which were written with the focus of war and promotion of jihadist spirit; It is trying to reach this important point, how much these works have elaborated the concepts, identification process and establishment of common discourses in the society of war, especially the new concept of "jihadi identity"? This concept is formed around what signifiers and with what articulation, and what achievement does it seek? The findings show; The most important elements that support the establishment and hegemony of the jihadist discourse and the formation of the jihadi identity are secondary symbols such as courage, sacrifice, resistance and the spirit of martyrdom, which are formed around the central symbol of religious and national beliefs and ideas, and the result and achievement of reflecting this identity in the novel is to keep alive. The spirit of resistance and standing against the aggressor, strengthening independence and protecting the security of this border and land, is among the people of today's war-free society. Also, in reflecting this case, the novel "Dar sho'lehaye ab" has been more successful than the novel " Safar be geraye 270 daraje ".

In the current study, the families of the martyrs who defended the shrine and the families of the normal victims of the whole country were compared in terms of post-tragedy growth variables, religious coping and religious commitment. The statistical population of this study was formed by the families of the martyrs who defended the shrine and the ordinary victims of the whole country, 212 of whom were purposefully selected and completed the post-traumatic growth questionnaires, the religious coping scale, and the religious commitment questionnaire. The present research method is comparative causal and the data were analyzed through multivariate variance in SPSS 27 software package. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the families of the martyrs who defended the shrine and the normal victims in terms of post-traumatic growth variables and religious commitment, but there was no significant difference in terms of religious confrontation (F=2.031 and p<0.01). From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the families of the martyrs who defended the shrine perform better in response to the loss of their loved ones than the families of normal victims in the variables of post-traumatic growth and moral commitment.

Undoubtedly today the Middle East region is witnessing a series of conflicts of opinion which kind of ideological approaches play a very colorful role in these conflicts of course this tension has many causes and variables one of them is the presence of great powers in the region the US military presence in order to realize the strategy and national interests of that country in the form of hegemony in some regions including the Middle East has caused direct and indirect conflicts with countries that are not aligned with it in the region the direct confrontation is drawn into proxy wars that ISIS terrorism and the like believe many experts and undeniable reasons in the The national interest of the United States is to justify its presence in the region and to gain benefits in this regard. Therefore, some countries, including Iran, also provide material and spiritual counseling to their allies to defend their regional interests in the form of a resistance axis; as a result, a kind of proxy confrontation has been formed, as a result of the US reaction in the region has killed Iranian counselors in the allies of Iran. In this article, we're going to take a descriptive and analytical look at the documentation method and... How to take legal responsibility of real and legal supporters of terrorist groups for the dead of the Iranian advisor (martyr defender of the Haram of ) in international law and domestic law, emphasize the Iranian courts and the enforcement guarantees of its possible provisions.

The main goal of this research is to analyze Islamic Iranian values ​​in the wills of martyrs. In order to achieve this goal, the citation-analytical qualitative research method was used. What is of interest is understanding the intellectual paradigms of the martyrs and presenting a conceptual model of the will of the martyrs. Data were collected from written documents (martyrs' wills). Qualitative research approach and random sampling method is simple. The statistical population includes the selected text of one hundred wills of the martyrs of eight years of Holy Defense, from which the number of one hundred wills was selected randomly. Qualitative review was done using coding in MAXQDA software. which led to the extraction of themes along with primary, central and selective coding. According to the results of this survey, 372 codes were extracted from these wills, and finally 8 components were extracted from these codes. The extracted components include faith and doing one's duties, following the authority of the jurist, hijab and chastity, the hereafter, knowing and protecting Islam, waiting, training, fighting the enemy and hypocrites. The prioritization of the components extracted from the wills using the frequencies obtained showed that in the examined wills, the issue of following the legal authority is emphasized in the first priority.

This article examines the role of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom in fostering and strengthening the spirit of jihad in Islamic society. The culture of sacrifice and martyrdom is a fundamental aspect of Islamic culture that significantly reinforces social and ethical values. Sacrifice refers to selflessness and devotion in service to others and the community, whereas martyrdom represents the highest degree of faith and self-sacrifice for the sake of God. The aim of this article is to elucidate the role of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom and analyze their impact on instilling a jihadist spirit within society. Utilizing an applied research methodology and reviewing the existing literature, this study analyzes the theoretical foundations and prior research related to the topic. The findings indicate that the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom encourages individuals to combat oppression and corruption by reinforcing qualities such as faith, reliance on God, sincerity, patience, courage, and justice-seeking. Moreover, these cultures contribute to enhancing human connections, moral elevation, and advancement of societal values. By promoting the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom and emphasizing the importance of these values in educational and training programs, it is possible to strengthen the spirit of jihad within society and achieve a cultural and ethical elevation among Muslims. In this way, the Islamic community can resist challenges and threats, leading to progress and development.

Throughout history, Shia seminaries have always stood against tyranny and oppression and in all popular revolutions and uprisings with one or more Shia scholars, they have been at the head or part of the main pillars of the uprising. The struggles and jihad of religious scholars and elders in three axes; Issuance of fatwas, presence in the battlefield and financial support, which was done according to the type of danger faced by Muslims from colonialism, according to the strength and weakness of Muslims and also with the understanding of the situation of the time. This article, by collecting information in a library form and processing information in a descriptive-analytical way, examines the role of seminaries and scholars in holy defense, including leadership in war, formation of public mobilization, creating the spirit of sacrifice and courage, strengthening the spirit of faith, giving legitimacy. He has paid attention to the war, encouraging people to participate in the war.

The present study was organized with the aim of measuring the effect of different levels of organizational culture on the appointment of women in management positions in the Martyrs Foundation and Affairs of Gilan Province. The current research is considered to be an applied research purpose and the method and method of obtaining the required data is a descriptive survey, in which the interview method was used in order to extract the most important factors affecting the non-attainment of managerial positions, among which 8 people were interviewed. Experts in management fields and academic professors related to the subject were asked to answer the questions using a non-random and purposeful selection method, then with the help of the obtained components, a five-point Likert questionnaire was designed (with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.76) and 59 people from Sample size members were asked to answer the questions. The findings indicate that: the indicators of top managers' support for women, the existence of a model of successful female managers in the organization, the testing of women in management positions and the opportunity for women to comment on important decisions in the organization are among the most important factors influencing the belief in guidance in the appointment of female managers in positions It has been managerial; Indicators of removing the culture of highlighting women's mistakes in the organization, removing gender stereotypes based on the inability of women to manage in the organization, giving importance to the success of women in the organization and changing the attitude of women and encouraging them to accept positions with more responsibility and diverse and new tasks. The most important components of the daily beliefs of the organizational culture are the appointment of women in managerial positions.

Prayer is the common chapter of all martyrs' wills. The goal is to examine the manifestation of prayer in the wills of the martyrs of Ilam province and to derive educational points from it in the form of educational components and methods. The research method was a library type and in the form of slip writing that 52 wills of martyrs were collected in the documents of the National Congress of 3000 Martyrs of Ilam Province in the year 2021. The results showed that the educational components resulting from the martyrs' wills in the field of prayer include: attention and importance to prayer as a pillar and flag of religion, constant participation in Friday prayers and congregations, attention to performing the first prayer on time, attention to the purity of intention in Prayer, emphasizing the importance of prayer as a barrier against the negative propaganda of the enemies against the religious and spiritual beliefs of the Islamic Revolution, reading the prayer correctly, performing prayer together with prayer and appeal, paying attention to the meanings, understanding and understanding the messages of the prayer, paying attention to the practice of Prayer and finally pay attention to the harmful effects of neglecting prayer. It was also found that educational methods such as preaching and warning, encouragement and persuasion, admonition and preaching, meditation and calculation were more observed in the wills of martyrs regarding prayer. At the end, practical suggestions are provided.