فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 144 (اسفند 1403)

In Iran, marriages between Iranian women and Afghan immigrant men are on the rise; however, there is limited information available regarding domestic violence against Iranian women with Afghan immigrant spouses. Domestic violence is a serious social and public health issue that requires a precise understanding of the influential factors in this context.

This study aimed to identify the factors influencing domestic violence against Iranian women with Afghan immigrant spouses. This study could contribute to improving policies and prevention programs aimed at addressing domestic violence in these communities.

The present study utilized a descriptive phenomenological approach. The target population consisted of all Iranian women who were victims of domestic violence with Afghan immigrant spouses residing in Tehran province. The sampling method was a snowball technique, ultimately resulting in interviews conducted with 14 participants. Data collection utilized semi-structured, in-depth interviews, and the collected data were analyzed using a seven-step Colaizzi method.

The results indicated that factors such as personal characteristics of women (such as age, education, and economic status), characteristics of Afghan spouses (economic, cultural, and social), and family and social factors (such as cultural pressures and societal attitudes) play a role in increasing domestic violence against Iranian women with Afghan immigrant spouses.

Given the findings of this study, it appears that a precise understanding of the factors influencing domestic violence in this community is crucial. This study can aid in formulating policies and prevention programs against domestic violence towards Iranian women with Afghan spouses, leading to improvements in their social and health-related conditions

Fear of flying is one of the categories of phobias that can have a negative effect on people. This fear can be caused by many factors such as behavioral functions, brain and emotion regulation. Since air travel is safer than traveling with other vehicles, therefore, treating this disorder is very important.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of virtual reality program on behavioral functions, emotional regulation and brain functions by FNIRS in the treatment of aerophobia.

The current research design was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with an experimental group (virtual reality training) and a control group (13 people in each group) with a 1-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all people with fear of flying who were invited to cooperate in 1402 and 1403 in the city of Tehran through a call on Instagram and Telegram social networks. The fear of flying questionnaire (Bournas et al., 1999), emotion regulation questionnaire (Gross and John, 2003) and functional near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were used to collect data, as well as the 5-session protocol (One session per week and 60 minutes each session) virtual reality program was used for intervention. The data were analyzed with the methods of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and t-test. SPSS version 26 software was used for data analysis.

The findings indicated that the virtual reality program improved behavioral functions
(p< 0.01), but it had no significant effect on emotional regulation and brain activity indicators
(p> 0.01).

In general, the virtual reality program is very important in improving the fear of flying and can improve the behavioral functions of a person, and as a result, people can use the plane without fear of flying, and this method can be used to treat the fear of flying.

One of the most influential factors in creativity is brain waves. Among brain waves, alpha and theta waves are considered the most effective in fostering creativity in individuals. Alpha wave activity represents the dominant oscillatory activity of the human brain and is associated with fundamental and complex cognitive functions such as divergent thinking. Previous research has often conceptualized creativity as a cohesive concept that can be assessed using questionnaires, which may not seem sufficient for the underlying mechanism.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in the patterns of alpha and theta brain waves in the posterior regions of the right hemisphere during divergent and convergent thinking.

The current study employed a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a two-month follow-up period. The research population consisted of all graduate students aged 20 to 46 years in psychology and cognitive sciences at Payam Noor University and the Cognitive Sciences Research Institute in 2023. The sample included 32 participants (16 men and 16 women) selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental conditions (divergent and convergent). The research instruments included the Chapman Superiority Scale (Chapman, 1987), a 64-channel Ant EEG system, tasks for divergent thinking (snake counting, alternate uses), and tasks for convergent thinking (number counting, Tower of London).

The repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant differences between the two study conditions (divergent and convergent) in the posterior region. The difference between divergent and convergent conditions was statistically significant in favor of divergent thinking for both alpha (P< 0.05) and theta (P< 0.01) bands.

The findings of the present study can provide a basis for further investigations into brainwave neurofeedback and other quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) components, such as absolute power, coherence in other frequency bands, in relation to divergent and convergent thinking differences.

By relying on talents and abilities, instead of focusing on diseases, positive psychology has opened its place in psychology literature and has become more important with the increasing progress of societies and the spread of materialism. In Martin Seligman's theory, happiness is one of the most important concepts in positive psychology and refers to a person's feeling of happiness and satisfaction.

The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model for happiness based on Martin Seligman perspective.

The method of the current research was qualitative, which was carried out using the grounded theory method. The statistical population in the review section of Seligman's theory was the content of the book "Prosperity of Positive Psychology: A New Understanding of the Theory of Happiness and Well-Being", all of its content was carefully examined by researchers, and in the expert section, the statistical population included all positive psychology specialists in Tehran. It was in 1402 that they were identified by snowball sampling and by asking the opinion of 10 of these experts, their opinions on the subject under study were examined.

In the present study, causal, contextual and intervening factors of happiness were identified. On the other hand, strategies for focusing on strengths, practicing gratitude, practicing acceptance of suffering, setting goals and weekly or monthly planning, establishing and maintaining positive relationships and meaningful connections with others, practicing living in the present and valuing the present moments and sports activities and mobility Physical activity was identified as a means of happiness. Finally, it was found that happiness brings various consequences, including improving mood, improving health, improving relationships, increasing creativity, success at work, maintaining mental balance, and increasing motivation.

The findings of the present study showed that Martin Seligman's genuine happiness is consistent with the opinion of experts in the field of positive psychology; Because both emphasize that happiness, satisfaction and inner peace can be achieved through spiritual connection with God and following religious and moral principles and a positive attitude towards life.

It seems that despite the significant role of worry and uncertainty intolerance in occurrence, maintaining and intensify the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, few interventions have targeted such variables.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on worry states and intolerance of uncertainty in patient with generalized anxiety disorder.

The research method was a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a 45-day follow-up stage by control group. The study population included all people with generalized anxiety disorder referred to 40 psychological counseling centers in the 18th district of Tehran in 2023 which among those 34 cases were selected through available sampling and they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The Experimental group received schema therapy (Young, 2008) sessions for eight 90-minutes sessions. All participants were assessed by the generalized anxiety disorder scale- 7 item (Spitzer et al, 2006), Pen state worry questionnaire (Meyer et al, 1990) and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Freeston et al, 1994). Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software and MANOVA with repeated measure test.

The results demonstrated that schema therapy is effective in reducing worry states and intolerance of uncertainty (p< 0.01) and that this effect is long-lasting (p< 0.01).

According to the findings of the study, therapists and clinical specialists should consider schema therapy as an effective treatment strategy for generalized anxiety disorder.

A review of previous studies has shown that psychological factors such as disease acceptance and emotional self-regulation have a significant effect on the exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome and its therapeutic consequences. Among the effective methods for increasing disease acceptance and improving emotional self-regulation, we can mention relaxation training and awareness and emotional expression training.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the efficacy of relaxation training and awareness and emotional expression training on disease acceptance and emotional self-regulation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

The current research design was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all patients with irritable bowel syndrome who referred to the gastroenterology Subspecialty offices in northwest Tehran from 2021 to July 2022, who had received the diagnostic criteria of irritable bowel syndrome. Using the purposeful sampling, 60 patients with irritable bowel syndrome were selected, And then they were randomly divided into three groups of 20 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The tools used in this research was the Chronic Illness Acceptance Questionnair (Beacham et al., 2015) and Emotional self-regulation (affective style) questionnaire (Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010). Also, for the first experimental group, relaxation training, For the second experimental group, awareness and emotional expression training in 8 sessions of 90 minutes it was held virtually. In order to analyze the research data, the Analysis of variance with repeated measures and SPSS-26 software was used.

The findings showed that compared to relaxation training, awareness and emotional expression training increase disease acceptance in people with irritable bowel syndrome. The difference in the efficacy of relaxation and awareness and emotional expression on the components of commitment to engaging in activities (P= 0.004) and Willingness to endure (P= 0.034) and consequently on the total score of disease acceptance (P= 0.001) was significant. Also, the results showed that relaxation training is not an effective method for improving emotional self-regulation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, however, the difference between the effect of relaxation training and awareness and emotional expression training on the factors of adjusting (P= 0.011), concealing (P= 0.001) and tolerating (P= 0.008) is significant.

Based on the findings of the present study, it seems awareness and emotional expression training is a more effective method to increase disease acceptance and improve emotional self-regulation in irritable bowel syndrome patients compared to relaxation training.

Research evidence indicates that women with premenstrual syndrome do not have a good quality of life and mention several factors as predictors of this. There is a research gap regarding the role of perceived stress and personality traits in the quality of life of these women, Therefore, addressing the mentioned variables in the form of a structural model on women with premenstrual syndrome seems necessary.

The purpose of this research was to present a structural model of quality of life based on perceived stress with the mediating role of personality traits in women with premenstrual syndrome.

The research method was descriptive-analytical of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research included all women referred to counseling clinics and psychological services, health centers and gynecologists' offices diagnosed with premenstrual syndrome in the western areas of Tehran between January 2021 to March of 2022. Among the women of the statistical population, 419 women were selected by convenience sampling method. Data collection tools in this research include questionnaires of Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (Steineret al., 2003), Perceived Stress (Cohen et al., 1983), quality of life (Ware & Sherbourne, 1992) and the the shortened version is the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1989). To analyze the research data, Pearson correlation methods and structural equation modeling were used with the help of SPSSV-25 and AMOSV-24 software.

The results showed the relationship between neuroticism and perceived stress was positive and with quality of life, negative and significant, but other personality traits had a negative relationship with the components of perceived stress and a positive and significant relationship with the components of quality of life (P<0.01). Also, the effect of perceived stress on quality of life was negative and significant (P<0.01). In addition, among the personality traits, the effect of the path coefficient between conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion on quality of life and neuroticism on quality of life was negative and significant (P<0.01). In addition, the indirect path coefficient between perceived stress and quality of life through conscientiousness, neuroticism and extroversion was also negative and significant (P<0.01).

According to the findings of this research, it can be said that the quality of life model of women with premenstrual syndrome has a favorable fit, Therefore, the awareness of specialists in the fields of psychology, counseling and health of this model can be very effective and helpful in improving the quality of life of this category of women.

Systematic review of research shows that infidelity and marital infidelity cause the most damage to the relationship between spouses and addition to marital conflicts, it can even destroy the relationship. Despite numerous studies on the treatment of marital infidelity, there is a research gap regarding the efficacy of schema therapy based on mindfulness on the emotional reactivity and internal shame of betrayed women.

The present study was conducted with the aim of the efficacy of schema therapy based on mindfulness on the emotion reactivity and internal shame of betrayed women.

The method of the present research was practical in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of method, pre-test-post-test with control group and three-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all women who needed psychological services in the second half of 2022 due to their husband's infidelity in the city of Bandar Abbas. Among all psychological and counseling service centers in Bandar Abbas city, 30 women who had referred to ten centers due to infidelity of their husbands were selected by the available sampling method and were randomly replaced in the experimental group and the control group. To collect data, emotional reactivity questionnaires (Knock et al. 2008) and internal shame (Cook, 1993) were used. The participants of the experimental group received 10 sessions of mindfulness-based schema therapy based on Van Vrieskwijck et al. (2015). Also, the data were analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements using SPSS-22 software.

The findings showed that schema therapy based on mindfulness was effective on the emotional reaction and internal shame of betrayed women. (p< 0.01). Also, the findings showed that this intervention had the greatest impact on internal shame.

Based on the results of the present study, it can be argued that schema therapy based on mindfulness is effective on the emotional reaction and internal shame of betrayed women, and this therapeutic intervention can be used to moderate the emotional reaction and internal shame of betrayed women in counseling centers.

From the beginning, the assessment of psychological structures was divided under two headings, one personality assessment and the other talent assessment. Therefore, measuring personality is not only effective in knowing people, but it is a fundamental and elementary topic in psychometric science.

The current research was conducted with the aim of building a personality assessment tool based on existing personality questionnaires based on big data gathered from indipendent data sets.

The researchers used the correspondence analysis technique in the data obtained from independent groups with 32 personality questionnaires were implemented on different groups on the web. 829,880 people voluntarily answered 1,766 questions. The sample was men and women who were able to answer a web questionnaire. Age and gender variables were considered as anchor variables. To determine the membership of each question, the cos2 index was the selection criterion. All analyzes were performed with R software.

The results of the research showed that personality questionnaires have two dominant dimensions, the first dimension explains 60.5% of the total inertia variance and the second dimension explains 13.7% of the total variance (p<0.001). The first dimension was named "communication with people and things" and the second dimension was named "ignoring and avoiding".

In line with previous researches, two dominant dimensions were evaluated for personality questions and an algorithm of personality questions was obtained that can be used for premarital, clinical, career counseling, education and humanities research institutes. Many schools of psychology consider personality to have two dimensions.

Trust between spouses is one of the fundamental pillars of family formation, and couples facing the aftermath of betrayal require, above all, the construction of trust to mend their marital relationships. A review of the literature in this area indicates a lack of indigenous models for building trust among couples impacted by infidelity.

The present research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of trust in couples affected by infidelity based on emotional schemas with the mediation of communication patterns and emotional expression.

The research method was correlation type which was done in the from of structural modeling. The statistical population of this study is made up of all couples affected by infidelity who visited the counseling centers of Nowshahr, Chalus and Tonekabon between May and August 2021 the sample of the research was (300) men and women injured by infidelity (240 women and 60 men) who were selected by the available sampling method and couples trust questionnaires (IRS) Rempel et al. (1985), emotional schema (LESS) Leahy (2002), communication patterns (CPQ) Christensen and Salavy (1984) and emotional expressiveness (EEQ) completed King and Emmons (1990). The resulting data were analyzed by Pearson correlation method and structural equations with SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 software.

The findings of the research showed that the presented conceptual model had a good fit and was approved. Also, the results showed that compatible and incompatible schemas have a direct and significant effect on communication patterns, emotional expression and trust of couples (P<0.05); Also, regarding the indirect effects, compatible schemas through the expression of positive emotion and incompatible schemas through the mediation of positive emotion expression and intimacy expression had an indirect and significant effect on couples' trust (P<0.01).

Considering the prominent role of trust, particularly trust restoration, in couples affected by infidelity, it is recommended to utilize the findings of this research to design and plan a psychotherapeutic intervention model. The aim is to enhance trust in couples impacted by infidelity, focusing on improving levels of adaptive emotional schemas, positive communication patterns, and effective emotional expression.

Marital orientation refers to assessing individuals' optimistic or pessimistic attitudes toward marriage. Among the influential factors shaping young people's marital orientation are the relationships they have with others before marriage, as well as their psychological capital. In past studies, family friendship has also been identified as one of the influential factors. However, to date, no model has been proposed for marital orientation based on the relationships between these components.

The aim of the current research was to model marital orientation based on psychological capital and premarital relationship attitudes with the mediation of family friendship.

The present research was descriptive and employed correlational structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all single students of Islamic Azad University in Isfahan province. Considering the number of research variables and conventional statistical methods, a sample of 500 individuals (303 females and 197 males) was selected using stratified random sampling method. Participants completed questionnaires on marital orientation (Guanji, 2020), psychological capital (Luthans, 2007), premarital relationship attitudes (Kourdeloo, 2001), and family friendship (Hashemi Garmdarreh, 2019). The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software.

The findings indicate that among the predictor and mediator variables, optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy, as well as family friendship, have a direct relationship with marital orientation
(p< 0.05). Additionally, psychological capital and premarital relationship attitudes can predict marital orientation through the family friendship variable (p< 0.05).

Based on the results obtained, it can be said that the higher the levels of psychological capital and family friendship among students, the more optimistic their orientation towards marriage will be. Considering the results, the family friendship variable plays an important and influential mediating role in the relationship between psychological capital and premarital relationship attitudes with marital orientation.

Differences between age groups is a very important issue that can be the source of various cultural and social phenomena and issues.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the intergenerational social capital and its dimensions among men and women in Tuyserkan city.

The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population included men and women over 15 years of age in Tuyserkan city in 2019, of which 392 were selected by cluster sampling.

Data analysis was done with ANOVA, Independent T-test, and Path Analysis in SPSS-25 software. The results showed that there is a difference between generations in terms of social capital and the older generation has more social capital; there is a difference between women and men in terms of social capital, and men have more social capital than women. There is a difference between age groups in terms of social capital, and the age group of 66 to 75 years has more social capital. Also, there is a relationship between income and social capital (P < 0.05).

In short, it can be said that there is a relationship between intergenerational variables, gender, age groups, income, type of job, marital status, level of education, place of residence, age of marriage, presence in society, and social capital; There is a difference between men and women as well as between different generations in terms of the variables of age of marriage, presence in society, economic capital, individual and social freedoms, social trust, and social mobility.

Post-COVID-19 neurological sequelae may have a long-term negative impact on cognitive functions and quality of life in recovered patients. Cognitive stimulation based on computer tasks combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising approach to address cognitive impairments and consequently improve the quality of life in these individuals. However, research literature on the effectiveness of this combined method has gaps that require further investigation.

This study aimed to compare the impact of cognitive stimulation based on computer tasks with and without transcranial direct current stimulation on the health-related quality of life in recovered COVID-19 patients.

This research was conducted in the form of a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a one-month follow-up. The sample size of the study consisted of 45 patients recovered from covid-19 in Mashhad city, who were selected by available sampling method and randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 including computerized cognitive stimulation group, computerized cognitive stimulation combined with single-site anodal electrical stimulation (tDCS) and computerized cognitive stimulation with artificial electrical stimulation (Sham). Participants completed the Weir and Sherburne (1992) SF-36 Health-Based Quality of Life Short Form before and after the intervention. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements and SPSS 24 software were used for data analysis.

Both methods of cognitive stimulation based on computer tasks alone and in combination with (tDCS) increased the average scores of the quality of life and its subscales in those who recovered from the acute stage of covid-19 (p=0.05)and this increase was stable in the one-month follow-up phase. In addition, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two treatments in improving the quality of life.

Computerized cognitive stimulation alone and together with transcranial brain stimulation can lead to improvement of health-related quality of life in those who have recovered from covid-19 disease. This enables us to enhance and update current rehabilitation programs to meet patient needs.

All marriages may experience boredom or continue married life with poor quality; which is definitely associated with ideas about separation, it is important to attention to the destructive effects of this phenomenon and treat it in time.

The purpose of this research was to determine, through the examination of couples' personal experiences, the effect of an educational program on mitigating marital tedium among those who are disillusioned with married life.

The study used a quasi-experimental design, using a post-test, pre-test, and 6-month follow-up methodology. The research included 30 couples diagnosed with marital burnout in 2022. The participants were recruited by purposive selection, and then randomly divided into an experimental and a control group, each consisting of 15 people. The participants completed the Pines (2002) 20-item marital discomfort questionnaire, which served as the tool for measuring the variables. Then, the participants of experimental group in ten 90-min sessions of group training of training package, which was conducted using predictive indicators of marital burnout, based on the lived experiences of distressed couples, using the phenomenology by the author. The analysis of mixed covariance using SPSS version 23 software was used to analyze the data.

Based on the value of F= 58.48, which was significant at the P< 0.01 level, the results indicated that 68% of the changes in the variance of marital happiness were affected by an intervention.

Considering the effectiveness of the educational package, this package can be used in psychological centers to educate couples and improve their interactions to reduce marital dissatisfaction.