نشریه پژوهش های معماری اسلامی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 43، تابستان 1403)

Housing, as a space for settling and living, has always been one of the first spaces that humans have dealt with since the beginning of history, and the characteristics of this building, especially its interior space, are due to the direct connection with humans during long hours of the day. It has been of great importance. Peace is one of the spiritual and psychological needs of every person that must be provided at home, and this issue turns the provision of peace into one of the most important functions of the home. Providing peace in connection with contemporary houses, whose residents, due to the many problems of urban life, consider the house more than ever as a place for rest and relaxation, is more important, and this is the way to achieve this. The meaning of the house has been investigated less in specialized texts, especially in the field of architecture, Based on this, the current research was conducted with the aim of extracting the factors that create peace in the house and the function of the spatial characteristics of the house in providing these factors in two common models of contemporary houses, including apartment houses and independent houses with a yard, and the way of showing peace in the house. investigated. In this study, the "Structure of Meanings" method was used as a qualitative research approach with the techniques of photography, field observation, questionnaires and semi-structured ladder interviews. The conceptual framework of the research under Rapaport's model of meaning levels (1988) describes the consequences and meanings governing characteristics in the form of "characteristics, overt function and hidden function" propositions. To ensure that the necessary information was obtained, the concept of theoretical saturation determined the number of samples, interviews and data collection. Based on the diagram of the value chain structure, the presentation of the concept of relaxation is mainly influenced by the environmental capabilities of "connection with the open space". Other features such as "building age", "kitchen model", "property", "spatial dimensions" and "number of rooms" help to create peace in the house. In addition to providing a structured framework to study the compatibility between creating the concept of relaxation and the spatial characteristics of the house, the research results emphasize the basic values ​​of the residents and the hidden meanings related to these characteristics.

Neighborhoods have historically been the social habitat of city dwellers. This social unit, which was considered as a cornerstone of Iranian-Islamic society, has demonstrated the structure of ancient Iranian cities in a distinctive way. Various political, administrative, economic, and socio-cultural factors have led to the formation of the neighborhood's physical space in the city, of which social and cultural factors are of particular importance. Today, due to some shortcomings in providing services, some of the historic and old neighborhoods of cities have been intervened by urban management. If these interventions are carried out without considering the memories and affiliations of citizens and their mental needs, it will lead to rapid developments in historical fabrics and the erasure of the identity of cities. One of the platforms for changing the shape of these neighborhoods is urban development plans. This study aims to evaluate the changes in the identity and physical characteristics of Sarshoor neighborhood based on comprehensive and detailed plans and focuses on the changes in the characteristics of the neighborhood. This study is practical in terms of purpose and qualitative in nature based on thematic analysis. The strategy used in this research is inductive. The data collection method is both library-based and field-based. The findings of this study indicate that with the interventions of urban development plans in different years, the residential, tourist, and market characteristics of this neighborhood have changed and have gone out of balance. The residential characteristic of the neighborhood has been severely weakened due to the departure of native people from the neighborhood, the decrease in the sense of belonging, the increase in land and goods prices, heavy traffic, and the increase in residential users.

The article seeks a meaningful relationship between design-oriented academic courses in Iran, such as architecture and urban design courses, and three normative characteristics namely “Islamization”, “indigenization” and “up-to-dating” as a standard imparted by the Cultural Revolution Development Council in Iran. For this, the article uses ‘Knowledge Mobilization’(KM) as a key global concept to apply those three qualities.  Knowledge Mobilization means more application of knowledge or better use of it, which means reducing the distance between theory and practice. Four steps are recommended in improving the quality of research and increasing its impact in the society:1. Ground the research question or problem in concrete and observable phenomena in order to appreciate and situate its multiple dimensions and manifestations. 2. Develop plausible concepts and models that represent the main aspects of the observed phenomena and that thereby provide a base for new theories to address the central research question. 3. Use appropriate methods to design the research and obtain empirical evidence of the concepts and plausible models for examining the question about the phenomenon being examined. 4. Apply and disseminate the research findings to address the research question from the perspectives of different academic and practitioner users (Van De Ven & Johnson, 2006, p. 810) Examining the impact of this global concept with common initiatives in Iran with the titles of efficiency, Islamic, ruling, local and modernization has not been compared so far. Also, in intermediate knowledge, for example, between the disciplines of art, technical sciences, humanities and social sciences, such as the disciplines of architecture and urban planning, which have a "design-oriented" nature, the distinction of this concept and its application has not been made much either in the world or in Iran. These fields of academia include workshops and studio course formats which makes them totally apart from the other disciplines. The research thus aims to find more effective methods to apply the norms into the courses. The relationship between the educational system, the experts or professional environment and the organizations related to urban management and most importantly the residents and the people can enrich the employment, development and participation. Also, the free presence of academics, professors, and students can introduce world literature and theories to the people with representative planning and implement scientific dimensions. In this way, establishing a relationship between the university and the profession causes employment and more efficiency of students' activities, and their efforts are prevented from being wasted (Noorian and Rezaei, 2015). Abdolhamid Noghreh-kar has shown that the relationship of "Islamic wisdom" with human processes, including the creation of works of art, architecture and urban planning, has five stages (idea, motivation, method, product, effect). Each stage has its sources and foundations, which identifies the direction, goals and results of the whole process. Therefore, the realization of a new civilization with an Islamic-Iranian identity cannot be an imitation of the current situation, the past or other civilizations. Rather, each stage should choose its sources from the Islamic school, i.e. Islamic beliefs and teachings, rulings, ethics, and Ijtihad solutions. According to his "Theory of Salam", every architectural work can be evaluated from two spiritual and engineering dimensions - each in six factors. The spiritual dimension has general, qualitative and top-down characteristics, timeless and placeless conditions. But engineering dimensions have minor features, slightly from bottom to top and interrelated to time and place conditions. According to this theory, every architectural work goes through five stages of creation and in each stage it can be evaluated according to six factors. Out of these five stages of creation, three are knowledge and insight, intention and motivation, the practical method related to the architect. The fourth step is the architectural effect itself and the fifth step is its effect on the audience. Therefore, in evaluating works, all five stages should be measured with six spiritual factors and six engineering factors. This theory was proposed to explain the road map of modern Islamic civilization in the working group of art, architecture and urban planning (Naghrekar, 1401; 1395). The research method is a combination of in-depth interviews and theoretical saturation. First, the texts related to "Knowledge Mobilization" as well as "Experiences in teaching these disciplines" from the 1950s have been reviewed and strategies have been extracted. Accordingly, and based on the three fundamental characteristics of the aforementioned council, the coding content has reached theoretical saturation with the participation of professors and students. It has been determined that Islamization includes localization and up-to-dating goals. To achieve those three, "Knowledge Mobilization" is vital, which is accelerated with the help of "Studio". The link between courses, courses with the profession, society and global science is one of the priorities in the revision of the pedagogy. The relationship of "Islamization" with the designer's social role; " indigenization " with the link between the studio and the society; "up-to-dating" with the cooperation between designers and other professions, the use of modern technology, the publication of texts and the establishment of more research centers. The idea of ​​mobilization of knowledge in the form of a workshop system, planned meetings, use of professors' publications, skill approaches of courses is proposed in the form of pedagogies. The article highlights that the purpose of the Islamization, indigenization and updating in the matter of education should be  "Knowledge Mobilization”, i.e. production, publication, exchange of knowledge, provided that it causes change and improvement of society's policies. This mobilization of knowledge in schools of architecture and urban design will take place with a more effective studio format of teaching.

Being able to take a lesson means avoiding repeating negative experiences and actions, and taking advice and learning from the positive experiences of the past. Throughout history, architectural works have emerged based on the accumulation of human experiences and have been continuous with trial and error. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to explain the function of lesson-taking in different aspects of architectural works. This research, relying on the method of logical reasoning, seeks to explain the category of learning in architecture in three areas: learning person, the subject of learning and the learning process. Due to its educational function, lesson-taking can act in architecture as a way to criticize, learn and benefit from the positive and negative experiences of past architectural works. The lesson-taking category in architectural works includes architects as the creators of the architectural work and people as the creators of the cultural infrastructure of architecture, who by being trained and equipped with the means of lesson-taking can acquire, transfer and correctly use the information of the subject of the lesson (architecture). The subject of lesson is the semantic and physical aspects of architecture, and from the point of view of lesson-taking, what is good and beautiful in these aspects has the ability to instruct and learned from. It is possible to take lessons from architectural works in a conscious process and based on the means of advisability or unconsciously and relying on mental accumulations throughout history. The lesson-taking process and the way of imparting lessons and tips in architecture occurs more consciously for technical and specialized people (architects) and more unconsciously for ordinary people (architecture's audience).Architects, under the condition of proper and sufficient education during their studies, due to their scientific and technical view on architectural works, can take advantage of positive and negative experiences of architectural works in a more conscious and self-aware manner; but people and architectural audiences would take lessons from the work of architecture unconsciously and unknowingly due to lack of sufficient expertise. This issue manifests itself mostly in connection with historical and remaining from the distant past architectural works that recognition, criticism, and education of them require expertise and historical knowledge. In other words, architects have an easier connection with architectural works from the distant and recent past, and audiences mostly with existing and belonging to the recent past architectural works. By educating and familiarizing the audience with the architectural values of the distant and recent past, it is possible to lead them towards a conscious lesson-taking from architectural works.

The courtyard has been one of the main spaces in houses, particularly in traditional architecture of Iran, that has played a significant role in the spatial organization of houses. The main question of this research is: What is the relationship between the spatial organization of historical houses with single-courtyard and double-courtyard, and the number of courtyards? The aim of this research is to discover the relationship between the number of courtyards (single-courtyard and double-courtyard) and the spatial organization of historical houses. The required information for this research has been gathered through library resources, documents from the Cultural Heritage Organization, and field observations. The study employs a descriptive-analytical method with a qualitative approach to analyze the case studies. The statistical population consists of (20) single-courtyard and double-courtyard historical houses from the Qajar period in Tabriz. This research was conducted in three stages: In the first stage, the influential factors in the spatial organization of historical houses were introduced. In the second stage, the houses plans were analyzed based on the factors derived from the theoretical framework of the research. In the third stage, the data obtained from the analysis of the samples were compiled and concluded. The study specifically examines the main and selected spaces of the houses, including the entrance, courtyard, Tanabi (main hall), rooms, Iwan (a type of porch), and stairs. Various factors influence the spatial organization of historical houses, and this research focuses on those related to the research topic. One of these factors is the geometry of spatial layout; the study of historical houses architecture often shows that the courtyard is usually a central space, with other spaces and functions arranged around it. Therefore, central and radial layout patterns are more prevalent in studies focused on courtyards. Besides the central and radial layout patterns, the geometric pattern of the spaces around the courtyards, which reflecting the geometric form of the built fronts around the courtyard, is also influential and worth examining in the geometry of spatial layout. Another influential factor in the spatial organization of historical houses is axes. Based on studies, it can be stated that movement axes (internal and external), visual axis, and symmetry axis are the main influential axes in the spatial organization of historical houses. Another factor is hierarchy; in historical houses, hierarchy is more about spatial hierarchy and access hierarchy. According to studies, it can be stated that the elongation of courtyards, the depth of spaces relative to the entrance, and permeability are influential in the spatial and access hierarchy.In summary, it can be stated that in single-courtyard and double-courtyard houses, various factors such as the geometry of spatial layout (based on central and radial layout patterns, and the geometric pattern of the spaces around the courtyards), axes (based on internal and external movement axes, visual axis, and symmetry axis), and spatial and access hierarchy (based on elongation of courtyards, depth of spaces relative to the entrance, and permeability) collectively indicate a specific type of spatial organization, related to each of the two mentioned types. The research findings show that although these factors are similar in some cases, they also create differences in the spatial organization of single-courtyard and double-courtyard plans. For instance, the study of the geometry of spatial layout shows differences in the arrangement of spaces relative to the courtyard, differences in massing and the number of built fronts around the courtyard, the degree of introversion relative to the type of courtyard, and etc. The study of axes indicates differences in movement paths and internal spatial relationship, differences in the direction of visual axes, the manner of symmetry observance, and etc. The study of hierarchy shows differences in the division of the house's areas, differences in the placement of spaces at various depths relative to the entrance based on their function, and etc.

High-rise construction is one of the controversial issues in the urbanism, both theoretically and practically. The various opinions and the agreements and oppositions that exist for it and the need to take a correct position on this matter indicate the necessity of analysis and Critique of this issue. What makes the issue more sensitive in a country like Iran is the connection between identity, culture, Islamic-Iranian lifestyle and religious beliefs with high-rise construction. The approval of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture of Iran regarding the location and criterias and regulations for the construction of high-rise buildings in the city of Tehran (1400) and its content also doubles the need to investigate this issue. Therefore, these questions are raised: What are the consequences of high-rise development in physiological, social, economic, transportation and traffic, environmental, physical and visual dimensions, and how it is evaluated from the perspective of Islamic worldview, Islamic culture and jurisprudence? How has the approval of the Supreme Council of Urbanism and Architecture of Iran paid attention to the results of various researches and the values of Islamic worldview, Islamic-Iranian culture and Islamic jurisprudence in relation to high-rise construction? What strategies can be pursued to avoid the disadvantages of high-rise construction in the country?The purpose of the current research is to provide an analysis and explanation of the consequences of high-rise construction in the country with an identity and cultural perspective and with an emphasis on the criteria of Islamic worldview, as well as criticizing the approval of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture of Iran, and finally to provide appropriate strategies for high-rise construction. This is achieved by examining the history of high-rise construction in the world and Iran, meta-analysis of various researches on the evaluation of consequences of high-rise construction and precision in the opinions of researchers in this field.The results of the research indicate that high-rise construction - especially in residential use - in spite of the benefits have been mentioned for it, works against its primary goals in the long run and it imposes various negative effects in terms of physical-spatial, environmental, transportation, social, economic, landscape, etc. on the city and citizens. Examining the criteria, principles and values of the Islamic worldview, Islamic-Iranian culture and lifestyle, and jurisprudential opinions also show that high-rise construction conflicts with them from various aspects. This has left extensive damages in social interactions, lifestyle, quality of people life and especially the foundation of the family. Therefore, the development and promotion of high-rise construction is not logical, it does not improve the quality of living in the city, but it also causes its degradation. So, the action of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture in approving the high-rise construction permit in Tehran is not evaluated positively and can be the source of future problems for Tehran. The recent resolution of this council is flawed in terms of theoretical approaches, necessity, goals, possibility, implementation guarantee and content. Most of the goals that are mentioned in the justification of this resolution are due to the acceptance of the current flawed trend governing economic relations in cities, especially in the field of land and housing, which is based on capitalists' speculation, personal gain, monopoly and hoarding in the land and housing market. Clearly, the consequence of such a view results in high-rise construction. While in this regard, it is necessary to reform the economic system of the cities and eliminate the brokerage and speculation market, and the realization of the goals should be sought in them. According to the studies, the following strategies and solutions are presented to solve the damage of high-rise construction and to move away from this model: Short-term strategies and solutions: Exclusion of high-rise buildings to commercial, office and similar uses in specific and planned areas and serious avoidance of allocating them to residential use. Revision of high-rise construction criteria based on Islamic values and the qualities of Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism. Prevision of the supervisory institution with a detailed description of duties to monitor the implementation of high-rise construction criteria and also the provision of effective punitive policies in order to prevent the occurrence of violations. Prevision of financial and tax mechanisms to eliminate hoarding of land and housing. Provision of necessary services and infrastructure, especially in the field of transportation and urban traffic in high-rise built-up areas. Long-term strategies and solutions: Revision of land preparation plan considering the existence of sufficient land in Iran and the possibility of sustainable and regulated horizontal expansion of cities and settlements. Adopting economic measures based on Islamic teachings in order to convert land, building and housing from capital goods to consumer goods. Extraction of urban development patterns based on Islamic-Iranian identity and culture and by using the historical records and experiences of cities and hidden semantic values in them. Revival of suitable agricultural, industrial and commercial areas and directing the population of metropolises, especially Tehran, to these areas. Laying the foundation for increasing production and providing facilities for residents of villages and small and medium towns to prevent migration to metropolises and increase reverse migration. Revival of the neighborhood system in the existing high-rise built-up areas and creation the basis for increasing the socio-cultural interactions of high-rise buildings residents, in order to reduce the socio-cultural damages.

Movement in space is a requirement of architectural perception. Philosophy also considers the factor of movement as a basis for understanding the material world. Mulla Sadra, the founder of transcendental wisdom, by expressing his theory of essential movement, believes that material existence with its constant movement towards rational and abstract existence, by passing through the three worlds (perceptible, imaginary, and sensible) will achieve the understanding of the world. Became. So, the problem of intrinsic movement and perception of space in architecture will be the main topic of this research. The main goal of the present study is to investigate the levels of space perception in the portico of Allah Vardi Khan based on the concept of the essential movement of Mulla Sadra. For this purpose, the levels of perception of space in the portico of Allahvardi Khan have been examined. This is a qualitative and analytical-descriptive research. The research strategy is a case study with an interpretive approach. This article discusses the comparison of movement and perception in philosophy and architecture by analyzing the perceptual experience of the observer in the portico of Allahvardi Khan. The results show that the spatial hierarchy in the portico of Allahvardi Khan, the lack of variety of materials in the interior of the portico, and the human encounter from the entrance to its center lead to the improvement of the sensory perceptions and the spatial experience of the pilgrims from the portico.