نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 32، بهار و تابستان 1404)

The structural and semantic relationship between the compound infinitive and the corresponding simple counterpart missing light verb is one of the topics of interest in the field of grammar and syntax of the Persian language.  This issue is generally based on the assumption that the light verb in the corresponding pair is omitted. This article aims to investigate the syntactic structure of the two constructions so as to evaluate the assumption of the omission of the light verb. Furthermore, it seeks to determine and explain the derivation of the two structures and their probable distinctiveness or correspondence. To this end, the Distributed Morphology approach is employed as the theoretical and analytical approach.  As the roots has no category at the beginning phase of the derivation, the dual or multiple behavior of the lexical units can be explained well. The findings suggest that the syntactic structure missing light verb cannot consider a derived form of the compound infinitive by losing the light verb, but the two constructions are completely different in terms of syntactic derivation. The compound infinitive has followed the steps of derivation according to the suggested pattern and acquires all the nominal-verbal characteristics. This is while the constructions lacking light verbs are actually nominal and of course without verbal characteristics. In this regard, we tried to explain the level of transparency and productivity of these two structures and how to take away the usage limitations through the context.

The present study investigated self-initiated self-repair in Persian language. This study was aimed towards examining the strategies used in self-initiated self-repair as well as the frequency of these strategies. Besides, the present study intended to mull over the preferences and priorities in using various operations employed by Persian native speakers in story-retelling. Moreover, the study also addressed the relationship between the participants’ gender and the use of repair strategies. As for the data collection, this study approached 20 male and 20 female participants in the age range of 20 to 40. Moreover, the data involved 374 minutes of story-retelling, showing the employment of all repair operations based on Schegloff’s framework (2013). The findings of this research indicate that non-lexical repair and sequence jumping are the most and the least used strategies, respectively. Replacing, recycling, and searching were identified as the most used strategies while three strategies namely parenthesizing, reformatting, sequence jumping, were recognized as the least used strategies. In relation to gender, although women's use of repair operations was identified more, no significant difference was observed between female and male participants in this regard. Since this study investigates repair in monologues, it might lead to the development of the investigations in this area.

The present study aims towards investigating the conceptual motivation underlying the creation and understanding of Persian Bahuvrihi compounds. It is also trying to specify the conceptual types of these compounds according to the metonymical and metaphorical patterns of operation and interaction. In so doing, we rely on the model proposed by Ruiz de Mendoza and Diez Velasco (2002) which accounts for basic types of metonymy and different patterns of conceptual interaction. As for data, we approach a total of 60 Persian non-verbal behuvrihi compounds. The analysis reveals that in terms of the underlying conceptual pattern, Persian bahuvrihi compounds fall into three main groups: 1) compounds resulting from the operation of a single conceptual metonymy (source-in-target), 2) compounds resulting from metonymic interaction, and 3) compounds resulting from the interaction of metaphor and metonymy. In the meantime, given that that the conceptualization of bahuvrihi compounds resulting from metonymic interaction may activate two, three, or more consecutive conceptual metonymies, this group of bahuvrihi compounds includes subpatterns in terms of the number and type of the operative metonymies. Moreover, compounds that represent the conceptual interaction of metaphor and metonymy are classified into two subgroups depending on whether or not the source and target domain of the underlying metaphor are metonymic. These compounds exemplify the ones that result from the metonymic mapping of the target domain of the metaphor and those resulting from the metonymic mapping of both the source and target domains of the metaphor. The results of the research implicitly indicate that the process of the formation of bahuvrihi compounds in Persian is not random, but follows systematic and specific conceptual patterns.

The domain of application is the highest level of performance in mathematics. It includes measurement, time and money, estimation and problem-solving. Problem-solving is the essence of mathematics and students should be able to solve problems after teaching and learning mathematical concepts. In this regard, this research tries to study the effect of phonological awareness training on the performance of second-grade elementary school students in mathematical application. The current research was conducted on 140 second-grade female students of Quchan elementary school in 1401-1402 with the average age of 7.6. Among these, 70 were selected as the experimental group and 70 as the control group. The experimental group was exposed to phonological awareness training during 10 sessions. Both groups were pre-tested and post-tested in the field of phonological awareness and mathematical application. The results showed that teaching phonological awareness has a significant effect on mathematical application of female students of second grade.  This result is in line with the results of other studies conducted outside Iran in this field. But the difference aspect of this research with others was the division of phonological awareness based on age and considering the field of application for math test.

Clitics, as a subtype of bound morphemes, can be treated as syntactic words. However, they are morphologically dependent on a word with which they make up a morphological unit. This study attempts to describe and analyze clitics in Gilaki (Eshkevarat dialect) by employing a battery of tests proposed in the literature. The data for the present study come from the linguistic intuition of one of the authors and a number of existing written sources. Then, all the bound morphemes were described and analyzed employing phonological, morphological, and syntactic tests. Under Kalavens’s approach (1982, 1985), one can say that as all clitics in Gilaki attach to the end of the base, hence they count as enclitics. Eshkevarat Gilaki contains eleven clitics, nine of which are special clitics and 2 of them are simple ones.

Relational morphology (RM) is a groundbreaking approach to morphology that is introduced alongside construction morphology. In contrast to traditional views, RM posits that the relationships among lexical nodes in the lexicon extend beyond inheritance. This means that understanding complex morphological processes requires considering various types of relations within the lexicon. In addition to assigning a generative role to schemas, RM also emphasizes their relational significance. To visually represent these relationships, RM utilizes a notation system based on the parallel architecture to map out the intricate network of lexical connections. This article focuses on exploring four intricate phenomena in word formation in the Persian language through the lens of RM. These phenomena encompass cranberry affixes, cranberry bases, non-productive schemas, and sister constructions. By analyzing these cases, we highlight the crucial role of relational connections within the lexical network. Specifically, we examine horizontal and non-generative relations between words, words and schemas, and schemas. This comprehensive analysis sheds light on how understanding these dynamic relationships can enhance our comprehension of complex morphological processes.

This article seeks to examine aspect and coercion at the predicate level and within the three syntactic layers of nucleus, core, and clause in Kurdish. Utilizing Role and Reference Grammar as the framework, the study identifies lexical aspects with inherent aspectual features at predicate level. Predicates are categorized into five types: activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive, and state, based on their lexical characteristics. The other layers mainly host derivative aspects and aspectual operators. In the Kurdish language, the nucleus layer hosts three imperfective operators and one perfect operator, each of which modifies the aspectual features of the five mentioned event types. At this level, each predicate with its own lexical aspect undergoes aspect shifting due to its combination with one of these operators. All kinds of aspect shifting are triggered due to the semantic dimensions of the aspectual operators at the nucleus level. Also, the findings show that at the core level, predicates may undergo coercion when combined with adverbial items or internal arguments that have special referential characteristics; the derivative predicates (such as active accomplishments) appear at this level. This study shows that the temporal operator at the clause level also has a significant impact on the eventual structure of predicates, and the verbs at the clause level affected by the time operator may undergo coercion. All kinds of aspect shifting at this level are aimed at harmonizing the eventual structure of the verbs with the semantic dimensions of the time operator.

The syntactic parallelism between relative clauses and adverbial clauses in English has led researchers to hypothesize that both types of clauses may share a common derivation process. While Persian relative clauses follow a different derivation pattern from English, the syntactic resemblance between Persian relative and adverbial clauses suggests a uniform derivation process. This study seeks to apply the analysis of relative clauses to adverbial clauses by adopting the most effective available approach to clarify the derivation of Persian relative clauses. One challenge lies in the absence of “-i” in the DP head, and another is the lack of a gap or resumptive pronoun. Findings indicate that the absence of the pronoun in certain temporal and conditional clauses is attributed to relativization within prepositional phrases, allowing for an ellipsis of the entire PP within the clause by analogy with the outer PP, when specific conditions are met. Non-restrictive relative clauses containing “in” (this) represent another category of adverbial clauses resulting from the relativization of an event argument. Given that this element occupies a functional projection, no gap or resumptive pronoun seems to be present. Notably, in this category of adverbial clauses, the DP head is null due to the definiteness of the nominal head. Furthermore, Persian language data validate the proposition that all adverbial clauses are PPs. Unlike English, Persian typically distinctly presents the corresponding preposition and its accompanying noun element.

"Face" is a central concept in interaction. It is related to the value of "self" or "self-image" of the interaction parties. In Iran, face studies have focused more on Persian general culture and paid less attention to Iranian subcultures. The current research has investigated the dominant face in the southern regions of Kerman from the perspective of sociolinguistics and also from a critical point of view on Spencer-Oatey's rapport management framework. Data have been collected and analyzed using combined methods of ethnography, interviews, and review of oral and written sources. The data analysis shows that the dominant face in South Kerman is a type of face that has not been mentioned in the previous sources. This type of face, which can be called a tribal face, is not related to politeness, but rather related to the tribal identity of people. Tribal identity is also mostly transmitted through language. The tribal face is activated in daily interactions with interpersonal actions, and when threatened, the consequences are quickly drawn from the individual domain to the collective domain of the tribe. At the end, its differences with group and collective face are mentioned and the coordinates and components of this type of face are also introduced according to the data. Some of these components can be listed as the history of the tribe and its social level.

A major problem which can lower the quality of academic research reports is inappropriate use of different in-text citation forms and functions. The aim of the present research was to investigate in-text citations in research articles in Persian and to classify their functions. Citations and their functions were studied within the text of research articles in the humanities. The methods were both quantitative and qualitative, including coding and counting of citations. The corpus included articles from journals indexed by the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in four disciplines: Persian literature, religious studies, education, and psychology. Limiting random selection to articles published in the last decade, yielded 60 complete articles for final analysis of citations. Coding in-text citations based on the theoretical framework was done and validated by the researcher, a supervisor and a third expert coder with 98 percent agreement. The results showed that: 1) the most frequent use of in-text citations in the article was seen in religious studies; 2) integral nominal citations were the most frequent in the reviewed articles; 3) The main functions of in-text citations used by the authors were referring to the main source and supporting the author's claim and functions like comparing author's findings with findings in the literature were not used commonly. Most in-text citations do not compare the author's findings with previous research findings (%93.6); and are located in the literature review and introduction sections indicating weaknesses in the discussion section. These results imply incomplete mastery of the standards of scientific discourse in the targeted domain.