مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
سال سی و یکم شماره 1 (پیاپی 234، بهار 1403)

The onset of puberty causes psychological and physical changes for girls, the most important of which is the onset of menstruation or menstruation, and one of the problems related to menstruation is premenstrual syndrome, which is a more severe form of menstruation. Premenstrual syndrome is a set of behavioral, mood, and physical changes that occur predictably and continuously before or during menstruation and are so severe that some aspects It affects women's lives and can lead to decreased healthy functioning, problems in interpersonal relationships and family disputes (1). The menstrual cycle is the most important sign of the functioning of the reproductive system in the adult female, but sometimes this phenomenon is accompanied by signs and symptoms that are annoying and cause physical and psychological problems for women. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is characterized by recurrent, moderate to severe emotional, physical, and behavioral symptoms that develop during the luteal menstrual cycle and disappear within a few days of menstruation; In general, this set of physical, psychological and emotional symptoms that occur in some women as a premenstrual period and disappear with the onset of menstruation is called premenstrual syndrome. This study intended Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management and mindfulness stress management on premenstrual syndrome in high school girls in Ahvaz. Many specialists have learned mindfulness techniques and their application in adolescent problems and disorders, especially the implementation of mindfulness-based interventions in high school adolescents (28-26). Other researchers (30-30) in their studies have shown the effectiveness of this treatment on the improvement of various disorders and non-clinical population. It is important to note that mindfulness-based interventions can be considered as an intervention strategy in premenstrual disorder that modulates stress. Since irritability and mood swings are the main problems in premenstrual dysphoric disorder, mindfulness causes a moment-by-moment experience in the present, and one of the consequences of mindfulness skills is understanding that most thoughts and Emotions are fluctuating and unstable, and this present experience can be easily regarded as mental phenomena in comparison with reality; Therefore, due to the fact that fluctuations are caused by hormones, mindfulness skills are a good method for menstrual disorders (20). Therefore, recognizing the effects of this type of intervention, especially mindfulness-based stress reduction training in interpersonal relationships. And the psychological symptoms of the Iranian adolescent population are essential for mental health professionals. According to the explanations given above, it was shown that both treatments have been effective in reducing clinical disorders and can be used in the student population; However, which of these methods can be more useful needs to be compared, so the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management and mindfulness stress management on premenstrual boredom syndrome in high school girls in the city. Ahvaz and seeks to answer the question which method is more effective?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of method. A post-test design with a control group was used in which 3 groups including 2 experimental groups and a control group were used. (Two experimental groups and one control group) were assigned (for the two experimental groups, different interventions were performed) and the subjects of all three groups were assessed in the pre-test and post-test stages. After performing the pretest and selecting the sample, the subjects were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Then, educational interventions were performed only for experimental groups and at the end, the two intervention methods were compared with each other. In this study, available subjects were selected and replaced in the experimental and control groups at random. Intermediate socioeconomic and secondary education levels (inclusion criteria) and students who themselves or their parents suffer from acute mental illness, use drugs or psychotropic drugs, or are single-parent, through Interviews were removed from this list (criteria for exclusion or exclusion from the sample group). The sample group was recruited to participate in the meetings at this stage and the participation of the members was voluntary. In the next step, the number of selected groups was randomly divided into three groups. Thus, in the first experimental group (15 people), the second experimental group (15 people) and the first control group (15 people). In the last step, premenstrual boredom was performed for them. Of course, it should be noted that according to the type of research design, the research tool was implemented in two stages of pre-test and post-test for girls.

In this study, a total of 45 subjects participated in the first three experimental groups (cognitive-behavioral therapy, 15 people), the second experiment (mindfulness-based therapy, 15 people) and the third group (control, 15 people). 24 parents were self-employed and 21 were employees. The age of the subject was one way, 15 of the subjects were 16 years old, 21 of them were 17 years old and 20 were in the age range of 18 years. Eight members of the sample group were in the poor socio-economic class, 17 in the middle class and 17 in the good class. This information is well illustrated in Figures 1-4 and 2-4. According to the findings of Table 5, the difference between the cognitive-behavioral stress management group and the control group is significant at the level of P≤0.00; Therefore, cognitive-behavioral stress management has been significant in reducing premenstrual boredom syndrome. Therefore, the first hypothesis is confirmed. Also, according to Table 5, the difference between the mindfulness-based education group and the control group is significant at the level of P≤0.00; Therefore, the second hypothesis is also confirmed. However, the findings indicate that there is no significant difference between the two groups of intervention in reducing premenstrual boredom syndrome (P≥0.001). Therefore, the third hypothesis is rejected.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management and mindfulness stress management on premenstrual boredom syndrome in high school girls in Ahvaz. The results of the first hypothesis showed that cognitive-behavioral stress management is effective in reducing premenstrual boredom in girls. This finding is in line with the results of previous research in this field (14, 33-36).Explaining the above finding, it can be said that according to cognitive-behavioral theory, unconscious thoughts and cognitive disorders lead to depression and stress. Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome may also begin and intensify with the erroneous cycle of negative thoughts (such as poor mood, low self-esteem, and poor self-control) that women experience in the premenstrual phase. (35) Cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies, including challenge Reduces stress with negative spontaneous thoughts and attitudes and rebuilding one's cognitions and beliefs; This can reduce the depression caused by PMS as a debilitating disease. Since in stress management as one of the cognitive-behavioral therapies, the goal is time management and encouraging people to increase enjoyable activities and planning activities that lead to increased daily success, people's mood improves significantly. . In general, training in stress management skills, in addition to modulating the level of inner feelings and emotions, leads to social support and reduces psychological problems (33) In general, the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management in improving the physical symptoms of PMS can be explained by the role of stress as an influential factor in the onset of physical pain. Apart from the fact that people with premenstrual syndrome experience unintended severe physical symptoms during their premenstrual period, one of the reasons that aggravates these symptoms is stress. Stress causes many hormonal changes that can directly or indirectly aggravate such physical pain (34). Also in the present study, techniques such as cognitive reconstruction were performed, irrational beliefs of individuals were challenged and explanations were expressed that these beliefs can cause Stress and then aggravate physical symptoms. Other techniques such as relaxation and deep breathing were taught to reduce stress; All of these techniques have been able to reduce or even improve physical symptoms.

Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by the SARS-coV-2 virus. The epidemic started in Wuhan Province, China in December 2019 and quickly spread to 200 countries. As of February 21, 2021, 111419939 cases of conflict and 2470772 deaths have been reported. COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory disease. Of course, the clinical symptoms have varied since the onset of the epidemic and over time, but in total 80% of cases present with flu-like symptoms and 20% of patients may have severe clinical manifestations leading to Involve several organs (such as kidney, heart, central nervous system). Renal involvement in COVID-19 varies from an abnormal urine analysis to acute renal failure (AKI), in which AKI is a serious complication due to its high prevalence and mortality. Acute renal failure results in a sudden decrease in renal function and lead to accumulation of urea and other nitrogenous products, volume and electrolyte disturbances. In the occurrence of this complication in patients with Covid-19, several mechanisms such as direct effect of viral infection and secondary inflammation due to complement activation and micro-thrombosis have been proposed. Acute renal failure is a common complaint among hospitalized patients with a wide range of diagnoses. The cause of AKI in patients with Covid-19 is not fully understood. The close association between the incidence of respiratory failure and acute renal failure suggests acute ischemic tubular necrosis. Abnormal coagulation status seen in some patients with Covid-19 suggests other pathological causes of renal failure. It may also be one of the causes of ARF in patients with acute corneal nephropathy. In this case, determining the serum level of uric acid in patients with ARF may be useful in controlling the course of the disease and determining the course of treatment. However, AKI among COVID-19 hospitalized patients specially in our country (IRAN) is not well described.In this study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence of acute renal failure, its clinical and laboratory features in patients admitted with coronavirus 19 diagnosis in one of the referral centers for this disease in Tehran.

A retrospective observational study was designed and patients admitted to Firoozabadi Hospital in Tehran from April to September 1999 who were diagnosed with Covid 19 by laboratory (PCR) or imaging (CT scan of the lungs) were included in the study. Patients with Kidney transplant, positive history of underlying kidney disease, chronic renal failure, and chemotherapy were excluded from the study. This clinical study was approved by the ethics committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences with the code IR.IUMS.REC.1399.229 and at the beginning of the study, written informed consent was obtained from all patients.Patients were admitted as acute renal failure so nephrotoxic drugs were not given to them and in cases where they had to use these drugs as necessary, the drug was adjusted and creatinine changes were recorded. Acute renal failure (AKI) is a sudden decrease in kidney function that leads to the accumulation of urea and waste products and a disorder in the regulation of extracellular volume and electrolytes. Acute renal failure in adults is defined as follows: Increase in serum creatinine level greater than or equal to 0.3 mg / dL within 48 hours or Increase in serum creatinine 1.5 times the baseline level in the last 7 days or Urine volume less than 0.5 cc / kg / hr for 6 hours According to the above guideline, acute renal failure is divided into three stages. All data were collected from the patients’ file information and recorded in a pre-prepared questionnaire. This information includes demographic data, clinical signs at the time of referral (fever, heart rate, respiration rate, level of consciousness, blood pressure and oxygen saturation), comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, myocardial infarction, malignancy), Drug history, computed tomography scan (CT scan) and ultrasound findings of the kidneys (if any), laboratory findings (blood sugar, blood cell count, liver tests, kidney tests) and final status (discharge or death).

A total of 205 patients with Covid-19 were admitted to Firoozabadi Hospital in Tehran from April to September 1999 and 183 patients were included in this study. The mean age of Covid-19 patients with renal insufficiency (group A) was 71.50 and Covid-19 patients without renal insufficiency (group B) were 59.60 years (P-value <0.001). In the group with renal failure (group A) 61.1% (n = 55) patients were male and 38.8% (n = 35) were female, and this ratio in the group of Covid-19 patients without renal insufficiency (group B) were 49.5% (n = 46) and 50.53 % (n=47) respectively. Comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and heart disease in patients with Covid-19 were reported 63% (29 cases), 66.7% (32 cases) and 44.1% (15 cases) in group A and 29% (27 cases), res37.6% (35 cases) and 17.2% (16 cases) in group B (P-value <0.001). Blood oxygen saturation at baseline was slightly lower in group A than in group B. There was no significant difference between the two groups in other clinical signs. Urine analysis was performed in patients with Covid-19(group A) witch 32.1% (27 cases) had proteinuria and 33.3% (28 cases) had hematuria. The laboratory findings of the two groups were compared with each other. Group A showed significantly higher levels of white blood cells, polymorph nuclear cells, hemoglobin and also lymphopenia. Liver enzyme levels were higher in patients with Covid-19 disease, but no significant difference was reported between the two groups. Serum uric acid levels were checked in 29 Covid-19 patients and renal insufficiency, of which the lowest was 2.5 mmol / L, the highest was 19.60 mmol / L and the mean was 9.85 mmol / L. Mortality rate was reported in group A 49.4% (41 cases) and in group B 20.4% (19 cases) that the difference between the two groups was significant (P-value <0.001) . The limitations of this study include the following: Deficiency of the recorded data, failure to register information by a specific person, impossibility of performing a kidney biopsy for further investigation. Also, the findings of this study cannot be generalized to outpatients.

This study showed that acute renal failure during Covid-19 patients leads to a significant increase in mortality of hospitalized patients. We recommend that all hospitalized patients with Covid-19 be evaluated for acute renal failure, and to follow up after discharge for possible complications, including chronic renal failure.

A number of clinical studies have shown that probiotics affect mental health and brain function by acting through the intestinal and brain axes. Therefore, intestinal microbiota can be an important target for the effect of probiotics on anxiety behavior that has been considered in this study. Evidence gathered in recent years has shown that gastrointestinal disorders are associated with mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. Some influential traits such as intestinal microbiota composition, hormones, and epigenetic traits are influenced by host age, environment, genetic traits, and sex. Both males and females have similar patterns in terms of nutritional demand and intestinal microbiome content. This means that there is instability and changes in the gut microbiota over the course of a lifetime that may be related to a specific age and disease of a sex. In addition, a comparison of the number of intestinal microbiota at different stages of development (meaning from birth to old age) has been shown. Brain development during pregnancy is affected by the mother's experience and exposure to stress. Maternal prenatal stress alters brain development and increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Multiple levels of pregnancy stress mechanisms (brain, placenta, and maternal physiology) and their association with cellular stress mechanisms can have dangerous consequences for the child during puberty. The factors of heat shock and oxidative stress are closely related and converge with inflammation, hormones and cell growth, which are considered as the basis of pregnancy stress risk. Growing evidence suggests that cellular stress mechanisms are involved in neuropsychiatric disorders related to gestational stress, including emotional disorders, schizophrenia, and psychiatric disorders as the child matures. Heat shock and oxidative stress factors are also associated with mechanisms involved in other types of pregnancy stress, including exposure to external factors such as environmental toxins and internal disorders such as preeclampsia. An integrated understanding of growth neurobiology with these cellular and physiological mechanisms is essential to reduce risks and promote healthy brain growth (1). Sterile microorganism-free mice differed from normal mice in their response to central nerve chemistry stress and the reduction in anxiety response (2).Such information suggests that the specific regulation of gastric microbiota may be a useful strategy for stress-related disorders and for modulating the co-morbidities of intestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease (3).Stress-related disorders can also alter the intestinal barrier and cause intestinal leakage, which can lead to a microbiota-induced pro-inflammatory reaction by transferring some bacterial products from the intestine (4). For example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by intestinal bacteria can increase immune responses in depressed people (5). Epidemiological studies have shown that some groups of antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, are associated with depression and anxiety (6).Probiotics are specific microorganisms, which are used in certain numbers and improve a person's health. Studies have shown that these products can increase the existing immunity and reduce the risk of various diseases. These products reduce blood cholesterol and have anti-tumor activity (7). In this study, the effect of probiotic use by female mice during pregnancy and lactation on anxiety behavior in the acute stress model of next-generation adult female BALB / C mice was examined to determine whether probiotic use could reduce oxidative stress from acute stress or not.

The present study was performed experimentally, interventional, and as a case-control study. For this purpose, 20 adult mice were prepared. The prepared mice consisted of 5 males and 15 females that were kept in 5 cages by placing 1: F, 3: M in each cage and numbering on each cage. The rats were compromised for two weeks, during which time the animals were given free food. The animals mated to get the next generation. The next stage of pregnancy is the mouse, which lasted for three weeks. In both treatment groups, the mother was given probiotics from the beginning of pregnancy to the end of lactation. In the Pro-dam treatment group, offspring whose mothers were treated with probiotics were exposed to foot shock, but in the Pro-Dam-off treatment group, in addition to mothers, their offspring were treated with probiotics after weaning and in were exposed to foot shock stress. From female offspring, 36 female mice were randomly selected. (6 mice in each group) Therefore, the offspring were randomly divided into 6 groups: Intact, Control, Sham-Dam-off, Sham dam Pro-Dam-off, and Pro-Dam for the next experiments. Electric foot shocks of 0.6 mA were applied for 1 second with an interval of 30 seconds for 1 hour. Two hours after the end of the above protocol, the mice were anesthetized and sacrificed and blood and serum were prepared from their hearts. Is the use of the spectroscopy technique. For this purpose, a ready-made kit purchased from Navand salamat Company (46 pieces) was used. Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad software. One way ANOVA test was used for comparison between groups, in case of normal distribution of data Consumption of probiotics during pregnancy and lactation may alter the microbial flora of the mother's gut and increase the population of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, which also affects the antioxidant system of children and increases their total serum antioxidant levels.

Comparison of total serum antioxidant levels in control and Intact groups. Stress due to electric shock to the foot has reduced this capacity in the control group compared to the Intact group. Comparing the level of total serum antioxidants between the group of mothers who took probiotics and the control group shows a significant increase. Also compared to the sham-dam group, probiotic consumption was able to raise this total serum antioxidant to a higher level. The pro-dam-off group also significantly increased this parameter compared to the control group and not with its solvent.

Because probiotics during pregnancy and lactation alter the microbial flora of the mother's gut and increase the population of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, this effect may also affect the baby's antioxidant system and increase total antioxidant levels and has also increased the level of total serum antioxidants in offspring.

Currently, it has been well shown that adipose tissue secretes adipokines such as CRP, which is one of the important proteins of the acute phase, which is in response to the increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B and IL-6 by The liver is secreted A high concentration of CRP causes cardiovascular diseases, which can act as a predictor for these diseases. It has been suggested that the reduction of C-reactive protein levels is associated with the reduction of cardiovascular risks and other chronic diseases related to obesity (including diabetes and cancer).Considering the above contents and the impact of obesity on life, researchers and experts are constantly looking for a way to reduce the negative effects of obesity. In this regard, changes in the way of life such as increasing physical activity and using a diet plan as one of the weight loss interventions and The complications of obesity are known.On the other hand, weight loss caused by diet may reduce the health risk associated with obesity, but caloric restriction is associated with skeletal muscle mass loss, especially in middle-aged and elderly people. Therefore, adding physical activity to the diet may inhibit this negative effect of the diet. However, the results are not clear about prescribing the most effective intervention program (lifestyle change) and their mechanisms in reducing overweight risk factors.In general, green tea is a very good source for the biological and pharmacological activities of the body to increase human health. And by activating epinephrine, it increases the oxidation of fatty acids and emulsification of fats and has thermogenic properties. Green teaalso reduces inflammatory factors and subsequently reduces cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Also, green tea reduces food intake, lowers triglyceride, cholesterol and leptin levels, lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increases HDL, smooth muscle cells, and increases energy metabolism.Considering the negative impact of obesity on individual and social life, on the one hand, discovering a way to control obesity and the important factors on it, on the other hand, and since no research was found that showed the effect of exercise at the same time, by reviewing the research done inside and outside the country, has examined the combination and supplement of green tea on its desired factors in overweight middle-aged people, so this question is raised whether the combination of aerobic-resistance exercises and green tea consumption can have an effect on CRP in overweight elderly people. have?

In order to carry out this semi-experimental research, which was carried out with a pre-test-post-test design, 42 inactive men (ages between 40 and 50 years old) of Mashhad city, who had a history of participating in resistance and aerobic exercises, were selected by sampling method. did not have; They were selected as a sample and randomly divided into three supplement groups (14), combined exercise-placebo group (14 people) and combined exercise-supplement group (14 people). 24 hours before the start of training and 48 hours after the last training session, data related to height, weight, fat percentage and body mass index and blood sampling were done to measure hs-CRP. After familiarizing the subjects with the implementation of the protocol and the correct method of performing the movements, their maximum repetition in the desired movements was calculated using the Berzyski formula.Then the groups of combined exercise-supplement and combined exercise-placebo performed three sessions of aerobic exercise and three sessions of resistance exercise weekly for 12 weeks on alternate and separate days, each session was about 45 minutes (Casio et al., 2021). The group of combined exercise-supplement daily received one capsule of 500 mg one hour before each training session, and the group of combined exercise-placebo received one capsule of 500 mg of placebo daily one hour before each exercise session. Subjects in the supplement group did not do any special training activities and only did their daily activities and received one 500 mg capsule daily before each meal. Finally, descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures of 2´3 and Bonferroni follow-up using SPSS version 18 software were used at the significance level (P<0.05) for the statistical analysis of the data.

The results showed that combined exercise and consumption of green tea caused a significant decrease in the plasma levels of CRP in overweight middle-aged men (P=0.001, F=230.70). It was also found that the interactive effect of time in the group is significant (P = 0.001, F = 47.646). On the other hand, the results of Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that there is no significant difference between combined exercise-supplement with combined exercise-placebo and supplement group in plasma CRP levels (P=0.053, P=1.00), also a significant difference There is no difference between the placebo-combined exercise group and the supplement group (P=0.273).

The results showed that 12 weeks of resistance-aerobic training and green tea supplementation decrease CRP plasma levels in overweight middle-aged men. One of the important inflammatory markers that can be detected in the detection of inflammation in many diseases is the basal levels of C-reactive protein. Researches have shown that blood levels of basal levels of C-reactive protein are associated with obesity, which is due to the higher secretion of this factor from fat tissue. Also, increased basal levels of C-reactive protein are associated with sarcopenia. Research has shown that decreased motor performance, decreased strength and muscle mass are inversely related to increased baseline levels of C-reactive protein (Hammer et al. 2009). Probably, one of the mechanisms of reducing the levels of C-reactive protein following aerobic and resistance training is the reduction of fat mass. In confirmation of this matter; Brenner et al. (2009) confirmed that exercise increases muscle mass and decreases fat mass by increasing protein synthesis in muscles and increasing basal metabolism (Brenner et al. 2009). Probably, other mechanisms that aerobic and resistance sports activities led to the reduction of CRP levels include; Reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, reducing leptin, increasing insulin sensitivity and improving endothelial function (Haqiqi et al., 2010). On the other hand, green tea contains the most important catechin called EGCG, which has strong antioxidant properties and is considered an anti-inflammatory antioxidant. Some studies reported that green tea was able to reduce CRP levels.

Autism is a type of developmental disorder that manifests itself with defects in communication and social interactions and has been described as a lifelong neurological disorder. People with autism disorder are not able to perform their social skills and roles, and the symptoms of this disorder appear before the age of three. Children with autism disorder have problems in verbal and non-verbal communication, and social interactions, and have stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. Several studies have investigated the role of psychological flexibility processes in parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder. To prevent challenging behaviors, self-efficacy is a fundamental concept to improve the behavior of parents with autistic children. If parents can increase their self-efficacy in preventing their children's problematic behaviors, they can improve their empowerment in response to such behavior. In this way, parents can respond to their children's feelings, get an opportunity to provide mental peace, and ensure the physical safety of their children. As a result, parents acquire, maintain, and improve opportunities for social participation of their children and promote their growth and development. According to the mentioned materials, this research aims to investigate the mediating role of parents' self-efficacy in the relationship between parents' psychological flexibility and communication skills, social skills, and behavioral performance of children with autism spectrum disorders.

The current research is descriptive and has a correlation model in which the path analysis model was used to obtain the relationship between the variables. The statistical population included mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder in Shiraz city, and the sampling method was available. In this research, all children with autism spectrum disorder who were being trained in autism centers for at least one year are included, and all members of the sample were diagnosed with autism by a special is Parents completed the parent questionnaires, and the child questionnaire by the teacher. Questionnaires used in this research included Gresham and Elliott's (1990) social skills scale, Nomeka et al.'s (1996) parenting self-efficacy scale, and acceptance and action questionnaire.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between acceptance and action with parents' self-efficacy; there is a positive and significant relationship between social skills and social skills at an error level of less than 0.05, and there is a significant negative relationship between parental self-efficacy and problematic behaviors at an error level of less than 0.05. Also, the results showed that all the index values of the modified model are close to the suitability criteria and indicate the desirable and acceptable adequacy of the structural model. It was also observed that the path coefficient between psychological flexibility and social skills without mediating variables is 0.52, which is significant at an error level of less than 0.05. With the inclusion of the mediating variable of parental self-efficacy, the path coefficient between psychological flexibility and social skill has decreased to 0.48; the coefficient of the path between psychological flexibility and problematic behaviors without mediating variables is 0.41, which is significant at an error level of less than 0.05. With the inclusion of the mediating variable of parental self-efficacy, the path coefficient between psychological flexibility and problematic behaviors has decreased to 0.31. Therefore, it can be said that the mediator variable has played its role well, and the hypothesis of the research that parental self-efficacy plays a mediating role in the relationship between parents' psychological flexibility and social skills and problematic behaviors is confirmed.

In explaining the results of this research, it can be said that the family plays an important role in bearing the effects of an accident or illness of a family member, especially children, and one of the most stressful experiences for any family is managing a disabled or sick child. Autistic parents' reaction to their child's disorder depends on their flexibility in facing the problem. Accepting having a child with autistic disorder, instead of experiencing tolerance and avoidance, can to a large extent cause psychological flexibility so that parents can change their attitude towards the situation and, as a result, improve other functional indicators of autistic children. Also, other dimensions of acceptance, including fault, self as a context and connection with the present time by strengthening the observer's self, gives a person the ability to observe the painful events of life without interpretation and interpretation, and the dimensions of value and commitment also lead to practical and objective actions for Improving the quality of a person's life will be equal to what he likes. In explaining the mediation of parents' self-efficacy in the relationship between parents' psychological flexibility and communication skills, and the social and behavioral performance of children with autism spectrum disorders, it can be said that parents' low self-efficacy is related to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and high psychosomatic symptoms. In the high self-efficacy of parents, they choose the challenging issues and goals of their children as tasks that they can do skillfully, and they have a deep commitment towards them. It is this self-efficacy that makes them continue to help their children with social skills and better behavioral performance after being disappointed or facing a disappointing experience.

In the last two decades, organizational psychologists have found that paying attention to positive psychotherapy and, by nature, paying attention to positive psychological constructs such as happiness and the use of mental capacities can be effective in improving psychological well-being. Also, paying special attention to increasing happiness in the work environment and having healthy mental health, as well as using potential and actual capacities, can greatly improve the psychological well-being of employees. Libomirski's happiness model and Dweck's mindset change model have the necessary power to improve psychological well-being according to their structure and content. In previous studies, it has been determined that Libomirski's happiness model has increased resilience, quality of life, optimism, hope, job enthusiasm and also increased positive emotions. Dweck's mentality change model also uses Bandura's social-cognitive learning theory to consider the study of motivation and believes that each human interacts with the world in different ways and based on that, the events and events of the physical environment and they give meaning to the society around them. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of Libomirski's happiness training and Dweik's mindset change training on the psychological well-being of the employees of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Gas Company.

The research was a semi-experimental type with a post-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included the direct contract employees of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Gas Company in 2019, who were randomly selected into three experimental and control groups (17 people in each group) based on available sampling were replaced and completed the psychological well-being questionnaire (Reif, 1989). Also, experimental group (1) was given eath 90-minute sessions of Libomirski's happiness training and experimental group (2) was given eath 90-minute sessions of Dewick's mindset change training. Research data was analyzed using SPSS version 24 software.

The results of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that Libomirski's happiness method and Deweyk's mindset change training had a proportional effect on increasing the average psychological well-being scores of the experimental group's employees (P ≥ 0.001).

It seems that due to the psychological problems of the work environment as well as the ability to use the mental and psychological capacities of employees, it is necessary for organizations to give more value and importance to this category. The results of the research showed that the happiness training, based on positive thinking methods and the provision of support programs that are able to strengthen adaptive abilities and resilience, self-efficacy, acceptance and hope in employees, was able to improve the psychological well-being of employees. In fact, Libomirsky's happiness training method, using cognitive, emotional and behavioral processes and contents, as well as positive psychology, helped not only employees to be happier than before, but also to make them more aware of their own thoughts, feelings and reactions, and thus the field They provide acceptance of their own and others' feelings and can easily deal with issues and colleagues and other members of the organization and find better conditions in their work environment. Also, Dweik's mindset change training method, emphasizing the social-cognitive aspects of life and the work environment, taught the employees that fixed and specific mindsets are among the factors that lead to growth and learning and thus personal growth and autonomy and ultimately well-being. They face psychological problems. Therefore, he taught the employees to provide the foundations for personal growth, autonomy, mastery of the environment, and purposefulness in life by changing their mentality, thus improving the psychological well-being of the employees of the gas company. In sum, it was concluded that the two methods of Libomirski's happiness training and Dweck's mindset change training, with two effect mechanisms that seem different, were able to improve the psychological well-being of gas company employees, and thus as two necessary and useful training methods available to managers and employees of the gas company.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most prevalent thyroid gland tumor arising from thyroid follicular cells. MicroRNAs (miRs) are endogenous single‑stranded non‑coding RNAs attaching to the different sites of the target mRNAs, leading to regulation of gene expression. Hence, miRs play a role in biological functions. Diagnostic role of miRs in PTC has been previously studied. However, the results of such molecular studies should be reinvestigated among different ancestries worldwide. Despite the fact, other than diagnosis, it is vital to have capability to discriminate aggressive cases from the non-aggressive ones to prevent over-diagnosis and over-treatment. Hence, the current investigation was performed to study the association of let-7f, miR-146b-5p, miR-34b, miR-16 and miR-877-5p expression in blood serum and tumor tissue with aggressiveness of PTC in an Iranian population.

This was a case control study. Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to compare blood and tumor tissue expression of the miRs between aggressive and non-aggressive PTC samples. Eighteen patients with aggressive PTC were considered as the case group and 18 patients with non-aggressive PTC as the control group. Samples were taken from three hospitals as Toos, Shariyati and Firoozgar (Tehran, Iran). A written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Fresh tissue specimens of aggressive and non-aggressive PTC tissues were obtained from tumors and instantly kept at -80 °C until assessment. Two independent pathologists assessed the samples. PTC was confirmed by light microscope using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Total RNA was extracted with columnar extraction method using total RNA purification kit (Norgen, Canada) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sample quality control was using cel-mir-39 Spike-In Kit (Norgen, Canada) which offers a quantified synthetic RNA (cel-miR-39) for spike-in. Cel-mir-39 was used for normalization in RT-qPCR assay as the reference to state ∆Ct. cDNA was synthesized with poly A polymerase technique using microScript microRNA cDNA Synthesis kit (Norgen, Canada). Afterwards, the cDNA was used for real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using SYBR Green mastermix (Norgen, Canada). Fold changes (FC) of each miR were computed via the formula 2-∆∆CT in Excel 2013 calibrating with the mean of expression in non-aggressive PTC patients. Significance of individual FCs was assessed with one sample t test (FC = 1 was the null hypothesis). Besides, FC between blood serum and tumor tissue was performed through independent t test at the significance level of 0.05.

MiR-16 had a meaningful surge in blood (FC = 2.85; P = 0.024), while miR-34 showed a meaningful down-regulation in blood (FC = 0.19; P < 0.001) and tumor tissue (FC = 0.19; P < 0.001). In addition, miR-146 had a major up-regulation in blood (FC = 48.10; P < 0.001) and tumor tissue (FC = 60.61; P < 0.001), miR-877 a momentous down-regulation in blood (FC = 0.22; P < 0.001), and let-7 a meaningful down-regulation in blood (FC = 0.09; P < 0.001) and tumor tissue (FC = 0.13; P < 0.001). Independent t test was used to compare FC of each miR (blood expression versus tumor tissue expression). MiR-16 exhibited a meaningful up-regulation in aggressive PTC samples (2.85 vs 0.92; P = 0.020). However, no major difference was reported between blood and tumor tissue FCs for other miRs.

MiRs can help to differentiate invasive PTC from non-invasive PTC. Concisely, miR-16 and miR-877 had an upregulation in blood, miR-34 and let-7 a down regulation in blood and tumor tissue, miR-146 an upregulation in blood and tumor tissue, and miR-146 a significant up regulation in blood and tumor tissue. Expression alteration of miR-16 was meaningfully more prevailing in blood compared with tumor tissue in favor of upregulation. Among the studied miRs, miR-146 was the most frequently occurring result in this study and previous studies. Predictive role of these biomarkers should be assessed in further well-designed cohort investigations, then the results can be utilized as personalized medicine in the management of PTC.

Chronic pain is used to describe non-cancerous and refractory pain (1). Chronic pain is a pain that has continued every day for at least three months for the past six months (5). This pain affects the quality of life, so it is necessary to identify and pay attention to the role of chronic pain in mental and physical health. Psychological factors are indirectly related to the process of pain perception. As pain becomes more chronic, the role of psychological factors in the spread and persistence of pain becomes more prominent than the role of biological factors. In this regard, researchers have emphasized the importance of the locus of control (7). Belief in the extent to which a person controls their circumstances, behavior, and thoughts can be considered a factor in determining the severity of pain (8). Numerous psychosocial factors can affect the severity of pain. Studies have shown that emotion regulation and its components directly affect the intensity, frequency and duration of pain perception (11). Emotion regulation is a set of processes that control and evaluate a person's emotional reactions and even change these reactions if necessary, so that the person functions properly (12). The results of studies show that there is a relationship between the locus of control and regulation of emotion. Patients with an internal control source, experience less pain intensity than patients with an external control source. Patients with impaired emotion regulation also experience greater pain intensity (5). On the other hand, most studies have examined the relationship between these components in a correlational manner, but the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between loci of control, pain intensity and the interactive relationship of variables have not been investigated. According to the above points, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between locus of control and pain intensity in chronic pain patients

The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study was all patients with chronic pain of Esfarayen in 2019. The sample consisted of 200 patients with chronic pain aged 25 to 45 years who were selected by available sampling method from Imam Khomeini Hospital, specialized clinic of medical sciences and health centers of Shahid Shokouhi, Shahid Montazeri and Imam Reza (AS). Brief pain inventory, health locus of control scale and emotion regulation questionnaire were used as research tools. Correlation test, regression analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the findings. Data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software.

Based on the findings, the mediating role of emotion regulation (re-evaluation- suppression) in the relationship between the source of internal control and pain intensity was confirmed. In this way, individuals with a source of internal control were more likely to use an adaptive reassessment strategy and less of a maladaptive repression strategy, and consequently experienced less pain intensity. Furthermore; In this study, the mediating role of emotion regulation (re-evaluation-suppression) in the relationship between external control source and pain intensity was also confirmed. According to this finding, people with an external source of control were more likely to use a maladaptive suppression strategy that leads to more severe pain.

The results of this study supported the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between locus of control and pain intensity. This finding indicates the importance of emotion regulation in explaining the severity of pain in patients with chronic pain. The findings of this study showed that emotion regulation (re-evaluation - suppression) has a mediating role in the relationship between external control source and pain intensity in patients with chronic pain. Incompatible emotion management strategies, such as repression or catastrophe, lead to reduced physical and social activity, psychological disorders, and feelings of helplessness and lack of control. So that the feeling of lack of control, in turn, intensifies the experience of pain. Thus, people come to believe that they have no sense of control and form a vicious circle (5). One of the most fundamental reasons people turn to dysfunctional emotional regulation strategies such as avoiding, repressing, criticizing, blaming themselves or others, and paving the way for the formation of chronic psychological disorders, including chronic pain, is the belief in lack of internal control (30). Some of the beliefs of most patients with chronic pain are that "my illness is the fault of my spouse, child or boss", "my pain is terrible", "I am going crazy" (31). As a result, patients engage in a maladaptive emotional behaviors and strategies, such as criticizing, blaming themselves or others, or even suppressing their emotions, in order to gain a sense of control over their illness and pain (30). Patients with chronic pain lose more control over the disease and their condition, which leads to more pain. Emotion regulation (re-evaluation - suppression) mediates the relationship between the source of internal control and pain intensity in people with chronic pain. Patients who use adaptive emotion management strategies in the face of problems, ie; problem-oriented strategy, define stressors, and therefore, such people experience fewer negative outcomes and feel more in control of their condition and experience less pain intensity. These patients are more successful in solving problems and dealing effectively with stress caused by life events, and this effective coping and satisfaction in solving the problems makes them feel in control of the stress which caused by important life events. The source of internal control is related to accepting pain and being prepared for change. In general, self-regulation is one of the factors that can be effective in causing or controlling pain in patients. People with chronic pain will be able to prevent information bias in the processing of information that leads to the experience of negative emotions by adjusting their emotions through the relationship between pains and adapt more effectively to their illness (33). Therefore, if the training program of these patients is accompanied by emotion regulation strategies, it can help reduce the severity of pain in these patients.

Sexual disorders are important topics in psychology. The importance of these disorders is that when a person gets this disease, he finds problems that unintentionally involve other people in their problems. A person with sexual disorders has abnormal behaviors, sexual fantasies, or unhealthy desires. Today, child-loving disorder is a very common disorder, and a person suffering from this disorder tends to have a relationship with children of the same sex or with children of the same sex, and thus achieves the pleasure and excitement of sexual intercourse. Sex with children is usually accompanied by abuse, and this abuse includes physical and sexual abuse, child neglect, and emotional abuse. Afghanistan is one of the countries wherein its social fabric, the disorder of child love or child play is more common and less abnormal. Some of the factors that caused this disorder in Afghan men can be listed as follows: Emotional compatibility or congruity that is caused by the unsatisfied needs of childhood and causes the sufferers of this disorder to search for people who have this disorder. Understand the need, or at least he feels that this need is understood by people of a certain age group. Despite factors such as inappropriate and weak interactions with parents during childhood, sexual abuse during childhood, feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem resulting from childhood, one of the important causes of pedophile disorder can be found in childhood. And one of the models that can help to understand the relationship between life experiences, especially childhood experiences, and subsequent psychological injuries is the examination of early maladaptive schemas, especially sexual schemas. Primary maladaptive schemas are emotional and cognitive patterns of self-harm that are formed in the mind at the beginning of growth and development and are repeated in life and affect the interpretation of experiences and relationships with others. These incompatible schemas affect people's thinking, feeling, and behavior and may form the core of personality disorders and interpersonal problems. Sexual schema is defined as a person's cognitive generalizations of sexual aspects resulting from past experiences. These schemas are a historical representation of a person's sexual life and are defined as the basic and core beliefs of a person's sexual dimensions, which are derived from past experiences and appear in present experiences and in the processing of sexual information of individuals. They affect A variety of treatment methods based on acceptance and commitment, mindfulness, schema therapy, and cognitive and behavioral therapy that deals with changing childhood beliefs, accepting thoughts and feelings, high mental awareness, and rebuilding deviant thought patterns can be used to treat this The problem is used in combination. Cognitive interventions such as schema therapy, in addition to focusing on the roots of mental problems in childhood, help the person with this disorder to identify their false beliefs by using strategies and strengthen self-control by changing unfavorable beliefs and feelings. Child-wanting disorder has many consequences for affected people and child victims. Usually, people with childishness disorder cannot establish emotional and sexual relations with adults and have low self-esteem. In these people, there is always the fear of being attracted to children, and as a result, they will not be able to lead a normal life. People suffering from this disorder usually have unknown worries and anxieties in society and have problems in their social and family relationships, job, or education. Also, people with this disorder usually suffer from depression, other mental disorders, or addiction to a certain substance. The main issue that differentiates pedophiles from other sexual abnormalities and requires special attention is that in pedophiles, the disorder is not limited to a person, but causes irreparable physical and psychological damage to other people, especially children. But it is usually very difficult to diagnose and treat people with the child-loving disorder in Afghanistan, and the treatment methods that have been used so far focus on helping the patient to stop acting on their thoughts or only on one of the hypothetical causes of this disorder. They focus and do not seek to solve the origin and the leading causes of this disorder and these treatments cannot cause a long-term change in the sexual function of a person, which is also one of the most important innovations of research and can be found in legal and psychological centers. Afghanistan uses the integrated treatment of child-loving disorder to identify primary maladaptive schemas, dysfunctional beliefs, and documenting styles, to reduce intense control of thoughts and emotions, and to increase awareness and acceptance to help change maladaptive schemas and reduce the symptoms of men with the disorder. Childishness is used. Therefore, considering the importance of treating the child-loving condition in Afghanistan and paying attention to the use of several treatment methods and different pieces of training to create newer and comprehensive treatment methods for these people in order to create value towards themselves and others and improve mental health. The current study aims to answer this question: Is the integrated educational package of child-loving disorder effective on the dimensions of sexual schemas in Afghan men in the post-test and follow-up stages?

The current research method was a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative part, Atride Stirling's comparative theme analysis method was used. In the quantitative part, the current research design is included in the semi-experimental designs of pre-test-post-test-follow-up with control and experimental groups. The statistical population in this research was made up of all Afghan men suffering from the child-desiring disorder, 20 of them were selected non-randomly as a sample and randomly divided into the experimental group (10 people) and the control group (10 people) were placed. The measurement tool in this research was the male sexual schema scale of Anderson et al. (1999). After completing the questionnaire by both the control and experimental groups, the participants in the experimental group received the content of the compiled training package individually during 20 sessions. After the end of the sessions, the post-exam and after three months of follow-up, the research questionnaire was completed by both groups.

The results of repeated measures analysis showed that the integrated treatment of pedantic disorder had an effect on sexual schemas and all three dimensions of schemas with a significance level of P<0.05.

In the present study, men with child-loving disorders first identified their inconsistent and ineffective schemas with the help of a therapist and then tried to provide confirming or refuting evidence for each one. Finally, by using cognitive, behavioral, and experimental techniques, they challenged their initial maladaptive schemas that were created in childhood and adolescence and were very resistant and able to change their sexual schemas and reduce the symptoms of the child's disorder. They want to be in themselves. Therefore, schema therapy, along with mindfulness and therapy based on acceptance and commitment, can have positive effects on a person's beliefs and attitudes about sexual performance and, as a result, his sexual schemas. The most important limitation of the present study was the difficulty of accessing the society and the sample group, and the researcher only had access to men with the pedophilic disorder who were criminals in legal centers under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior of Afghanistan. Therefore, it is suggested to use random sampling in future research. In addition, it is suggested that in legal centers for criminals suffering from this disorder, treatment courses for pedantic disease by experts will be held.

Fertility has become a growing problem for many couples who are trying to conceive(1). Although infertility is not a life-threatening issue, it can still be a stressful life experience for couples. The high stress of infertility can be attributed to the fact that having children is important in general society(6). People with infertility often face pressures and ambiguous situations in society due to the type of infertility. Different groups probably deal with infertility differently. In other words, not all infertile people experience infertility in the same way(10). Following a highly ambiguous pregnancy loss, bereaved couples struggle with distress due to various forms of ambiguity(11). Ambiguity tolerance refers to how an individual (or group) perceives and processes information about ambiguous situations or stimuli when faced with familiar, complex, or incongruous and unpredictable cues. A person with ambiguity tolerance experiences less stress reacts earlier and avoids ambiguous stimuli. However, people with high ambiguity tolerance find the situations of desirable stimuli challenging and interesting and do not reject or distort their incongruity complexity. Ambiguity-tolerant people tend to perceive ambiguous situations and ambiguous stimuli as desirable, challenging, and interesting. People with low ambiguity tolerance react prematurely, experience more anxiety and stress, and try to avoid ambiguous stimuli. They also tend to reach results as quickly as possible(12). Therefore, tolerance of ambiguity is one of the important factors in dealing with problems. In infertility, these patients are looking for a definite and clear medical diagnosis. One of the problems of infertile women is tolerating ambiguity. In the meantime, every person takes psychological strategies to face their problems. Although according to the researcher's reviews, no specific studies have been conducted regarding the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance, some studies have indirectly addressed the psychological strategies of these women. It is divided into self-focused strategies and other-focused strategies(17). Also, the results of another research have pointed to coping strategies focused on the individual, coping strategies focused on the family, and strategies focused on the community(18). The present study was conducted to analyze the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance.

The study employed a qualitative approach and used the phenomenological method. The research was conducted with infertile women who were referred to the obstetrics and gynecology department of Shahid Akbar Abadi Hospital, an educational, research, and treatment center. The inclusion criteria involved being diagnosed with primary infertility by a gynecologist and obstetrician, aged between 20 and 45, having at least a high school diploma, experiencing infertility for at least 24 months after unprotected sex, undergoing at least two unsuccessful artificial insemination attempts, not having a psychological disorder or receiving counseling or psychiatric services during the study, and being willing to participate. Exclusion criteria included unwillingness to participate, withholding information during the interview, and becoming pregnant during the study.The sample was selected based on the scores obtained from McLean's Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire(1993), given to 55 women who had undergone artificial insemination treatment at least twice. Those with high scores in the questionnaire were chosen for interviews. The number of participants was determined based on the study's nature and the quality of the collected information, until theoretical saturation was reached.The study utilized the seven-stage Collaizi's  analysis method. The first step involved carefully reading the participants' statements multiple times after conducting the interviews. Subsequently, in the second step, important sentences were extracted. In the third step, the researcher attempted to formulate the meanings of each important sentence. Following this, in the fourth step, the formulated meanings were classified into clusters of positions. In the fifth step, the researcher integrated all the ideas obtained into a detailed description of the field under study. Moving on to the sixth stage, the researcher condensed this detailed description of the studied phenomenon into a basic structure. Finally, in the last stage, the researcher referred back to the research participants and conducted a final interview to assess the validity of the results(19).

The study aimed to explore the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance who had undergone IVF treatment at least twice. Through interviews with 12 participants, 754 primary codes or conceptual propositions were identified and categorized into 18 sub-themes, with 4 main content areas identified. The study found that infertility treatment exerts both physical and psychological pressure on women, leading to uncertainty about the outcomes and making life more challenging. Importantly, the research highlighted the lack of direct investigation into the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance, emphasizing the significance of the current study.The research identified four stages in the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance during the treatment process:The positive outlook on life: This stage involves making multiple efforts, maintaining optimism and hope, expecting success, andfacing challenges during treatment. Becoming realistic and reducing expectations: Women in this stage experience doubts and worries, seek information, consult with experts, obtain external psychological support, avoid bias towards treatment options, and adapt to reality. Surrendering to divine providence: This stage involves acceptance and surrender, fatalism, and maintaining hope.Transformation of the centrality of life: Women in this stage search for alternative solutions, decide on the course of treatment, obtain support from family and friends, experience psychological improvement, and take action to regain control of life.The study concluded that infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance maintain a positive outlook on their situation without considering it as a certainty. They continue to hope for treatment success while not neglecting other aspects of their lives, actively pursuing conception alongside other life issues.

According to the results of the findings of this research, it can be concluded that infertile women who have a high tolerance for ambiguity, start to know positively about their respective situation and do not consider this knowledge as a certainty. As they continue to hope for treatment, they do not eliminate other aspects of their lives and pursue trying to conceive alongside other life issues.

The global epidemic of the disease caused by the coronavirus (Covid-19), as a severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in December 2019, not only as a threat to the health and lives of millions of people around the world has been considered and the world's health and treatment systems have faced many challenges, it has also affected other fields, including the field of education so that with the beginning of the Covid epidemic 19, health protocols emphasized social distancing. In this regard, in many countries, including our country, face-to-face training in schools and universities was closed to reduce the spread of the coronavirus. This unpleasant event could have negative effects on educational activities, but social distancing has stimulated the growth of online educational activities so that there is no disruption in education. Many schools and colleges have participated by providing the best materials and contents needed for online training courses, with the cooperation and accompaniment of students and conducting evaluations. Undoubtedly, in the application of electronic content in online education, the efforts of students depend to a great extent on internal motivations, therefore, students who have more intrinsic motivations and the necessary abilities in They deal with the usual academic challenges, can work more self-regulated and self-efficiently than other students, and as a result, they are more successful. They achieve more success in subjects in which they are more interested and motivated, and more success provides more motivation for learning, academic progress, academic performance, and continuing education. Although in the last few years, educational centers, especially education, constantly emphasize providing education in the context of virtual space, in practice, there has not been a large movement in this area at the country level, and despite the emphasis on making schools smarter, significant progress has been made in Platformization and provision of virtual training had not been achieved. The sudden outbreak of covid-19 faced many challenges in the educational systems of the world and affected the field of education as well. As the Covid-19 epidemic began around the world, health protocols emphasized social distancing. In this regard, in many countries, including our country, face-to-face training in schools and universities was closed to reduce the spread of the Coronavirus. For the education of students to not be interrupted during the period of social distancing and for the curriculum to continue according to the pre-determined schedule, various solutions were presented. Although this network also had limitations and problems, problems such as slow internet speed, limited space for loading, and less interaction between teacher and student. With this description, although the Corona pandemic imposed many problems on all indicators of the society, including the health of the people, it led to the flourishing of some capabilities in the country, including the spread and prosperity of virtual education (online education) throughout the country. Cited. The lack of evidence regarding the support capacities provided in some psychological characteristics of people has caused the proper use of education in the virtual space to be observed nowadays, and due to the importance of psychological issues such as mental health and psychological well-being. It is important to find out the relationship between the supportive dimensions of education in virtual space on mental health and psychological well-being, so in this study, we seek to answer the question of whether there is a significant relationship between the supportive dimensions of education in virtual space on mental health and psychological well-being.

The current research was descriptive in terms of the data collection method, which was carried out in the field. The statistical population of the current research included all female students in the second year of high school (experimental third grade) of Behshahr city, who were studying in 2018-2019. The number of the statistical population according to the inquiry from the statistics unit of Behshahr Education Department was equal to 210 people. The sample size of 136 people was selected by simple random sampling through Morgan's Kargesi table. The instrument of this research was a questionnaire. The entire process of research analysis was done using SPSS version 20 and PLS version 3 software.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the dimensions of education in the virtual space on mental health and psychological well-being so virtual education has an effect of 0.805 on mental health and an effect of 0.745 on psychological well-being.

The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between the supportive aspects of online education on mental health and psychological well-being. These issues show that education in virtual space can always be emphasized as a key issue in the sensitive conditions of society. Educational policies have an important and decisive role in education. The government's support for education in virtual space in the path of education, as well as the government's support for the development and dissemination of education in virtual space, show the importance of this issue. Today, human power is considered the most valuable capital of any country, and the progress, cultural, economic, and social growth of countries depends on increasing the level of awareness of the people of that society. Therefore, the main mission of educational systems is the training of human resources necessary for this growth and progress, and education plays a very important role in this. Appropriate educational facilities, experienced teachers, and a rich environment only along with the dynamic, active, and enthusiastic minds of the youth will lead to the progress and development of the country. Although not much time has passed since the emergence of information and communication technology, it has brought many changes in the way of human life, including education systems and learning centers. In this way, the form of learning and education has gone out of the physical state that is dependent on time and place and has become a virtual form that cannot be defined. On the other hand, in many countries, the use of information and communication technology in the educational system in order to improve the quality of teaching-learning methods has been considered, and the use of this technology in schools is a basic necessity for proven educational, social, and economic reasons. In the way of conducting the present research, there were limitations, including the non-cooperation of some research samples, as well as difficult and difficult access to the research samples.

Adolescence is a dangerous period for social, emotional, and psychological problems such as internal and external concerns and psychopathology. Mental health problems in adolescence predict not only the subsequent consequences of mental health but also educational progress, employment, and physical health in adulthood. Emotion regulation is known as motivational regulation in the field of emotions. Motivation adjustment is a process in which actions change current states to desired states. Based on this, emotion regulation is a process in which action is directed to change present emotions towards desired emotions (i.e. emotional goals). Regulation of emotions is generally a cognitive control behavior that plays a protective role against mental illnesses. One type of emotion regulation strategy that is associated with positive mental health outcomes is reappraisal. Goal setting refers to choosing desired goals, while goal setting refers to directing behavior toward goals. In emotion regulation, goal setting corresponds to the selection of emotional goals, while striving for goals is related to the selection and implementation of behaviors that are directed to achieve emotional goals. Activating a target automatically activates the associated devices. Mindfulness is another mechanism for enhancing coping processes by enhancing positive reappraisal, reducing catastrophizing, and building self-transcendence. Mindfulness meditation may enhance meaning-based coping processes through the process of defocusing cognitive sets. When a person shifts to a metacognitive perspective, they can stand outside of their thought content, then gain the power to make new evaluations of stressful events. As such, disengagement may facilitate positive reappraisal, a coping strategy that is critical for adaptive functioning in the face of chronic stress. In general, people tend to stick to fixed self-concepts. This clinging to an unchanging sense of self inevitably leads to stress as life events change aspects of the self that were previously considered to be one's identity; Mindfulness may reduce stress by arousing the transcendent self. In doing so, when one experientially realizes that ultimately, "life and death" and "profit and loss" are part of an integrated whole, a web of interdependence and an integrated, dynamic system that they are the basis of life, it may free a person from suffering. Because there are few studies on the role of goal setting and cognitive distortions in predicting the prospects of students in Iran, so the question of this study is whether goal setting and cognitive distortions in predicting What is the future perspective of students?

The method of the present research is a quantitative and descriptive correlation, which was approved by the code of ethics IR.IAU.M.REC.1401.036 in the code of ethics commission of Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht branch. The statistical population of the research was all female students in the second year of high school in Shiraz city (10,865 students) in the academic year of 2019-2019 and the sampling method was a multi-stage random cluster. In this way, first, one school was selected from each education district, and in the next step, three classes were selected from each school using a random multi-stage cluster method. After choosing the classes, all the students in those classes were included in the research as a statistical sample. The research tools include four standard questionnaires of the future perspective; cognitive distortions; Academic targeting; and the cognitive regulation was excitement. The data were analyzed with SPSS software.

The results of this research showed that only two variables of uncertainty in goal orientation and cognitive distortions significantly affect prospects.

In general, it can be stated that investigating the relationship between important cognitive and psychological variables such as cognitive regulation of emotion; Cognitive distortions, and goal selection with a future perspective can help planners and policymakers in designing and implementing policies and strategies to improve human capital. According to the results reported in this research, considering the high contribution of cognitive distortions, time and a special program to guide students to identify their spontaneous thoughts and beliefs in the face of various incidents and conditions are suggested. , should be designed so that with practice and practice, a person can get rid of distorted thoughts and interpretations and master his feelings. At a higher level, students' families can be invited to participate in workshops to identify cognitive distortions and ways to overcome them and to isolate the training platform for generations. The influence of uncertainty in the direction of the goal on the future perspective shows that the behavior of students should be adjusted by passing consistent courses to determine and prioritize the goal and plan carefully to achieve these goals step by step, under the rule it was accurate. Since most of the families and students are not aware of the importance of this issue, it is necessary to include these courses in the form of a curriculum and be presented them as a separate lesson in a workshop. For this purpose, several schools in different regions and provinces can be tested in terms of different facilities and conditions, and its future results and consequences can be carefully examined, and by reflecting its results and experiences, in all schools to be implemented.

Job burnout is a term that sometimes can be used instead of equivalents such as tension, burnout, apathy, incapacitation, burnout, excessive fatigue, exhaustion, and mental erosion. There is no consensus among psychologists on the definition of job burnout. Some groups consider job burnout to be the same as job stress. The result of job burnout is the loss of motivation, enthusiasm, energy, and reduced performance in life. Job burnout is not only fatigue and pressure caused by work, which occurs after continuous work, but also a person's lifestyle and his hours outside of work. They spread. Job burnout was defined for the first time in the 1970s. He called this phenomenon the syndrome of analysis of physical and mental powers, which occurs in people working in helping professions where people spend many hours in close contact with other people. Therefore, it can be said that job burnout is a state of physical, emotional, and mental fatigue that occurs due to continuous and frequent emotional pressure caused by intensive and long-term interaction with clients. Research results show that mental pressure can include both physical and mental dimensions. Symptoms and complications of mental stress can be manifested in physical, mental, and behavioral forms. Social responsibility and its effect on student job burnout is like a double-edged sword. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between job burnout and social responsibility among management students.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of correlational method because it seeks to investigate the relationship between job burnout and the social responsibility of students of Isfahan Azad University. The population of this research includes all management students of Azad University of Isfahan city, which according to the inquiry of university education was equal to 95 people who were studying in 2022-2023. The sample size was 77 people selected through a stratified sampling method through Morgan's Kargesi table. In this research, Carroll's Social Responsibility Questionnaire (1991) was used to measure social responsibility. This questionnaire has 20 questions and 4 components of economic responsibility, legal responsibility, moral responsibility, and social responsibility, and is based on a Likert scale from one to five (I completely disagree, 1 point, I disagree, 2). I have no opinion, 3 points, I agree, 4 points, I completely agree, 5 points) measures the social responsibility of the organization with questions such as (I help my colleagues to perform their duties efficiently). The job burnout questionnaire for teachers was created by Masalesh in 1985. This tool is a questionnaire that is based on a new estimation of the phenomenon of stress or burnout. This questionnaire has 22 questions that measure emotional burnout, the phenomena of depersonalization and lack of personal fulfillment in the context of professional activity, and especially to measure the follow-up of the phenomenon of burnout in professional groups, such as nurses. Teachers, etc. are closed to work.

Among the dimensions of job burnout, the highest mean is related to the dimension of lack of personal success (24.94), and the lowest mean is related to the dimension of depersonalization among women (8.57). One of the most important prerequisites for performing parametric tests is checking the normality of the data distribution in the dependent variable. For this purpose, for each of the examined variables separately from each of the groups, a test of the normality of the data distribution has been performed. As can be seen in Table 3, because the value of sig calculated in all variables is greater than 0.05, therefore the null hypothesis is confirmed and the H1 hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, the data follow the normal distribution, and parametric tests can be used to check the research hypotheses, and in this research, Pearson's correlation test was used to measure the research hypotheses. The results of regression analysis and Pearson correlation related to research hypotheses are shown in the table below. Based on the results of Table 4, it is shown that the calculated Pearson's correlation (-0.141) with a significance level (0.0035) is lower than the error level of 0.05, so this obtained correlation coefficient is significant.

Social responsibility and its effect on job burnout among students is like a double-edged sword, one edge of which is a threat that causes weakness in the ethics system, which leads to a decrease in communication and an increase in losses in the organization. Management will rely more on retrospective control because people provide constant information to management, and in this case, the organization's energy will turn into a negative one, and in other words, the organization will be used instead of the goal; Rumors, backbiting, will be ineffective. The other edge of this sword is opportunity. The philanthropic dimension of social responsibility has a significant effect on students' activities and results. Humanitarian activities increase individual and social productivity; and improve communication; it reduces the degree of risk; Because when humanitarian activities are dominant in the organization, the organizations have a good reputation and credibility. On the other hand, today scientists rely on facts and relying on the natural needs of humans, a string of human values ​​and principles, on the strategic role of humans in the organization, and consider humanitarian activities in strategic planning. They know it is necessary. Social responsibility is an individual belief that is formed in a person under the influence of environmental factors. Based on the obtained results, there is a relationship between job burnout and the social responsibility of students.

Nursing is considered a job full of anxiety and stress. The high level of stress in this job affects the physical and mental health of nurses. This stress is created as a result of the combination of personal factors and factors related to the work environment. Stressors in the nursing environment include closed air, time pressure, excessive noise, sudden swings from favorite tasks to routine tasks, unpleasant sights and sounds, and standing for long periods. Nurses are trained to deal with these stressful factors, but other chronic pressures such as pressures at home, conflict in the work environment, low number of employees, weak work team, insufficient training and poor supervision, role burden, incompetence, and role incompatibility. , role ambiguity, relationships with superiors, relationships with co-workers, shift work, physical factors, chemical factors, and biological factors that can increase the effect of stressors. Also, the workload, role conflicts, and the experience of aggression are other stressful factors of the nursing job, and on the other hand, jobs that are performed in shifts, such as nursing, can disrupt the 24-hour rhythm and create physiological and psychological consequences. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy and group therapy based on acceptance and commitment to resilience and flexibility in female nurses in Rafsanjan in 2023.

This research is a semi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test in the experimental group (cognitive-behavioral group therapy) and the comparison group (group therapy based on acceptance and commitment) with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of all female nurses who served in Ali Ibn Abi Talib Hospital in Rafsanjan city in 1402 was 299 people. 45 people were randomly selected from the list of female nurses and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The research tools were Connor and Davidson's resilience questionnaire (2003) and Dennis and Vanaderval's 2010 flexibility questionnaire.

The results of the research with covariance analysis showed that the comparison of the effectiveness of the training shows that the cognitive-behavioral group therapy group was 37.7% and the acceptance and commitment-based group therapy group was 22.1% effective; Also, the comparison of the effectiveness of the training shows that the cognitive-behavioral group therapy group was 32.5% and the group therapy group based on acceptance and commitment was 58.4% effective. For the normality of the data in the cognitive-behavioral group therapy group, the group therapy group based on acceptance and commitment and the control group were checked by the Shapiro-Wilk test. According to the research results, this assumption has been met for resilience and flexibility variables (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that the variance of resilience and resilience scores in the pre-test and post-test stages in three groups of cognitive-behavioral group therapy, group therapy based on acceptance and commitment, and control have homogeneity (p<0.05). Also, according to the result of the homogeneity test of the slope of the regression line, the interaction between the covariance variable (pre-test) and the independent variable (grouping) is insignificant; Therefore, it can be said that in the cognitive-behavioral group therapy group, the group therapy group based on acceptance and commitment and control has also met this assumption (p<0.05). The results of the analysis of covariance in the grouping section (between subjects) in Table 4 show that the main effects of the group (cognitive-behavioral group therapy, group therapy based on acceptance and commitment, and control group) are significant in resilience (η=0.188). ; p-value>0.05, F=4.736); That is, the averages of resilience scores in the cognitive-behavioral group therapy group, the group therapy group based on acceptance and commitment, and the control group show a significant difference. Also, the comparison of the effectiveness of the training shows that the cognitive-behavioral group therapy group was 37.7% and the acceptance and commitment-based group therapy group was 22.1% effective; therefore, it can be said that cognitive-behavioral group therapy has had a greater effect on nurses' resilience than group therapy based on acceptance and commitment.

These findings indicate that the type of psychological intervention should be chosen based on the specific needs of nurses. To increase resilience, cognitive-behavioral therapy is recommended, while to improve resilience, acceptance, and commitment-based therapy is a better choice. It is suggested that educational and counseling programs for nurses be designed with a combination of these two approaches to have more comprehensive and effective effects on their mental and professional health. Treatment based on commitment and acceptance is that it gives a person a chance to learn new and special skills such as reducing experiential avoidance and increasing psychological acceptance and contact with the present, and this feature makes the person not only stop avoiding but also flexible with to face it. Also, we are witnessing more use of efficient coping styles as a result of cognitive separation from these mental experiences and freedom from excessive focus on one's own personal story. When a person chooses a more efficient coping style, he subsequently endures less stress and has a more accurate perception of it. The most important problem of anxious nurses is the emotional, negative, and ineffective coping style of living in the past, so they repeatedly ruminate on the traumatic memories of the past in their minds.

The feeling of attachment to school has been described in the scientific literature with other titles such as commitment to school, connection with school, and attachment to school, which has multiple effects on the personal and educational aspects of students. On the other hand, the feeling of belonging to the school is about how the students feel about the interaction with their school and what attitude and attachment they have with their peers, teachers, and the teaching staff of the school. Although the feeling of connection with the school is necessary in all educational periods, it becomes more important during the teenage years, and the lack of it in students causes a large amount of behavioral, emotional, and educational problems that require Serious interventions to change and improve conditions be Students who have a good academic progress pay more attention and focus on the issues and topics targeted for learning. In the history of education and learning, traces of various strategies can be seen to smooth and achieve educational goals, among them is the training of empowering executive functions and the training of emotion regulation skills to facilitate the flow of learning in students. reach Such students work hard, but individual intervening factors such as anxiety have a significant impact on their efficiency and results. In the process of improving the cognitive and behavioral status of students, it is possible to mention the techniques related to the training of empowering executive functions and the training of emotion regulation skills. Executive function empowerment training includes a wide range of empowerment methods and strengthening of cognitive processes and behavioral abilities such as problem-solving ability, attention, reasoning, organization, planning, active memory, inhibitory control, arousal control, memory retention, and change of intent. And response inhibition is due to specific techniques. On the other hand, the training of emotion regulation skills reflects the use of several cognitive processes or functional coping skills (such as functional inhibition and flexibility in attention) to correctly respond to emotion and adapt more effectively to the environment. The training of reflective emotion regulation skills is the re-interpretation of environmental stimuli to generate emotion, which causes people to adjust and adjust their emotional responses to the environment. The sense of belonging to the school in the students will be created as a result of the process of emotional involvement and emotional maturity in the school environment, in such a way that the emotional factors and the sense of belonging strengthen each other. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of executive function empowerment training and emotion regulation skills training on the sense of belonging in a school for teenagers referring to the counseling center of the Martyrs and Veterans Foundation of Babol City.

The method of this research was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with an unequal control group. The statistical population of the current research was made up of all adolescent girls aged 15 to 16 who were referred to the consulting center of Martyrs and Martyrs Foundation of Babol City in the academic year of 2022-2023. Several 45 people were selected according to the criteria for entering the research and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group, 15 people each. To collect the data, the sense of belonging to the school questionnaire was used by Barry et al. (2004). The summary of executive function empowerment training sessions taken from Barkley (1997) in 10 60-minute sessions and the summary of emotion regulation skills training sessions from Gross (2007) in 10 90-minute sessions were conducted on experimental groups. There was no intervention for the control group. Repeated measurement variance analysis was used in SPSS18 software to analyze the data.

According to the results of the research, the hypothesis that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of executive function empowerment training and emotion regulation skills training on the sense of belonging to the school of teenagers referring to the counseling center of the Martyrs Foundation and Affairs of Babol city was confirmed. These findings are in line with the results of Taheri et al., and Badri Gregari et al. In the explanation of this finding, it can be stated that executive function empowerment training and emotion regulation skills training have differences in their effectiveness on the sense of belonging to the school. Executive function empowerment training has a greater effect on the feeling of belonging to the school compared to emotion regulation skills training. The training to empower executive functions can be compared to the training of emotion regulation skills, because cognition takes precedence over behavior, and behavior management is done as a result of effective cognitive function, on the other hand, the sense of belonging is also considered a social communication behavior, so training Empowerment of executive functions is more effective in reducing the feeling of belonging to the school. Another reason for this is that executive functions include a set of cognitive skills that help a person plan, organize, focus, control social interactions, and improve problem-solving. The findings showed that executive function empowerment training and emotion regulation skills training were effective in the sense of belonging to the school of teenagers referring to the counseling center of the Martyrs and Veterans Foundation of Babol City (P ≤ 0.01). Executive function empowerment training was more effective than emotion regulation skills training on the sense of belonging to the school.

The findings showed that executive function empowerment training and emotion regulation skills training were effective on the sense of belonging to the school of teenagers referring to the consulting center of the Martyr and Veteran Affairs Foundation of Babol city. The findings of this research can provide practical implications to therapists and counselors.

Parents of children with autism suffer more problems than parents of normal children and even than parents of children with other developmental disorders. Perhaps the most important problem for mothers with autism is the disruption of maternal imaginations and dreams or maternal representations during pregnancy. Maternal representations refer to a process in which the mother has emotional, emotional experiences and a mutual relationship with her fetus and expands the maternal identity for herself. Attachment between mother and fetus is the first and most important relationship that is related to the way and quality of mother-child communication. There is evidence of the development of attachment between mother and fetus during pregnancy, which is reflected in mothers' behaviors. A mother who becomes attached to her fetus during pregnancy is ready to establish a pleasant relationship with the baby after delivery and allow him to develop a safe and healthy attachment. Some evidence shows that the emergence of the mother's attachment to the fetus is a predictor of the mother's attitude and performance after childbirth, the mother's interaction with the infant, and attachment patterns after the birth of the child. Considering the effect of the child's characteristics and the context of care in each stage of development of children with autism disorder, to achieve a specific path, it is necessary to explain the changes in the representation of mothers with autism disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop a structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal representations before birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Shiraz city in 2022.

The descriptive study method was based on the structural equation modeling method, and its statistical population included all mothers with children on the autism spectrum who enrolled their children in exceptional schools and also had a case in the Autism Association of Shiraz. Their number was 987 in 1401. Using available sampling method, 360 mothers of affected children were selected who were willing to participate in the research. The research tools included the Middle Attachment Relationships Questionnaire (KCAQ) - Children's Attachment in the Middle Period by Halpern and Kapenberg (2006), Self-Concept Questionnaire (1983), and Carnelly's Mother-Fetus Attachment Behavior Questionnaire (1981). Data were analyzed using structural equation method and AMOS software.

The results showed that there is a significant and increasing (direct) relationship between acceptance of the mother's role, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with attachment safety. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism disorder. There is a meaningful and increasing (direct) relationship between accepting the role of the mother, attributing characteristics to the fetus, distinguishing between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with maternal self-concept. The results of the structural model in Table 6 indicate that acceptance of the maternal, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus and selflessness have a significant and incremental (direct) relationship with attachment security. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism. According to the path coefficients and based on the coefficient of determination index (R2), 3, 7, 2, and 9 percent of the changes in attachment safety are explained by acceptance of the maternal role, interaction with the fetus, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice. Also, the intensity of the relationship between self-sacrifice and the safety of attachment was higher than in other relationships investigated. The results of the model in Figure 4 showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between attributing characteristics to the fetus and safety of attachment in the studied population (p<0.05).

The structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal representations before birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder had a favorable level of adaptation. This breakthrough may be very challenging. The formation and consolidation of new skills such as expressing emotions, mutual interactions, regulating behaviors, and internalizing the mental representation of the caregiver's availability requires a new level of flexibility in the mother; Especially the mother of autistic children. A noteworthy point in the mothers investigated in this research, who had an autistic child, this caused a change in the mother's feedback about the relationship with the child, increased anxiety in coping with his needs, and created challenges in the daily interaction between the child and the caregiver; A problem that may lead to a change in the behavior based on the mother's sensitivity and consequently to the transformation of the child's internal working model. In fact, in this example, it is not the unsafe working models of the mother herself that is the main factor affecting the representation and sensitivity of the child, but rather the inconsistency and stability in the care system and, as a result, the desire for insecurity in children due to the inability of the caregiver. Accompanying the developmental characteristics of the child, accepting them, and aligning the current representations and caring behavior with these characteristics.

Today, cosmetic surgery is considered one of the most common forms of surgery in the world, and its usage has become widespread. The main and fundamental goal of cosmetic surgery is to improve the physical appearance of a person who has an abnormal appearance. When people realize that their appearance is not by the standards and norms of society, they may suffer and consider surgery the final solution. Studies that have used psychological scales to evaluate psychopathology have mentioned significant psychopathology in patients applying for cosmetic surgery. The results of a study in this field indicate that more than 70% of cosmetic surgery applicants have been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, the most common of which include depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and passive-aggressive personality disorder. The results of the conducted research indicate that people who were interested in cosmetic surgery had more psychological vulnerability than those who were not interested in cosmetic surgery. One of the major problems of cosmetic surgery applicants is high psychological vulnerability, including symptoms of anxiety, depression, and depression. Psychological vulnerability can be defined as sensitivity to the creation of a disorder, uncertainty, feeling of danger in facing certain conditions, and being exposed to the risk of psychological problems. Psychological vulnerability is effective in all cognitive and behavioral dimensions of people. Psychological vulnerability is presented as a pattern of psychological symptoms or behavior that occurs in a person, and this pattern or symptoms reflects an underlying psychological dysfunction and its consequences include disability or clinically significant distress. These symptoms are a predictable response to a general stressor or the lack of a culturally approved response to a specific event, and they can be caused by a neurological role. The purpose of the research was to test the structural model of psychological vulnerability based on childhood trauma and unstable self-esteem, considering the mediating role of internalized shame in people applying for cosmetic surgeries.

This research was fundamental and quantitative in terms of objective and semi-quasi correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all people applying for cosmetic surgery living in Tehran and referring to cosmetic clinics in 2022-2023. A sample of 304 people, who volunteered to cooperate, were included in the research from among the aforementioned population. Drugatis Psychological Vulnerability Questionnaire (2001), Bernstein's Childhood Trauma (2003), Chabrol, Rocio and Callahan's Unstable Self Esteem (2006), and Cook's Internalized Shame (1993) were used to collect information. Data were analyzed by correlation matrix method and structural equation modeling.

The results of data analysis showed that the indicators of the proposed model have an acceptable fit. The path of unstable self-esteem to psychological vulnerability (β = 0.343, P = 0.000), the path of unstable self-esteem to internalized shame (β = 0.435, P = 0.000), the path of internalized shame to psychological vulnerability (β = 0.549, P = 0.000), the path of childhood trauma to psychological vulnerability (β = 0.147, P = 0.000), the path of childhood trauma to internalized shame (P = 0.000, 431/ β = 0) is reported. Also, the mediating role of internalized shame was confirmed at the confidence level of 0.95.

Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data. Therefore, the results of the present study, due to the use of questionnaires and self-report scales, may have encouraged the subjects to use methods based on obtaining social approval and avoiding stigma related to individual inadequacy instead of actual behavior. As a result, caution should be observed in the interpretation of the obtained findings. The high volume of questions in the research questionnaires, which could include the possibility of fatigue of the subjects, was one of the other limitations of this research. Also, the results of other people or cultures should be done with caution. Considering the ethnic and cultural diversity in Iran, the model of the present study as well as other psychological elements should be investigated in volunteers and non-volunteers of cosmetic surgery in other ethnic groups. It is suggested to use a large community of women and men in future studies to increase the generalizability of the research results. It is also suggested to investigate and compare the two genders in future studies. It is recommended to pay attention to the important role of psychological factors affecting mental vulnerability and in the tendency to this type of surgery before undergoing cosmetic surgery, and since psychologists have expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological and personality issues, this should be considered. Specialized psychological counseling should be done by them before cosmetic surgery. The present study was conducted with the aim of testing the nose model of the psychological vulnerability of people applying for cosmetic surgeries based on childhood trauma and unstable self-respect, considering the mediator role of internalized shame in Tehran. According to the results obtained in the present study, the main hypothesis was confirmed. This result generally indicates that the model of psychological vulnerability based on childhood trauma and unstable self-esteem has a good fit with regard to the mediating role of internalized shame in people applying for cosmetic surgeries. Therefore, it is recommended that the contribution of the above variables in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment is considered important and related organizations should consider possible preventive programs.

Nurses working in Corona wards in the clinical environment witness many sufferings and discomforts of others every day and special hospital situations such as sickening death of patients, insomnia, uncertainty, and disruption in interpersonal relationships at all levels. It increases stress and decreases mental health in them, and this affects other areas and overshadows the work efficiency of the care system and their quality. According to the research results, the coronavirus affects the psychological well-being of public health professionals. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to the effectiveness of the Lazarus multifaceted treatment in psychological well-being and post-traumatic stress of nurses working in the Corona department of Qazvin Social Security Hospital.

This research is a semi-experimental study and was carried out using the design of unequal groups (experiment and control) with pre-test-post-test-follow-up. Also, to check the durability of the treatment effect, a follow-up stage was also conducted and its results were compared with the post-test stage. The statistical population of the present study included all the nurses working in the Corona department of the Social Security Hospital of Qazvin province. The sample consisted of 45 nurses working in the corona department of social security hospital in Qazvin province. These people were selected as a purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. In this study, the non-random sampling method is purposeful. The criteria for entering the research were being employed in the Corona department, age between 30 and 50 years, not receiving psychological treatment until 6 months ago, and not suffering from personality disorders and psychosis. Also, the absence of more than two sessions in therapy sessions and attending psychological therapy courses simultaneously with the implementation of the research were the criteria for exiting the research. The research tools were the Riff psychological well-being questionnaire, Lazarus multimodal group therapy sessions, and the Mississippi PTSD scale. SPSS21 computer software was used to analyze the research data.

The results of Table 5 show that to the intragroup factor, the F value calculated for the effect of the stages (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up) is significant at the 0.05 level for the components of psychological well-being and post-traumatic stress (05 As a result, there is a significant difference between the average scores of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up of psychological well-being components and post-traumatic stress in the three phases of pre-test, post-test and treatment follow-up. To investigate the effect of the Lazarus multifaceted treatment method on the scores of psychological well-being components and post-traumatic stress in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages, the mixed variance analysis method (one within-subjects factor and one between-subjects factor) was used. The three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up were considered as within-subject factors and the grouping of subjects into two groups was considered as a between-subject factor. To investigate the significant difference between the averages of the components of psychological well-being and post-traumatic stress in two groups in the three stages of treatment, the assumption of Kreuth was first investigated. The variance of the difference between all combinations of groups (Kreuth) must be the same. To check this assumption, the test of Kreuth was used, the results of which are listed in Table 4. As can be seen in Table 4, the assumption of Kreuth is not established.

According to the obtained results, the Lazarus multifaceted treatment is effective in the psychological well-being and post-traumatic stress of nurses working in the Corona department of Qazvin Social Security Hospital. Multimodal treatment does not add hard recommendations to these factors, some cases are clearly on the multimodal or even view that all of these are shown. Our example describes a violinist whose career was in serious jeopardy, causing him to experience extreme anxiety at times. He responded very well to regular desensitization. In cases where a specific approach does not bring improvement, we perform multimodal treatment or BASIC ID in its entirety. The therapist or data collection begins with preliminary interviews and a multifaceted life history questionnaire, and this information leads to the creation of a face profile. In addition to face profiles, another multifaceted evaluation method is the use of structural profiles. In multidimensional therapy, Lazarus is given special attention as a model of learning to solve problems, the therapist as a guide follows the weakening of ineffective behaviors and attitudes, attitudes such as perfectionist expectations with a negative bias, and poor self-care behaviors that are the main problems. In addition to the importance of favorable interpersonal relationships to obtain the necessary social support for psychological disorders, and finally, attention to the biological dimension and the need for healthy behaviors such as regular exercise, proper sleep, and reducing alcohol and tobacco consumption. Other influencing factors can explain the effectiveness of this therapeutic intervention in the psychological condition of nurses.

Success and progress in learning are the goals of all educational systems and the degree of benefit from educational environments requires the students' sense of energy. In their daily academic life, students face various challenges, obstacles, and special pressures during their studies, which threaten their self-confidence, motivation, and, as a result, their academic performance. Some students are successful in dealing with them and others are not successful in this field. Therefore, educational researchers should pay serious attention to understanding and how to adapt to academic challenges. The study aimed to determine the difference in the effectiveness of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy on self-concept in gifted female students of the second secondary school.

The current research was a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type with a control group and follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all gifted female students of the second secondary school in Behshahr city, who were studying at Farzangan Gifted High School in Behshahr in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample of the current research was based on available and purpose-based sampling and included 45 people, who were randomly divided into three groups: reality therapy (number = 15 people), compassion (number = 15 people), and control (number = 15 people). In this research, a standard instrument and two intervention packages were used, which are explained below A Self-concept questionnaire was created in 1981 by Raj Kumar Saraswat. This questionnaire contains 48 five-choice questions and has 6 separate dimensions, each dimension includes 8 questions. These dimensions include physical, social, temperamental, educational, moral, and intellectual self-concept. The overall self-concept score is obtained from the sum of these dimensions. The respondent should choose one according to the description of his self-concept, from maximum acceptance to minimum acceptance. The answers are in such a way that the scoring system remains the same for all questions, whether it is positive or negative. If the respondent marks the first option, his score is 5, 4 for the second choice, 3 for the 3rd choice, and 2 and 1 for the fourth and fifth choices. The total score of 48 questions shows the total score of a person's self-concept. A high score in this questionnaire indicates a higher self-concept and a low score indicates a lower self-concept. Sarasut (1981) expressed the reliability of the questionnaire using the test-retest method for the overall self-concept as 0.91. He also found the reliability coefficient for physical (0.77), social (0.83), temperament (0.79), educational (0.88), moral (0.67) and intellectual (0.79) dimensions. Proposed (quoted by Foroughmand, 2016). The reliability of this scale was obtained in Foroughmand's study (2015), the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.82. In this research, to analyze the research data, statistical and inferential indicators were used as follows: at the level of descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, and demographic tables were used for the variables in three groups and two stages of testing and control. At the level of inferential statistics, one-way repeated measure analysis of variance was used to compare the averages of the three research groups to investigate the hypothesis.

The findings showed that two therapeutic methods, reality therapy, and compassion therapy, had a significant effect on self-concept in the post-test. Also, there was a difference between the self-concept scores in the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up regardless of the group. Box test tests the null hypothesis that the observed covariance matrices of dependent variables are equal among different groups. According to the results of the box test, the box test is not significant. (p=0.103, F=0.483 (8548.615 and 12), BoxsM=33.281) Therefore, the assumption of the equality of variance-covariance matrices is not rejected, therefore, the ANOVA test is possible. As a result, the covariance matrices observed between the three different groups of the present study are not equal. Table No. 7 shows the results of multivariate tests (four tests of Pillay's effect, Wilks's lambda, Hotelling's effect, and the largest zinc root). For the significance and non-significance of each test, you can pay attention to the Sig value, which is significant at the 0.05 level if it is less than 0.05. Among the four multivariate tests, Wilks's lambda test is more famous than the other four tests. However, the Pillay effect test has more power than other tests in practical situations. In this table, all effects are significant. The squared values ​​of Eta related to the dependent variable (self-concept) in the three groups are 0.487, this indicates a more than-average effect. Also, the results of the Vickers lambda test are significant for the mentioned variable, and the significance of the dependent variable (self-concept) indicates that the participants in the three groups are different from each other, and the averages of the groups are significantly affected by the independent variable.

The results of this research showed that the self-concept of gifted students can be improved by using reality therapy and compassion therapy, especially reality therapy. In fact, the first effective factor in self-concept is parents who help the formation and development of a child's view of himself (self-concept); therefore, to change people's self-concept, teaching families can play an important role in the formation of self-concept. After the family, the school is the first center that plays a significant role in the development of the child and can complete what the parents leave unfinished. Acquaintance with the teacher and the relationship between the teacher and the student is established, it is considered an important factor in the development of the student's personality and self-concept. The teacher's belief and "idea" about the student's behavior and abilities and how to use these factors can cause the development of a positive self-concept or, on the contrary, disturb his balance and develop the student's personality in a certain way. Also, people's self-concept is formed by cultural values. The results showed that reality therapy has significantly increased the academic self-concept of the sample group, in the follow-up phase it had a better and stronger effect than self-compassion intervention. In explaining this assumption, it can be said that emphasizing the past and its failures plunges people into pessimism, and emphasizing the present is the best way for an optimistic life. Planning and having a goal in life increases optimism, and those who take responsibility for their actions and have control over their lives are more optimistic.

Violence against women causes pain and suffering to the victims and their families and puts a burden on societies all over the world, which often happens in intimate relationships or between acquaintances. According to the report of the World Bank, domestic violence causes the loss of health of women aged 15-44 more than diseases such as breast and uterine cancer. World Health Organization statistics show that 16 to 25 percent of women are abused by their partners, and 28 percent of women in developed countries and 18 to 67 percent of women in developing countries are abused at least once. They have reported a body. Violence against women means any act of violence based on gender that causes or is likely to cause psychological, physical, suffering and harassment, and deprivation of women's freedom in public and private life. Prolonged exposure to life-threatening incidents, including domestic violence, is associated with the onset, continuation, and recurrence of mental disorders, and men and women with psychiatric disorders are at greater risk for Experiences are violent. Since domestic violence has many negative consequences, including physical consequences such as injury and psychological consequences such as depression, fear, anxiety, sexual disorders, and obsession, therefore, the lack of psychological security can be one of the consequences of domestic violence against women. Psychotherapy approaches such as emotion-oriented therapy approach are effective in treating marital disturbances; therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on the feeling of psychological security and its components in women involved in domestic violence.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a post-test-pre-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research consisted of all women involved in domestic violence who referred to the forensic medicine of Kashmar city in the first half of 2014. Some 40 women involved in domestic violence were selected as the sample of the study by available sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). The experimental group underwent emotion-focused therapy for 8 sessions (one hour each session for 4 weeks) and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tool was Maslow's (2004) Sense of Psychological Security questionnaire, completed by the subjects in the pre-test and post-test. The collected information was analyzed using SPSS-24 software and covariance analysis.

The results showed that emotion-focused treatment is effective on the feeling of psychological security and the components of the feeling of psychological security of women involved in domestic violence, so that in the "self-confidence" variable, after adjusting the effect of pre-tests, the effect of training on post-test scores Its test is 0.207; in the "feeling of satisfaction" variable, 0.418; In the variable "environmental compatibility" it is 0.253 and the variable "view of people towards the individual" is 0.369. The adjusted averages of the post-test scores of the research variables are shown in Table No. 7. According to the observable findings in the covariance analysis test (Table 6) and the table of adjusted averages (Table No. 7), it is concluded that the emotion-focused intervention on the feeling of psychological security and its subscales in the women involved Domestic violence has been effective.

The results of this research showed that emotion-focused intervention has a positive and significant effect on the feeling of psychological security and its subscales in women involved in domestic violence. These findings indicate that focusing on emotions and regulating them can help to strengthen self-confidence, increase the feeling of satisfaction, improve environmental adaptation, and promote the positive attitude of others towards the individual. Emotion-focused group therapy is a short-term structured approach that focuses on communication disorders and inconsistencies and encourages people to talk about their emotions and discuss them. From the point of view of treatment focused on emotion, emotional tensions of people are created and continued by pervasive states of negative emotions and attachment injuries. Also, in explaining these results, it can be said that during emotion-focused therapy, people learn to express their feelings, thoughts, and oppositions honestly, in an appropriate manner and respecting the rights of others, aware of their emotions. People with a lack of psychological security in their interpersonal relationships with their spouses tend to show more negative and vulnerable communication, and when people try to solve the problem, they express the lowest level of empathy. This type of negative relationship reduces the use of constructive problem-solving strategies, therefore emotion-focused therapy through solving emotional and emotional problems improves constructive interactions and naturally increases the use of constructive self-expression strategies in people. An emotion-focused therapy group has been created to improve and balance emotions and relationships between people. The goal of group therapy focused on emotion is to help people adapt more appropriately to current problems and learn more effective communication methods.

The existence of a mentally retarded child in a family is considered a kind of crisis. Their parents suffer a lot of stress and psychological pressure when they find out about their child's disability. Therefore, families of disabled children may experience psychological stress, social isolation and mental health problems in various ways. There are several evidences that show that parents of mentally retarded children face social, economic and emotional problems that are often limiting, destructive and pervasive in nature. Taking care of a disabled child with special needs is heavy and stressful for all family members, and the most pressure is on the mother of the family, who spends most of the time caring for the child and interacting with her. One of the most important reasons why mothers are more vulnerable than other family members is that mothers spend more time with children and their presence in the home and family environment is much more than that of fathers. Also, the mother's effort to teach new skills and curb their child's inappropriate behavior usually does not achieve the desired result, so accepting and adapting to this reality requires more effort for mothers compared to normal children. The presence of a child with mental disability in any family can be considered an undesirable and challenging event; Since parents expect a healthy child with normal characteristics before the birth of their child, the birth of a mentally retarded child causes parents to feel guilt and blame, failure and deprivation caused by the child's abnormality. The birth of a mentally retarded child causes more pressure within the family system and endangers the cohesion and compatibility within the family system, and as a result, increases the possibility of family dysfunction. The birth of a mentally disabled child affects the mental health of family members and can often lead to negative consequences, including an increase in physical illnesses such as chronic pain and mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This may cause adverse consequences for all family members and threaten the compromise, physical and mental health of parents, especially mothers. The person who is most under the pressure of the existence of a mentally retarded child and suffers the most damage is the mother of the family; For this reason, compared to mothers of normal children, mothers of mentally retarded children feel more shame, embarrassment and anxiety and experience a lower level of general health and psychological well-being, marital satisfaction, self-esteem and self-control. On the other hand, worrying about parenting methods or lack of knowledge in this field affects the coping skills and mental health of mothers and increases their psychological problems. This problem can lead to the bad functioning of the family system and generally inappropriate parenting. The child's behavioral problem is more stressful for the family and especially the mother than the child's disability itself. The possible reason for this is that mothers are more involved with the child's problems and are under more pressure. The mothers of these children do not treat them properly because of their children's behavioral problems, and this problem also aggravates their disorder. On the other hand, parents lose their health over time in different dimensions and cannot interact constructively with their child. The different reactions of the mother are due to the various failures resulting from the special behaviors of the disabled child. This feeling of failure results in a kind of dual attitude towards the child, which may vary from high acceptance to complete rejection. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of a treatment package based on commitment and acceptance on the level of hope of mothers with mentally retarded children.

In the qualitative part of this research, in terms of fundamental and practical purpose, it was a mixed-exploratory type of research. The population studied in the qualitative part of the research included Persian and English specialized books and articles in the field of treatment based on commitment and acceptance of mothers with mentally retarded children in the last 20 years, which were selected by purposeful sampling. Finally, the treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance was formulated in 10 sessions and its formal and content validity was confirmed by experts. The study method was in the quantitative part and based on the data collection method, it was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test-follow-up type with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers with mentally retarded children between the ages of 20 and 50 who referred to the education and rehabilitation centers for mentally retarded children in Tehran in the second half of 2022. Among them, 30 people were selected based on the entry criteria and using targeted sampling and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people (experimental group and control group). The treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance was implemented for all mothers with mentally retarded children in 10 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Research tools included self-compassion scale, life expectancy questionnaire and acceptance and action questionnaire. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance in SPSS version 23.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test and follow-up stages; And the treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance has increased the hope level of mothers with mentally retarded children, and the effect of this treatment intervention has been stable in the follow-up phase (P<0.5).

With these explanations, it is necessary to understand the concept of hope for the future from a practical point of view for mothers with intellectually disabled children. Life expectancy can be an effective tool for the mother to fight and overcome mild mood disorders, anxiety, lack of enthusiasm, and lack of desire, and states caused by feelings of helplessness, belongingness, and indecision. The more these mothers have a vision for the future, the more they hope to overcome problems such as anxiety and stress. Therefore, it can be said that the vision of the future can play an important role in their flexibility and adaptability by influencing the level of hope of mothers against negative effects in stressful situations. Molded cognitions in fear of the future or imagining the past cause mothers to become inflexible and avoid accepting their mental processes; Therefore, considering the role of psychological flexibility in the hope levels of these mothers, the underlying reasons for changing their flexibility are very important. It seems that the decrease in the hope level scores in the mothers of mentally retarded children, which occurs due to despair and lack of goal setting in the future, by placing the deceased mother and not being present in the present, causes a decrease in the acceptance of current events and as a result, a decrease in psychological flexibility in her. Therefore, therapy based on commitment and acceptance can help improve the hope levels of these mothers. This approach is one of the most recent theories to explain flexibility, which has also led to new-generation treatments. Conscious attention to the present and the process of acceptance, in addition to the processes of committed action and behavior change, fosters psychological flexibility. In this approach, psychological flexibility is affected by accepting committed action. Accepting and acting towards specific goals and values ​​requires a stronger motivation that keeps the mother hopeful in life. Lack of motivation caused by aimlessness in life can be the most underlying factor of all cognitive processes, including mental acceptance and flexibility. In fact, the mother's efforts to achieve goals and points in the future can affect her progress. Based on the results of the present study, treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance can be effective for improving the hope level of mothers with intellectually disabled children; and it is recommended that therapists and counselors use this treatment along with other therapeutic interventions in order to improve the hope level of these mothers.

Coherence is the feeling of solidarity, bond, and emotional commitment that members of a family have towards each other. Cohesion is defined as a feeling of emotional closeness with other people. According to him, two qualities related to family cohesion include commitment and time spent by members for each other, which are the main characteristics of members' participation. According to Lingren's opinion, participation in the family is the most important component of cohesion, which is a combination of the two characteristics of commitment and time. The meaning of commitment, responsibility and desire to spend time and energy in family activities and also prevent the negative impact of factors such as job issues in it. Another dimension of cohesion is spending time and being together among family members. Families that are strong in this regard regularly consider plans and times for group activities. Family cohesion is described as the emotional togetherness of family members apart from their individuality. Most researchers define cohesion as the family's ability to balance members' relationships with each other and maintain their independence. Research shows that one of the effective variables in marital cohesion is communication patterns in couples. The process of exchanging information and conveying meanings is such that the receiver receives it, in other words, communication is the transfer of the desired meanings and concepts from the sender to the receiver. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to predict marital cohesion based on communication patterns in couples referring to family counseling clinics in Kerman city in 2022.

The current research was a type of correlation design based on the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population was all those who referred to the family counseling clinics of Kerman City in the first 6 months (spring and summer) of 1402. To calculate the sample size, the research literature related to the SEM statistical method was referred to. Taking into account the theory of Tapachnik and Fidel (2007), the sample size was 386 people who met the conditions to enter the analysis, who were selected from eight psychological clinics in Kerman City by random cluster sampling. The instrument was Fitzpatrick and Ritchie's (1994) couple interaction pattern questionnaire, and Graham Spanier's marital cohesion scale (1976). The structural equation method was used for data analysis using AMOS software.

The results show an incremental (direct) and significant effect of the component of the communication pattern of conformity and dialogue on marital cohesion, that is, with the increase of the component of the communication pattern of dialogue and listening and the communication pattern of conformity among couples referring to family counseling clinics, marital cohesion between They increase. Based on the coefficient of determination (R2), 13% of the changes in marital cohesion are explained by the dialogue communication pattern, and 31% of the changes in marital cohesion among couples referring to family counseling clinics are explained by the component of the conformity communication pattern.

The results of the research show that communication patterns of dialogue and agreement have a direct and significant effect on marital cohesion. This effect shows the importance of communication methods in couples' relationships. It can also be concluded that paying attention to strengthening communication skills in these two dimensions, especially in counseling environments, can be used as an effective strategy to improve couples' relationships. Communication skills include: listening, understanding the message, controlling emotions, decisiveness in words, and insight into the communication process as predictors of marital cohesion. Marital cohesion is the result of disclosing intimate issues and sharing intimate experiences. Communication is the only and It is the most effective method that can bring coherence to the relationship. He considers communication training to be the most effective way of enriching marital relations; because the depth of communication that couples create in their relationships depends on their ability to, explicitly, and effectively communicate their thoughts, feelings, needs, desires, and wishes. Good communication creates deep intimacy; while bad communication destroys the commitment and positive aspects of the relationship. When discussing and discussing, troubled couples are often in a hurry; criticize and avoid and want to change each other and do not listen to each other consistently when talking about problems, avoid discussing their marital problems, and respond to their spouse's negative behaviors based on the "Law of Revenge, Compensation and Retaliation"; As a result, the range of arousal and its abundance in married life causes the satisfaction of the relationship to disappear. Spouses who use the model of constructive communication in their marital relations, in case of disputes and marital problems in various fields, they look for paths that will provide them with a suitable solution, and for this reason, these spouses avoid irrational and aggressive reactions and They avoid marital violence and try to solve their marital problems through compromise and dialogue. On the other hand, spouses who have experiences of unresolved conflicts do not feel in love and distance themselves emotionally from each other.

COVID-19, which is considered a new type of coronavirus, has appeared in the world since the end of 2019. The lack of accurate knowledge of this virus and its consequences in the human world has led to an ambiguous situation in the face of it, and its continuation has probably given humanity an idea of ​​a vague future. The speed of the epidemic and the surprise of that virus were so great that the social, economic, educational, and political institutions could not face this new phenomenon properly. These conditions have led to a situation that has caused a deep shock to all dimensions and infrastructures of social life and has placed a serious rethinking of various dimensions of life on the agenda of numerous institutions and organizations. This global pandemic has changed not only the smallest and most everyday patterns of human action, simple relationships, and communications between people but also complex organizational and service relationships; Rather, the macro levels of the world system, economy, politics, education, culture and its values ​​have undergone inflammation and serious crises. The coronavirus crisis has created a dangerous and unstable situation for society and governments and has caused a situation that requires basic measures to deal with it. This research was conducted to investigate various social parameters caused by the changes resulting from the Corona crisis in Iran.

The research method was qualitative studies and the Delphi method. In this research, 20 experts in the fields related to the coronavirus phenomenon and social distancing were identified through the snowball method, they were interviewed and expressed their experiences, the influential components of the social distancing phenomenon and its impact in different aspects and changes in the social structure was determined. The method of conducting the research is that first a questionnaire is prepared to measure all the variables based on the base and researcher-made articles. After this stage, this questionnaire is given to the group of experts so that they can add their own amendments or suggested items to the variables. After finalizing the questionnaire and taking into account the additional items and points of the experts, the questionnaire is sent to the statistical sample to receive their answers. The Delphi panel consists of people who have sufficient knowledge and expertise in the research topic. Selecting people who have the necessary qualifications is one of the most important steps in the Delphi method. Because the validity and results of the work depend on the competence and knowledge of these people. The first step in forming a Delphi panel is selecting its members, which is done through non-probability sampling. In this sampling, the panel members are selected not probabilistically, but non-probably and according to the application of their knowledge in a specific problem and based on criteria that originate from the nature of the subject and research problem. The tool of this research was a questionnaire that was conducted through the Delphi technique in four stages, SPSS software was used to classify statistical cases and general consensus and reliability.

After analyzing the qualitative data, five main themes were presented, which are: general culture, social life, new communication media, family structure, and social classes. Each of these themes had several sub-categories, including the explosion of information and knowledge, increased digitalization, increasing social demand in economic and political structures, rethinking the cultural system that governs society, and the role of trust and social capital. The government and the nation pointed out.

In general, it can be concluded that the social distancing caused by the coronavirus, despite the many material and spiritual costs it imposed on society, is a good opportunity to review and rethink the social, political, economic, and cultural structures. The effects of which will remain in the years to come and in the post-Corona era. The spread of the coronavirus has had a wide impact on the structure and dynamics of families. With the closure of schools and kindergartens, many parents had to take on the educational and care duties of their children. This led to a change in family roles and responsibilities, and parents, especially mothers, took on more work and family burdens. In some families, these changes led to redefining roles and redistributing responsibilities. Quarantine and social restrictions made family members spend more time with each other. This forced closeness in some cases helped strengthen family ties, as family members were forced to interact more. But in some cases, this proximity increased family tensions and problems, especially in families that already had communication problems. Working from home and online education also changed the atmosphere of family life. The boundaries between work, education, and personal life became less and less, and the home became a working, educational, and living environment at the same time. This situation sometimes led to increased stress and mental strain, as people had to perform multiple tasks in a limited space. As social communication became limited and face-to-face contact with extended family and friends decreased, social and emotional support also decreased. These conditions made families become more dependent on each other and play a more supportive role. However, some families faced more isolation and emotional problems. Sudden and long-term changes in the structure and functioning of families led to an increase in psychological problems such as anxiety, depression and job burnout. Trying to find a balance between work, children's education, and family life was one of the biggest challenges of the Corona era. In general, these changes had profound effects on family life and in some cases strengthened relationships and in other cases led to increased problems. The long-term effects of these changes may lead to lasting changes in the structure and dynamics of families.

In recent years, the use of virtual social networks has increased among Iranians, especially teenagers. Virtual social space refers to a space that enables social interactions between different cultures through various new technologies, regardless of time and place. The use of virtual social networks plays an important role in modeling people's lifestyles and is linked with key categories such as consumption, identity, taste, leisure time, and body management, in a way that turns the simplest issues into the most complex ones. Subjects communicate. On the other hand, one of the most important aspects of the mental development of teenagers is body image. Body image is one of the main elements that make up the personality of every person and is related to the perception and feeling that a person has about his body. Body image is a person's feeling about the body and a mental visualization of his physical appearance. Because girls have more dissatisfaction with their mental image of their body compared to boys, it is very important to investigate this component in girls. In addition, since the emergence of social networks, researchers' interest in investigating the effect of using social networks on people's well-being has increased. One of the variables that is considered as a determinant of well-being is participation in sports activities. Sports is considered a safe support for teenagers so that they can achieve ultimate human growth and perfection under its protection. Physical education is effective in reducing individual and social incompatibilities reducing psychological pressures and establishing the psychological balance of the organism. Evidence suggests that young athletic participants have better habits than non-athletes. Social networks are one of the places where young people, especially teenagers, spend a lot of time and have the most effectiveness from it, while sports activities in today's world despite unhealthy food plans and inactivity Youth has become one of the vital issues that cannot be ignored. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to predict the trend toward virtual social networks based on the perception of the body and sports participation in adolescent girls in Shiraz.

The statistical population of this descriptive-correlation study included all female students of the second secondary level in Se Shiraz district in the academic year of 1402-1403, which according to the statistics were 2652 people. 350 people were selected using the Morgan table and stratified random sampling method. The data collection tools included the participation questionnaire in long virtual social networks (2019), the perception of the body (1997), and sports participation by Gill et al. (1983). Data analysis was done using the statistical method of Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression through SPSS version 24 software.

The results obtained from the statistical analysis indicated that the tendency to social networks of teenage girls is predicted based on sports participation and body image, between sports participation and body image with a tendency to There is a positive and significant relationship between social networks in teenage girls.

In recent years, the presence of girls in the world of sports has increased compared to the past and many opportunities have been provided for them in this field. In this regard, social networks play a significant role in influencing the public opinion of society regarding the success of female athletes and encouraging girls to do sports activities. Social networks are a set of programs based on the Internet that allow users to create and exchange information, and now they are an integral part of the activities related to the broadcasting and dissemination of sports programs and a repeatable and multi-dimensional experience for fans of sports programs. On the other hand, the capabilities of social networks have made students use this space to learn more and share information to create connections. In other words, social networks have created a space for students and users who can use it to build their social capital together and maintain it. Nevertheless, social networks in Iran have paid less attention to Iranian female athletes and focused more on men's sports activities. In general, the results of this research show that sports participation and body image in teenage girls are significantly related to the tendency to use social networks and predict this tendency. The positive and significant relationship between these variables indicates that girls who are more involved in sports activities and have a positive image of their bodies are more likely to show a tendency towards social networks. This relationship may be due to the impact of social networks on increasing the motivation for physical activities, as well as modeling body-related images and messages on these platforms. Therefore, social networks can play a positive role in encouraging teenagers to exercise and create a positive attitude towards the body; however, it is necessary to guide their use in a balanced and informed manner.

Most of the current curricula focus more on teaching language and mathematics, and limited mental skills, while less attention is paid to raising children who can solve problems, be creative, and use critical thinking. In today's world, where skills such as leadership, creativity, critical thinking, and cooperation between people play a key role, traditional preschool education is unable to provide the necessary platform to strengthen these skills. This is one of the biggest gaps in the current programs. Despite the efforts made in the curriculum, children still face difficulties in applying what they have learned in real life. This shows the gap between educational content and the practical needs of children in facing everyday problems. Existing curricula are traditionally designed around subject-oriented disciplines, which can leave children without a full understanding of how different subjects are connected. A better understanding of the relationship between the cognitive approach and STEM-integrated methods in the preschool period will lead to the achievement of educational goals, so the purpose of this study was to identify the components of the integrated STEM curriculum model with the cognitive approach of preschool teachers.

The study method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and the statistical population in the qualitative part included university professors and teachers with experience in preschool schools in Mazandaran province in 1401-1402, which was 25 people using a non-random sampling method of a targeted type. were selected In the quantitative part of the study, the statistical population included all the preschool teachers of Mazandaran province in the academic year of 1403-1404, in the number of 1959 people, and using the Karjesi and Morgan table, 320 people were selected as subjects. From the semi-structured interview method, a researcher-made questionnaire was obtained, which has 71 questions and 8 dimensions (identifying needs, determining and adapting topics, designing a program, implementing and promoting, cooperation and communication with home, strengthening social skills, reflection and improvement, and diversity And it was attractive. The following two methods have been used to collect information: Documentary (library) method In this method, information is collected through reading books, publications, internet sources, and databases and after selecting the sources for preparing, scanning, and translating the desired texts. Action has been taken. This section specifies the primary components and indicators of the integrated STEM curriculum in the preschool period with a cognitive approach based on theoretical and practical foundations. Field method This part has been done in two ways: First, several university and organizational experts were selected to conduct semi-structured interviews, and after making the necessary arrangements, they were present at their workplaces and interviewed. Then, in order to collect the required data in the quantitative part by making the necessary arrangements, the questionnaires were distributed and collected among the statistical samples and the total data collected was entered into the system and analyzed in two ways. Open coding, axial coding, and selective coding were used in the qualitative part. After this stage, to test the compiled model using quantitative research methods, the researcher tested the data obtained from the qualitative stage and evaluated the validity of the model. Data analysis was done using SPSS-v23, Smart Pls-v3.2 software.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis show that at the 99% confidence level, the t-values for the dimensions of the STEM integrated curriculum model questionnaire with the cognitive approach are outside the range (2.58, -2.58). Therefore, there is a positive and significant relationship between the variable of the integrated STEM curriculum model with the cognitive approach with all its dimensions. The highest standard coefficients (0.705 and 0.703) are respectively related to the dimensions of reflection and improvement and strengthening of social skills, and the lowest value is related to the dimension of cooperation and communication with home with a standard coefficient (0.531). In the qualitative part, first, the key points related to each semi-structured interview were marked by listening to the recorded interviews and reading the written notes during the interview, then the key and essential points from inside each interview were extracted. Next, by using the classification of key points in the form of professional terms, coding, and grouping integrated themes, the necessary labeling was done. Then, the labeled terms of each interviewee were organized in the form of a table and categorized in the form of dimensions based on the relationship and compatibility they had with each other. They were categorized into 8 dimensions with a cognitive approach. With the initial reviews and coding, it was found that at least 4 times and at most 10 times, the items were mentioned and emphasized by the experts. The result of examining the codes assigned to each dimension and the main and secondary themes found in the interviews were expressed. Charts No. 1 and 2, above, show a sample of the opinions of the experts present in the interviews about the themes related to the variable of the integrated STEM curriculum model with the cognitive approach.

In general, the results show that the integrated model of STEM with a cognitive approach can be used as an efficient approach to strengthening different dimensions of learning and cognitive, social, and communication development of children by improving planning and paying attention to cooperation with the home, it can be It also increased its effectiveness. At the same time, the lowest standard coefficient in the dimension of cooperation and communication with home indicates the need to pay more attention to communication and cooperation between home and school in this model.

Training is a set of regular, orderly and back-to-back operations with specific and specific goals and in order to create and improve the level of knowledge and awareness of working people, create or improve the level of job skills, social and cognitive skills. They are used to improve the level of attitude of working people and create desirable behavior in accordance with the sustainable values ​​of the society. One of the important factors in the development of the quality of education is individual learning, and according to the investigations carried out so far, there has not been any research related to individual learning with a cognitive approach on improving the quality of education in employees. This research aims to provide a structural model of the influence of the learning organization on quality the training was carried out with the mediation of individual learning of the staff of the New Economy Bank.

The current research is based on the mixed type of exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) data. Therefore, the current research is practical in terms of its purpose, and on the other hand, considering that library study methods and field methods such as interviews and questionnaires were used in this research, it can be said that the current research is a research based on the data collection method. It is a survey type description. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the research includes experts, specialists and knowledgeable people in the field of research variables. The characteristics of the research experts who were approved by the supervisors and advisors were people who were outstanding in terms of knowledge and information in the field of research variables and who could be a symbol of the society by providing accurate information. To determine the samples of this research and to determine this group of experts, a non-random sampling method was used, and in this research, 20 people were considered as interviewees according to the principle of saturation. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative part included all the personnel of the branches of Eghtesad Novin Bank in Tehran, numbering 927 people. Using the table of Karjesi and Morgan (1970) and initially through random cluster sampling, 272 people were selected as subjects. In this way, based on the geographical distribution of banks in the city of Tehran, first, Tehran was divided into North, South, East, West and Center centers and in each section, an organization was selected and based on a simple random sampling of the employees of Eghtesad Novin Bank. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire based on a 5-option scale in the quantitative part. For data analysis, structural equation modeling tests (confirmatory factor analysis) and exploratory factor analysis were used using SPSS-v21, Smart Pls-v2 software.

The results indicated the identification of 31 indicators (items). The components of individual learning included intrapersonal factors and interpersonal factors, as well as the quality of education including tangible factors, performance quality, responsiveness, teaching quality, and empathy. Other results showed that individual learning with a path coefficient of 0.604 has a positive and significant effect on the quality of training of the personnel of the Eghtesad Novin Bank of Tehran province. In identifying the quality components of individual education and learning, one must first make sure that the available data can be used for analysis, or in other words, whether the desired amount of data (sample size and relationship between variables) is sufficient for Are factor analysis appropriate or not? For this purpose, the KMO index and Bartlett's test are used. The KMO index is checked for sampling adequacy by evaluating the smallness of the partial correlation between the variables. The closer the index is to one, the more suitable the data is for factor analysis, and usually values ​​less than 0.6 are not suitable for factor analysis. Bartlett's test of sphericity examines the symmetry of the data (correlation is directionless in questions and factors) and examines the sameness of the correlation matrix. If the significance level of Bartlett's test is less than 0.05, factor analysis is suitable for identifying the structure. In Table 2, the results of the KMO index and Bartlett's test on the existing and identified indicators for the variables of the research model can be seen. Based on the obtained results, the KMO index is greater than 0.6 and shows values ​​almost close to one, which indicates the adequacy of the sample size based on the identified indicators for factor analysis. The significance level of 0.000 for Bartlett's test also indicates the suitability of the research variable for factor analysis.

In general, the results showed that individual learning has an effect on the quality of training of employees, so it is necessary for managers, in addition to strengthening the communication skills of employees, to pay attention to the issue of individual learning and the quality of training in order to achieve organizational goals. Because the quality of education is very important for the competition of organizations in the present era, and service organizations have always been looking for high quality education and services. In the meantime, banks also have no choice but to improve the quality of their education in terms of their mission-oriented role among service organizations. Because employee training is a set of activities planned by the organization to improve the knowledge and technical skills of employees, which provides them with the opportunity to increase their technical and specialized knowledge in their job position and acquire new skills to perform All these things will ultimately lead to the growth and development of the organization, so training is not a cost, it is a necessity and a vital thing for every organization. Organizational training and learning are topics related to organizational change and transformation. We are living in an era where tomorrow is no longer the continuation of today, we are living in an era of political, social and economic transformations, tools and techniques, etc. and if a bank or any organization wants to remain proud and stand out from its competitors in the competition scene, it must react appropriately to these changes. In fact, agility is the organization's ability to change in order to exploit the opportunities created based on this change. Given that the growth of organizations directly increases the gross domestic product and this automatically increases the welfare level of the society. Also, considering that our country is on the verge of entering the World Trade Organization and the increase and change of tools, techniques and techniques is the only way for the survival of organizations, banks and even production and service companies, the quality of education of organizations will be.

Azoospermia (lack of sperm in ejaculation) is one of the most severe types of infertility in men, due to various defects in the sperm production process or the testicular system  .Azoospermia disease is caused by either obstructive mechanism (Obstructive azoospermia-OA) due to blockages in the natural sperm production system, or non-obstructive mechanism (NOA- Non obstructive azoospermia) due to defects in testicular sperm production, with over 60% of infertile men being afflicted with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Treatment with busulfan may have adverse effects on various organs such as reproductive organs. Based on the understanding of hormonal control of sperm production, several drugs such as gonadotropins, androgens, estrogen receptor blockers, and aromatase inhibitors are used as experimental treatments for idiopathic male infertility. Letrozole, as an aromatase inhibitor, has been widely used in the treatment of female infertility, because the chemical structure of letrozole includes a triazole group that selectively interacts with the heme group of the enzyme P450arom, thereby reversibly inhibiting its biological activity Limited studies have evaluated the therapeutic potential of Letrozole in male infertility. In addition, excessive consumption of chemical drugs causes changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (TOS) and the stability of oxidative status (TAC) in the ROS pathway, leading to an imbalance between antioxidants and oxidants, resulting in oxidative stress. This phenomenon has led researchers towards the use of herbal medicines, which naturally have fewer side effects. Crocin has been identified as the main active biological component in saffron. Crocins are a type of water-soluble carotenoids that are either mono- or di-glycosyl polyene esters, where D-gentiobiose and/or D-glucose appear as carbohydrate residues. A carotenoid with a 20-carbon dicarboxylic structure. Saffron contains various carotenoid chemicals that include small amounts of crocin, alpha and beta carotene, and lycopene. Six different forms of glycosylated esters from the crocin family have been found in saffron. Trans-crocins 3 and 4 are the most common analogs of crocins, which include crocins 1-4, and are essentially the glycosides of trans-crocin in saffron. Crocin can act as an antioxidant and improve the quality of sperm through increasing the expression of antioxidant genes. Therefore, phytoestrogens such as crocin bind to testicular estrogen receptors and stimulate spermatogenesis by strategies like increasing epithelial layers and the diameter of seminiferous tubules and lumen.The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of letrozole and crocin on the changes of antioxidant enzymes and testosterone hormone synthesis in the induction of spermatogenesis in azoospermia model mice with busulfan using ELISA technique.

In this clinical trial, crocin and letrozole drugs were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. 30 male Wistar mice weighing 180-220 grams and aged approximately 8-10 weeks were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and transferred to the laboratory. They were kept under new conditions (at a temperature of 22-24 degrees Celsius, relative humidity of 55-60%, with a 12-hour light-dark cycle). To halt spermatogenesis and induce azoospermia, a dose of 10 mg/kg of busulfan was injected intraperitoneally for 10 days. Finally, the rats were divided into 5 groups of 6: the control group was injected with normal saline and citrate buffer inside the hemocoel; the treatment group received a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat at a volume of 1.0 mL for 10 days; the treatment group was administered with a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat at a volume of 1.0 mL, along with 5 mg letrozole with Black Soldier Fly (BSF) as the solvent; the treatment group received 15 mg crocin extract with normal saline, along with a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat a volume of 1.0 mL; and the treatment group was given a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat at a volume of 1.0 mL, along with 5 mg letrozole with BSF as the solvent, and 15 mg crocin extract with normal saline and underwent histopathological, histochemical immunological, and hormonal analyses. The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare the means in the study groups (P <0.05), and statistically significant differences were considered. Graphs were also plotted using Graph Prism software.

The results demonstrated that the simultaneous treatment of letrozole and crocin increased spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids; Sertoli and Leydig cells were also enhanced. Additionally, letrozole and crocin treatment led to the preservation of the thickness of the basement membrane and the germinal epithelium of testicular tissue; the inner and outer diameters of the tubules were increased. While in the azoospermia group treated with letrozole or crocin, this level of population destruction was somewhat reduced; however, the use of letrozole or crocin in the study groups did not show a significant difference in the inner and outer diameter of the tubules. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in the activity of the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) enzyme activity and testosterone hormone levels in the group treated with letrozole + crosine compared to the azoospermia group; however, a significant decrease was found in the letrozole or crosine treatment group compared to the control group, while the Total Oxidant Status (TOS) enzyme activity in the letrozol+crosine treatment group showed a significant decrease compared to the azoospermia group(P<0.05).

Some of the improvements in sperm parameters can be attributed to the antioxidant properties of crocin. It seems that sperm lose a large volume of their cytoplasm due to lack of antioxidants during spermatogenesis and become more sensitive to increases in ROS. These results indicate that crocin can act as an antioxidant and enhance sperm quality by increasing the expression of antioxidant genes. Therefore, the use of a plant-derived antioxidant like crocin appears necessary without any side effects and with essential strengthening effects. Crocin can likely act as an antioxidant and potentially improve sperm quality due to its antioxidant activity. Additionally, it has been found that letrozole improves spermatogenesis without causing any observable pathological changes in testicular tissue. According to the studies of Ribeiro  et al, Uzun  et al, and Shoshany and colleagues, letrozole reversibly inhibits the aromatase enzyme and prevents the conversion of androgen precursors to estradiol in adipose tissue. Moreover, crocin can neutralize the negative effects of oxidative stress and increase cell ability to overcome oxidative stress conditions by preventing glutathione reduction and increasing antioxidant capacity. One of the limitations of the research can be attributed to the lack of studies and sample restrictions, as well as the death of mice during the experimental process. Further investigations and focusing on the precise dosage of crocin, along with attention to the relevant mechanisms of action, seem essential. Overall, crocin has antioxidant and defensive effects, improves the quality of some sperms, and increases morphology, viability, motility, and natural count. In fact, testosterone regulates the secretion of LH hormone from the anterior pituitary gland through a negative feedback mechanism.Busulfan induced apoptosis in germinal epithelial cells and co-administration of letrozole and crocin reduced busulfan-induced apoptosis leading to infertility; therefore, a rational relationship between apoptosis of spermatogonia in response to busulfan exposure can be obtained. It can be suggested that crocin, one of the key components of saffron, acts as a potent antioxidant that can prevent the toxic effects of busulfan and DNA damage that may occur due to oxidative stress.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) represents the most prevalent form of cyanotic congenital heart disease, characterized by chronic pulmonary regurgitation, the foremost postoperative complication leading to right ventricular (RV) dilation, progressive RV dysfunction, and life-threatening arrhythmia (2). Multiple criteria have been established to determine the optimal timing for surgical intervention in asymptomatic patients for this progressive condition. Nevertheless, achieving consensus on the optimal timing of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) remains elusive (2, 11). An essential criterion for this decision is the assessment of RV systolic function, which proves challenging due to the complex RV geometry and the absence of standardized methods for RV volume assessment. Consequently, the limitations of echocardiography have prompted the use of cardiac MRI (CMR) as an essential tool for RV size and function assessment (6, 10). However, the limited availability and accessibility of CMR compared to echocardiography highlight the need for reliable and reproducible echocardiographic methods to determine the appropriate timing for CMR assessment (8, 9, 50).The objective of our study was to identify optimal echocardiographic parameters for RV function and size that would indicate the necessity for further CMR evaluation. Additionally, we aimed to investigate potential correlations between echocardiographic measures of RV systolic function and CMR-derived parameters.

This is a prospective study of patients with repaired TF who revealed severe pulmonary regurgitation or severe RV dilation and who underwent cardiac MRI between 2015 and 2022. A trained physician, blinded to CMR data, conducted the transthoracic echocardiographic study within six months before the CMR evaluation. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age below 18 years, (2) significant RV dilation, (3) absence of significant residual cardiac lesions or arrhythmias, (4) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) greater than 50%, (5) no limitations in daily physical activities (NYHA functional class I), and (6) absence of concomitant diseases.All patients exhibited regular sinus rhythm with complete right bundle branch block. The study protocol followed the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki for humans and was approved by our institutional review board.Echocardiographic data were obtained and analyzed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (14, 15, 26). To measure ventricle size in the four-chamber view, the largest transverse diameter of the right ventricle in the basal third was recorded and expressed in millimeters, then compared with the data obtained in MRI.Quantitative RV function was assessed by calculating fractional area change (FAC) and right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening (RVOT-FS) using 2D echocardiography. FAC, considered one of the best-validated quantitative methods for measuring RV function, with a value of less than 35%, is considered indicative of ventricular dysfunction(16, 20). Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) of the lateral tricuspid annulus, a reproducible marker of RV systolic function, was measured using 2D-guided M-mode from the apical 4-chamber view. Previous reports have shown that TAPSE less than 16 mm is correlated with RV systolic dysfunction(21). The longitudinal performance of the RV was evaluated using Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) by measuring parameters at the lateral corner of the tricuspid valve annulus. The peak longitudinal systolic velocity of the RV free wall (s') was obtained as an index of regional RV systolic function, with values less than 9.5 cm/s considered indicative of right ventricular dysfunction(26). Additionally, myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction (IVA) as a measure of ventricular contractility was calculated from the basal level of the RV-free wall. Also, the TDI-derived myocardial performance index (TDI-MPI) was determined from the lateral ring of the tricuspid valve(22).

The study included 37 patients with an average age of 10.8 ± 2.2 (range:7-17) years who underwent TF repair at an average age of 13.8 ± 5.5 months. All patients received a trans annular patch enlargement of the right ventricular outflow tract, with a median follow-up post-operation of 9.5 ± 2.1 years. All patients exhibited LVEF within the normal range, and none had RVEF less than 40% by CMR. We observed a significant correlation between echocardiographic-derived RV end-diastolic diameter and RV end-diastolic volume obtained by CMR (r=0.61, p< 0.05). RV-FAC<35% was not seen in any of the patients and the values of RV-FAC were correlated with CMR-derived RVEF (P<0.01, r =0.58). Furthermore, RVOT-FS, as one of the new measures of RV systolic function, showed a direct statistical relationship with CMR-RVEF (P< 0.02, r=0.57) (20). Although TAPSE values were lower than those reported in the normal population, there was no statistical correlation with CMR-RVEF or right ventricular volumes (9, 37). MPI was calculated as an important measure of global RV function with an average value of 0.48±0.08, but no significant correlation was found with CMR-RVEF. IVA values, as another measure of longitudinal function of the right ventricle, were found within the normal range, but the statistical relationship between this measure and CMR-RVEF was not seen (29, 47). The average s´ wave velocity was 7.2± 1.4 cm/s, lower than the normal population in previous reports, but had no statistical relationship with CMR-RVEF (26). On the other hand, our findings revealed a significant correlation between s´ velocity, and IVA values with ventricular diastolic volume, which is consistent with previous studies (30, 39).

Measuring both RVOT-FS and RV-FAC indices by echocardiography is crucial in predicting CMR-RVEF, serving as one of the most important standard criteria in deciding the appropriate timing for PVR. Simultaneously, monitoring the increase of right ventricular diameter with echocardiography offers an easy and accurate method to estimate the severity of ventricular dilatation. IVA and s' wave, as indicators of regional right ventricular myocardial function, along with MPI as an index of global ventricular function, correlated with the degree of ventricular dilatation caused by increased volume load and will play a role in the follow-up process of patients with repaired TF. Therefore, measuring this set of echocardiographic indices is important in estimating both CMR-derived RVEF and RV diastolic volume, significantly contributing to reducing the frequency of MRI in the follow-up of patients with repaired TF.

Tokophobia is a pathological fear of childbirth that may impact the physical and mental well-being of both the mother and the infant (1). This condition can occur in pregnant and non-pregnant women, and even in men, and may be either primary or secondary, resulting from traumatic childbirth experiences or onset during adolescence (2). Women with tokophobia may face psychological issues, postpartum depression, and challenges in accepting specialized care for newborns during pregnancy (3). They may experience feelings of isolation, guilt, and shame, and encounter difficulties in preparing for childbirth (4). Therefore, women with a fear of childbirth have various needs that require serious attention from maternal care services (5). Psychotherapy groups have been recognized as an effective method for treating this fear (6). Interventions such as psychosexual education and cognitive-behavioral therapy can help reduce the number of women requesting cesarean sections due to non-medical fear of childbirth (7). Additionally, receiving individualized care during pregnancy and postpartum is crucial for women with tokophobia (8). Schema therapy is a comprehensive approach that combines cognitive theory and developmental concepts. This approach focuses on early childhood experiences and the cognitive schemas derived from them, examining their impact throughout an individual's life (9). Schema therapy aims to identify and address maladaptive patterns in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects (10). Further research is needed to more precisely determine the effectiveness of schema therapy in treating tokophobia (1, 11). Therefore, the present study aimed to answer the question of whether the effectiveness of general schema therapy and schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia is the same in reducing the symptoms of fear of childbirth in primiparous women in Isfahan?

This study was a semi-experimental research with a control group, including pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, conducted in the population of primiparous women with tokophobia in Isfahan in the year 2023. Following Kok's recommendation (2002) for sample size determination in experimental research (12), 45 subjects were purposefully selected and, after matching based on the criteria for entering the study, including obtaining a minimum score (30 and above) on the Tokophobia Questionnaire (13), no history of fetal abortion and curettage, and absence of more than three sessions of absence from treatment sessions, were randomly assigned to three 15-person groups: general schema therapy, schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia, and the control group. In this research, the control group, general schema therapy group, and specifically tailored schema therapy group were replaced by the standard general schema therapy. The general schema therapy group participated in 12 group training sessions, each lasting 60 minutes, according to the protocol developed by Young et al. (2003) (14). The specifically tailored schema therapy group for women with tokophobia also underwent 12 one-hour sessions of schema therapy developed based on the needs of pregnant women with tokophobia. It is worth mentioning that the specifically tailored schema therapy package for women with tokophobia was developed based on the process of development and initial trial reliability and relied on credible sources. The agreement reached by the judges regarding the structure of treatment, duration of treatment, length of each session, content adequacy, and practicality of this treatment was 82.0. Also, in a pilot study on a group of eight, the executive and operational reliability and practicality of the specifically tailored schema therapy package for women with tokophobia were examined and confirmed. To observe ethical principles, the research was approved by the Research Committee of the University with the ethics code IR.IAU.KHUISF.REC.1401.028, and the clinical trial code IRCT20211229053565N1 was obtained. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and the SPSS-28 statistical software. The Stoll et al. (2016) 10-item questionnaire was used to measure tokophobia (15). Higher scores on this questionnaire indicate higher fear of childbirth, and lower scores indicate lower fear of childbirth. The reliability of this tool was estimated using the Cronbach's alpha method, and it was 79.6 for the entire questionnaire and 86.0 for the fear of pain and complications subscale, and 82.6 for the fear of physical changes subscale (16).

Examination of demographic data showed no significant differences in age and duration of marriage in the research groups. The assumption of normality in the Shapiro-Wilk test for tokophobia scores was not significant (p>0.05), and the distribution of the present variables was normal. The calculated F value in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages was not significant. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that general schema therapy and schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia had a significant effect on reducing tokophobia severity in primiparous women with tokophobia. Therefore, for the comparison of research groups, the Bonferroni test for pairwise comparison of groups also showed a significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the general schema therapy and specifically tailored schema therapy groups for women with tokophobia (p>0.05).

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that both schema therapy and schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia have a significant impact on reducing the severity of tokophobia symptoms in primiparous women in Isfahan. These results indicate that the use of these two therapeutic approaches can help improve the condition of women with tokophobia and have a positive effect on reducing the fear of childbirth. Additionally, the results show a significant difference between the treatment groups and the control group, suggesting that therapeutic intervention can be more effective in reducing tokophobia severity in primiparous women compared to no intervention. However, no significant difference was observed between the general schema therapy and specifically tailored schema therapy groups. This may indicate that both therapeutic approaches have acted similarly in reducing the severity of tokophobia in women with this disorder, and no significant noticeable difference was observed between these two methods. Overall, the results indicate that both general schema therapy and specifically tailored schema therapy can be effective in reducing the severity of tokophobia in primiparous women. In this regard, it can be stated that schema therapy, by reducing ineffective coping mechanisms, allows patients to effectively manage their phobias related to childbirth and pregnancy. These results can serve as a guide for designing and implementing therapeutic programs to improve the condition of individuals with tokophobia.

Self-injurious behaviors as a part of rebellion in adolescence can affect mental disorders in adulthood and cause significant clinical distress, interpersonal and academic dysfunction (1). Studies have shown that 87% of teenagers involved in self-injurious behaviors had a psychiatric disorder (2). Most teenagers have not disclosed their self-injurious behavior due to fear of negative reactions from others (3). According to the conducted researches, insecure attachment is mentioned as one of the underlying factors of self-injurious behaviors, so that 52% of patients with insecure attachment style were more exposed to self-injurious behaviors, which causes helplessness and inability to solve interpersonal conflicts (9). Research results indicate a positive relationship between ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles and self-injurious behaviors (10,11). People with an insecure attachment style who suffer from self-criticism are prone to more damage when participating in social networks because they constantly compare themselves with others, and this comparison increases their insecurity and has a negative effect on their mental health (12).Among the therapeutic methods that deal with disturbing childhood experiences and transformational roots in a wide and wide way, we can mention schema therapy (17). By targeting underlying problems and awareness of emotional needs, schema therapy tries to learn healthy solutions and adapt to them through emotional, cognitive and behavioral techniques. Schemotherapy can correct the negative representations of the person's past towards important people in current relationships through open-ended parenting and empathic confrontation (18). Also, when patients show self-injurious behaviors, dialectical behavior therapy skills can be used (19). Dialectical behavior therapy is an evidence-based treatment method that has a significant effect in reducing self-injurious behaviors, and this is done by facilitating the acceptance of emotional responses, which is a useful therapeutic goal in reducing self-injurious behaviors (20).Due to the 10% prevalence of self-harm behaviors in the world population, it has been neglected and marginalized. No treatment has been found to be clearly superior to other treatments in reducing self-injurious behaviors, and more research is needed in this field. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer this question, is the combination of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy effective on self-injurious and attachment behaviors?

This research was conducted using a single-case experimental design based on a multiple baseline design using a stair-step method in Tehran. Three participants were selected by purposeful sampling and based on the entry criteria. Then, in three baseline stages, five intervention stages and three follow-up periods, they filled in Collins and Reed's attachment style questionnaire, Young schema therapy and Sanson's list of self-injurious behaviors and received individual therapy during 28 sessions. Data analysis was done using the visual analysis method, and in order to determine the clinical significance, the percentage of recovery and the effect size were used.

The results showed that the combined treatment of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy was effective in increasing secure attachment, reducing avoidant and ambivalent attachment, and reducing self-injurious behaviors. The total recovery rate of the subjects in secure attachment was between 25% and 49% and in the reduction of self-injurious behaviors, it was more than 50%.

The results of the present study showed that the combined treatment of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy was effective in increasing secure attachment, reducing avoidant and ambivalent attachment. The results are consistent with the researches of Faskhudi et al. (2016), Alizadeh et al. (2014) and Tabbakuchian et al. (2016). In the explanation of the present research, it can be said that schema therapy leads to a feeling of safety in the person, that the person shows a safer attachment style in his relationships and feels that there is someone who understands his feelings, pays attention to him and is available. Yes, there is a safe support and he can easily tell his needs and express himself without anxiety (31). In addition to this, dialectical behavior in all stages tries to show the different poles of an action to people and clients, how an emotion, thought or behavior can lead to the improvement of a process or its destruction.Other findings of the research indicate a decrease in avoidant attachment of clients. dialectical behavior therapy; Naming examines emotion recognition and conscious attention to emotions without judgment and is the goal of treatment; Therefore, it seems that the effective treatment process in the first and second references was done in this way.Other findings of the research showed that the ambivalent attachment style had little improvement in the first clients and treatment failure in the second and third clients. From the research inconsistent with the present research regarding the effectiveness of schema therapy on reducing the ambivalent attachment style, we can refer to the research of Danai Sage (34) and Uraki (35) and in line with the current research regarding the ineffectiveness of schema therapy on reducing the ambivalent attachment style, we can refer to Amani's research pointed out (36). In schema therapy, by using open and borderline parenting techniques, an attempt has been made to change insecure attachment to secure attachment and adjust incompatible schemas, and it seems that the treatment effect in the first subject was done in this way. The results showed that the combined treatment of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy was effective in reducing self-injurious behaviors. The results are consistent with the research of Paclio et al. (37) and Mok (38). Hilden et al. (39). Dialectical behavior therapy is based on biosocial theory, which considers the inability to regulate emotions as an effective factor in self-injurious behaviors, which, by eliminating self-injurious behaviors, training more adaptive coping skills, helps to reduce emotional dysregulation and self-injurious behaviors in people. In addition, schema therapy has been used to resolve childhood traumatic events through cognitive and experimental techniques. Because in skematherapy, with the aim of establishing underlying problems and awareness of emotional needs, it provides the patient with healthier and more adaptive solutions through borderline and empathetic coping techniques and leads to the reduction of self-injurious behaviors. In the current research, it is necessary to point out limitations such as: the spread of the corona disease, the lack of necessary therapeutic communication when performing experimental techniques due to the use of masks, due to compliance with the health protocol. It can be concluded that the combined treatment of dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy has been effective in increasing secure attachment, reducing avoidant and ambivalent attachment, and reducing self-injurious behaviors. Therefore, it is suggested that the current research be used in the preventive educational format for teenagers in order to improve interpersonal relationships and increase social security and promote mental health.

Paying attention to the factors affecting successful education has been the focus of education experts and the higher education system for years, and academic stress is one of the important factors that affect students' learning (1). Academic stress, if it intensifies or continues, causes problems for people in the field of mental health and well-being (5).In the same direction, the study of Bahraini et al. (2016) has shown that the level of well-being experienced is one of the basic components in proper performance (7). Lambo and Snodgrass (2017) believes that in general, the feeling of well-being includes perceptions of a correct emotional understanding of the current situation and adaptive psychological feedback and even spiritual references (8) that this appropriate level of well-being leads to the creation of adaptation in psychological responses. It becomes emotional and behavioral (9). People with a high sense of well-being experience positive emotions and have a positive evaluation of the incidents and events around them (11), according to this, mental well-being includes the cognitive values of people from their lives, and mental well-being makes it possible to close people and their conditions. Valued their expectations, values and previous experiences (12). Perceived academic stress is one of the fruitful and successful factors in the academic life of learners (16).In addition, the level of stress experience depends on cognitive and behavioral factors, and the level of neuropsychological performance will play a significant role in the organization and cognitive-behavioral responses (17). Neurocognitive performance is a set of superior abilities of organization and integration, which are related at the neuro-anatomical level with different pathways of neural interaction such as the prefrontal cortex (18) and include predicting and creating goals, planning, self-regulation and Goal monitoring, effective implementation and feedback of plans, working memory, etc. are critical for independent, purposeful activity and successful adaptation (19). In the context of the role of neurocognitive function in cognitive factors such as adolescent well-being, Nunn et al. (2016) concluded that better neurocognitive function facilitates the use of new assessments for adolescents and adolescents who rely on new assessments. provide more cognitive resources to help their sustained attention, which leads to better regulation of situations in their daily lives. Also, Kong and Lim (2021) found that there is a two-way and significant relationship between academic stress, generosity, difficulty of neuropsychological functioning and media addiction (17).In past researches, there has been no study on perceived academic stress based on cognitive dimensions, including neuropsychological function and sense of well-being. Therefore, in order to solve the existing gap among the studies, the question of this research is whether there is relationship between neuropsychological function and sense of well-being with perceived academic stress in high school students?

The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population of the research was made up of all 650 female secondary school students of the 10th grade in 13 public schools of Babol city in the academic year of 1401-1400. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, with the possibility of incomplete questionnaires, the number of 250 female students was divided into two clusters. They were selected step by step. In order to collect data, questionnaires of perceived academic stress by Zazhakova et al. (2005), neurocognitive function of Nejati (2013) and feelings of psychological well-being by Keyes and Magyarmo (2003) were used. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis were used with SPSS version 26 software.

Based on the results, there is a negative relationship between neuropsychological function and feeling of well-being with perceived academic stress (P<0.05). Also, the regression analysis showed that neuropsychological function (-0.256) and sense of well-being (-0.187) in students can significantly predict perceived academic stress.

According to the results of the analysis, neuropsychological function and sense of well-being can predict perceived academic stress in students. These results are in line with the findings of Amiri Largani et al. (1400) (14), Abbas Mofard et al. (1400) (26), Ferire et al. (2019) (1), Cumming et al. (2019) (22) is It can be explained in this way that students who have poor neuropsychological performance in the areas of concentration, attention and planning to do academic assignments, they see their personal goals and desires in danger during their activities, and these conditions bring constant anxiety and stress to them. and they consider failure to achieve desired results as losing the results of personal activities and also moving away from achieving their goals, which can cause emotional reactions and stress in them (27). But the students who have proper neuropsychological function along with getting incentives, are less stressed than the students who have less internal motivations. Because by anticipating unfavorable results, they only lose external incentives and approval from others (28).Also, in explaining the results related to the role of feeling of well-being on reducing perceived academic stress, it can be explained that feeling of well-being is an embodied phenomenon and the result of psychological, environmental causes and the ability of the executive control system to prevent the interference of thoughts unrelated to the current task. On the other hand, the feeling of well-being occurs when the student's attention is diverted from focusing on the current task to thoughts related to it, as a result of doing the task, he encounters side errors, which causes him to experience less perceived academic stress (31). ).People who have more mental alertness, are more aware of their thought process and have more autonomy in their choices or decisions, and also have less doubts about things. Determining the relationship between neuropsychological performance and the feeling of well-being with students' academic stress can be a guide for educational planners and officials to improve the strategies presented to reduce behavioral, cognitive and emotional motivational problems in educational centers and institutions. especially in the field of academic stress. The statistical community of the research raises limitations in the field of generalization of findings, interpretations and etiological documents of the studied variables that should be considered. The sample under investigation was secondary school female students, and caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings to other populations. It is suggested that school teachers and counselors use educational methods to improve cognitive status, such as cognitive and metacognitive strategies, as well as developing educational programs such as meditation, using self-regulation mechanisms and active memory before exams and stressful academic conditions during academic year, in addition to reducing the perceived academic stress, they can lead to an increase in mindfulness in students. The findings of the present study showed that neuropsychological function and sense of well-being play an important role in the level of perceived academic stress in secondary school students. Therefore, targeting these components in psychological training and treatment can be effective in reducing students' academic stress.

Trust means having confidence in the intentions and actions of others and is considered a key factor in the new mutual relations between leaders and employees. Trust in the organization plays an important role in achieving its goals. Under the conditions of complexity and uncertainty, it will be possible to maintain effective cooperation only when the communication is clear and this happens when there is mutual trust and confidence. Trust in itself will bring loyalty, and a loyal workforce is willing to work beyond the prescribed duties in their job description. Management is one of the most important human endeavors in human social life. Human societies consist of a set of organizations with different goals, each of which performs a task. When the society reaches the desired goals, when all the organizations achieve the organizational goals by carrying out tasks and plans. In all organizations, the most important pillar that is effective in achieving the goals is management. Undoubtedly, at the dawn of the new century, when organizations, especially educational institutions, face the environment of global competition, the need for radical changes is always felt; The global competitive force has forced today's organizations to adopt new working methods after decades of continuing their fixed work methods and procedures, so that the organizations do not have work stability and a kind of stability. Also, in the last two decades, new approaches in the field of leadership have emerged in organizations, which researchers call neo-charismatic theories of leadership and also inspirational approaches in the field of leadership. These types of leaders are people who create motivation and energy in their followers and inspire them through their speech, thoughts, and behaviors. The main emphasis of inspirational leadership is on creating a vision, communicating and transferring it to the followers, and empowering them by the leader in order to realize and implement this vision. At the level of higher education, it is clear that for survival and sustainability, it must explore the future and future opportunities and determine its place in the future by designing a coherent program that takes place through vision. Certainly, this is done through inspiration, which by creating these visions encourages its followers to achieve them. At the national level, it is also obvious that every country that intends to build a guaranteed future with prosperity and progress for its nation needs leaders who, with high insight, create a vision to improve organizational trust, and both government officials and Empower citizens to achieve this vision. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question that does inspirational leadership have an effect on improving the organizational trust of the academic staff of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

In terms of the purpose, this research was a descriptive-survey type of application, and the statistical population included all academic members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, which was equal to 484 people. Based on the Krejci-Morgan table, 214 people were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method according to gender. In order to collect data, standard questionnaires of inspirational leadership that Bass and Avalio, and organizational trust by Payne (2003) were used. In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equations of data were used using SPSS21 and PLS software.

The results showed that; Inspirational leadership has a significant and positive effect on the organizational trust of the faculty members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The influence of inspirational leadership in promoting the organizational trust of the academic staff has been validated.

In general, it seems that the development of an inspirational leadership model can be considered a suitable solution to increase and improve the level of organizational trust in educational organizations. In general, the research on social sciences and humanities has a special complexity and imposes many limitations on researchers in conducting research. These limitations include time, human, social and economic limitations that cause problems in conducting research. This research, like other research and studies, has faced limitations. Among these limitations, we can mention the following: The variables of the research have a qualitative state, which is considered a limitation. The intelligence, interest, scientific, and specialized ability of the subjects also had an effect on their answering process. The economic, social, and cultural characteristics have had an effect on the response process of the research subjects.

Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD involves significant distress when a child is unexpectedly separated from home or a close attachment figure. When a person with a separation anxiety disorder is separated from loved ones such as parents or caregivers, they may experience constant worry about possible harm or loss to the person they are attached to and experience separation nightmares. They may exhibit behaviors such as refusing to go to school or being overly attached to their caregivers. Symptoms are usually seen in children or young adults but can continue into adulthood. School phobia/school avoidance and separation anxiety disorder are not the same thing. School phobia/school avoidance cannot be officially diagnosed. Instead, the result is that a child or teenager suffers from diseases such as separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder in children is reported to be about 4 percent, and the main feature of this disorder is excessive fear and worry of being separated from home and loved ones. Separation anxiety disorder is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders, therefore, the present study aims to compare the effectiveness of philosophy education for children (P4C) and game-based learning (GBL) on communication skills in children with separation anxiety disorder.

In terms of experimental method, this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up design with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population in this research was all children suffering from separation anxiety disorder (SAD) aged 8 to 12 years, who visited one of the 60 psychiatric centers in Sari in the second 6 months of 2012, and the number of these children was 180. . The number of sample sizes in experimental studies is considered between 10 and 30 people (Hasanzadeh, 1402). Therefore, in the current research, the number of people in each group was 15 people. Therefore, the statistical sample size included 45 people, of which 30 people were in two experimental groups (15 people teaching philosophy for children and 15 people game-based learning) and 15 people were in the control group. In this research, an available sampling method was used, and the participants were randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people in each group) and a control group (15 people). In this research, March et al.'s (1997) multi-dimensional children's anxiety questionnaire was used to diagnose separation anxiety disorder, and Barton's (1990) communication skills questionnaire was used for communication skills. To analyze the data, the method of variance test with repeated measurements and SPSS21 software was used.

The findings indicated that there is a significant difference between P4C and GBL in the communication skills of children with separation anxiety disorder, so P4C is more effective than GBL in the communication skills of children with separation anxiety disorder. Also, the results of the average post-test and follow-up in P4C and GBL indicated the lasting effects of both approaches on communication skills. The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test to check the difference between the averages in the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up are shown in Table 6. According to Table 6, there is a significant difference between the scores of communication skills in the stages of pre-test with post-test and pre-test with follow-up. However, there is no significant difference between the post-test and the follow-up, which is due to the stability of the educational intervention. The comparison of the averages shows that the scores of communication skills have increased significantly in the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the pre-test phase.

In general, it can be concluded that to improve the communication skills of children with separation anxiety disorder, both philosophy education for children and game-based learning can be used, but the effectiveness of P4C is greater. The results show that there is a significant difference between philosophy education for children and game-based learning on the communication skills of children with separation anxiety disorder. The results show that both philosophy education for children and game-based learning are effective on children's communication skills, but according to the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up averages, philosophy education for children has a greater effect than learning. It is based on the game on the communication skills of children with separation anxiety disorder. Besides, according to the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up averages, the results show the stability of the changes made by both approaches to communication skills. This type of learning helps children learn different concepts in a way that appeals to them through practical and concrete experiences. In this method, children actively participate in the learning process and gain new experiences and learning through interaction with the environment, peers, and teachers. This method allows them to improve their communication and social skills without formal pressures, as the game naturally provides a context for communication and cooperation. Also, game-based learning can help children to get to know their feelings better and thus achieve better control of anxiety and stress. One of the important features of this type of learning is the emphasis on creativity and flexibility. Children discover and experience the world around them through play, and this process helps to develop creative thinking and problem-solving. Also, games can help children understand complex concepts more only because games naturally use elements of storytelling and engaging interactions. Since games give children the opportunity to learn in an environment without fear of making mistakes, their confidence in performing various activities also increases. Despite the many advantages of this method, game-based learning may be less effective in strengthening critical thinking skills and deeper analysis than other methods such as teaching philosophy to children, but overall it is still an effective method in strengthening social skills.

A forward-looking health system in universities of medical sciences, based on rapid developments in the fields of science and technology, needs to identify and define new dimensions that can cover future health challenges and needs. Universities of medical sciences should increasingly focus on the development of interdisciplinary knowledge so that students and researchers can address issues with multifaceted approaches. Due to the increasing complexity of health issues and the emergence of new diseases, it is necessary to prioritize the training of specialists who can collaborate with specialists in various fields such as medical engineering, biotechnology, and even social sciences. This allows the health system to deal with complex and multidimensional health challenges with a comprehensive approach. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the dimensions of the future-oriented health system in the macro medical sciences universities of Region 1.

The current research was a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the qualitative part included the professors of universities of medical sciences in the first region, who are experts in the field of the research subject, 20 of them were identified, and the quantitative part was identified. It included 1851 academic staff members of universities of medical sciences in Region One. In the qualitative part, 10 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and considering the saturation law, and in the quantitative part, 320 people were selected as a statistical sample based on the stratified random sampling method based on the Cochran formula. To collect data in the qualitative part, semi-structured interviews were used, and in the quantitative part, the prospective health system questionnaire was used from the qualitative part interview with 56 questions in the form of 10 dimensions. To analyze the qualitative data of the research, two stages of open coding and axial coding were used. Therefore, in the first stage, the main dimensions and components were presented based on the process of open and central coding of the data obtained from semi-structured interviews using the Delphi method and the refinement process, conceptual codes were presented and the priority of each factor was based on frequency. The concepts mentioned in the interviews were clarified. In the quantitative part, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation tests were used for data analysis. Data analysis was done using SPSS21 and LISREL software.

The results of the confirmatory factor analysis listed in Table 1 show that: at the 99% confidence level, the t-values ​​for the dimensions of the prospective health system questionnaire are outside the range (2.58, -2.58). Also, the R2 values ​​for all dimensions except the technology and information dimension are strong, so there is a positive and significant relationship between the future-oriented health system variable and all its dimensions. The highest standard coefficient (0.842) is related to the economic and development dimension and the lowest value is related to the technology and information dimension (0.628). The standard coefficient of 0.842 and R2 value equal to 0.709 show that the economic and development dimension has the most impact and predictive power in the model. These results show that attention to economic issues and development in the prospective health system can have a very positive effect on the improvement of the prospective health system. This analysis shows that the economic and development dimension has the greatest impact and predictive power in the model for the future health system, while the technology and information dimension also plays an important role despite having a lesser impact. Paying special attention to the improvement of these dimensions can lead to the overall improvement of the health system and the improvement of the quality of education in universities of medical sciences in the first region.

The conclusion from the identification of various dimensions of the future-oriented health system in medical sciences universities shows that to face complex challenges and rapid changes in the health field, these universities must pay attention to a comprehensive and multidimensional model of development and education in the field of health and treatment. A forward-looking health system in universities of medical sciences needs to identify and expand several dimensions that can respond to the health challenges in today's and future world. Each of these dimensions plays a vital role in creating a new platform for education and healthcare services. The technology and information aspect, as the foundation of the transformation of the health system, focuses on the use of artificial intelligence, big data, complex analysis, and digital health systems. These technologies provide powerful tools for advances in diagnosis, treatment, and data management that increase accuracy and speed in health services. Also, the dimension of prediction and prevention by focusing on the evaluation and prediction of health problems prevents the occurrence and severity of diseases and plays a vital role in the prevention of chronic and emerging diseases. The dimension of health communication and telemedicine enables communication between the patient and the specialist through digital platforms and remote treatment services, which is especially effective in deprived areas and critical situations such as pandemics. Also, the dimension of professional interaction refers to the cooperation between different disciplines and specialties such as medicine, engineering, social sciences, and psychology, and it causes students and medical staff to acquire the ability to comprehensively deal with complex health issues. The financial and economic dimension is another important pillar that covers the provision of resources, budgeting, treatment costs, and justice in access to health services. On the other hand, the social and sociological dimension addresses the effects of social issues and culture in the field of health and emphasizes the development of public health methods and social interactions. The legal and disciplinary dimension deals with the creation and adherence to laws, regulations, and professional standards related to health and ensures that health services are provided within legal frameworks and respecting the rights of individuals. In addition, the ethical and human dimension emphasizes paying attention to moral principles and respecting human and moral values ​​in providing medical services and education.

Students have important capacities and their flourishing is a necessary and fundamental condition for the success and development of today's societies, but the existence of multiple risk factors in this path has always resulted in short-term and long-term personal and social damage. Cognitive features such as problem-solving skills and the problem-solving process are an important part of the daily life of these people in the education process, and strengthening and cultivating these skills through training, practice, and learning can help students solve problems more effectively. As a result of that and with time, people can solve complex and far more difficult problems. Problem-solving skills refer to the processes by which a person wants to determine, discover, or invent effective and adaptive coping strategies for everyday problems. In other words, problem-solving is an important coping strategy that increases the ability of personal and social progress and reduces psychological stress and semiotics. These conditions can include identifying the possible causes of a problem and preparing a practical plan to solve that problem, which is effective in a person's perception of the situation. Also, the perception of the problem in students is a metacognitive process that is involved in the implementation of a set of emotional-cognitive stable plans and describes how a person generally thinks about problems. In his life, he makes them sensitive just as much as he finds the ability to solve problems in himself and he can have the appropriate resilience to adapt cognitive and behavioral. On the other hand, resilience is a kind of returning to the initial balance or reaching a balance at a higher level in threatening conditions and provides the means for successful adaptation in life. Students who are resilient in one situation may face problems in another situation. Students who have academic resilience, even in the presence of stressful events and conditions that can put them at risk of poor performance and eventually dropping out of school, have high motivation and good performance. In other words, resilient students maintain a high level of motivation and progress despite the existence of stressful events and conditions, which requires the acquisition of appropriate self-awareness in different cognitive, behavioral, and even emotional domains. The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of brain-based learning training on problem-solving perception; Academic resilience and emotional self-awareness were found in secondary school students.

The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with an unequal control group. The statistical population of the present study is made up of all 387 female students of the first secondary school of the ninth grade of public schools in the city of Northern Swadkoh in the academic year 2022-2023. Several 45 people were selected based on the criteria for entering the research and were randomly replaced into two experimental groups of 15 people and a control group of 15 people. To collect data, Hepner and Patterson's (1982) problem-solving perception questionnaire, Samuels' (2004) academic resilience questionnaire and Rifi et al.'s (2007) emotional self-awareness questionnaire were used. Summary of brain-based learning training sessions taken from Cain et al. (2005) in 8 90-minute sessions were conducted on the experimental group and no intervention was done for the control group. Repeated measurement variance analysis was used with SPSS18 software to analyze the data.

The findings showed that brain-based learning training affects the perception of problem-solving, academic resilience, and emotional self-awareness of secondary school students. Teaching brain-based learning on academic resilience and emotional self-awareness was more effective than teaching self-directed learning strategies.

The results of this article can provide practical implications in the field of improving the performance of psychological factors to academic advisors and teachers using the brain-based learning method. To make brain-based learning more effective than teaching self-directed learning strategies to students, the following methods can be used: First, explain to students how the brain works and how factors are formed in it. Explaining the cognitive processes of the brain and its relationship with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional processes can help students better understand how cognitive, behavioral, and emotional processes appear and how they can react to them. The brain-based learning strategies training model is introduced and proposed as a very short-term, simple, effective efficient, and at the same time economical approach for training counselors and teachers, and the combined model can solve many of the limitations.

On 2nd February 2020, the first protocol for early detection and treatment of COVID-19 was released by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME); it has been updated continuously, based on WHO recommendations and new clinical evidences (1-3). In Italy,  the same as Iran with  a high prevalence of COVID-19, multidisciplinary teams consisting of the specialists of infectious diseases, respiratory medicine and internal medicine were created to treat patients properly. Also due to deterioration of the epidemiological situation in the country, and the shortage of physicians, non-related COVID specialists were trained to treat patients (4). According to actionable guidelines, at the time of crisis, non-related hospital wards, such as surgery wards stopped or reduced regular activities, and admitted to COVID-19 patients. The surgical wards were changed to efficiently adapt to COVID-19 pandemic, includes postpone elective surgery, separate surgery room and postoperative recovery area for COVID-19 patients, and also screening for COVID-19 before surgery (5). As the effectiveness of different interventions in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is still unclear, conducting research is crucial to determine the advantages and disadvantages of executive protocols. The aim of this study was to compare the results of management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients by surgery specialists vs COVID team physicians.

This cross-sectional study was performed during 30th April- 21th May in Iran. In this period, men's surgery ward of Sina hospital allocated to treat COVID-19 patients; a total of 55 patients were admitted and treated by surgery specialists. The whole data, includes age, sex, use of antibiotics, corticosteroids dose (Dexamethasone and/or Prednisolone), administration of Remdesivir, the duration of hospitalization, transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), number of consultations, total cost and mortality rate were retrospectively gathered from Hospital information system (HIS). Also, the patients were followed up and the rate of return to the hospital with complaints of COVID-19 were collected.In addition, we extracted the same information for 46 male patients, who were hospitalized at the same time in the VIP ward, and treated by internal medicine specialists or specialists of infectious diseases. During this period, patients with indications of hospitalization were randomly divided between the surgery and the VIP ward. VIP ward is one of the surgery ward in Sina hospital, which does not have any special equipment for COVID-19 patients; the only different between the two wards is that patients in the VIP ward were managed by the related specialist (internal medicine specialists or specialists of infectious diseases). 

During a three-week period (April 30 to May 21), a total of 101 COVID-19 patients were hospitalized and examined. The clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The Mean ± SD age of patients in the surgical department (Group 1) was 16.08 ± 59.58, and 15.03 ± 57.22 in the VIP department (Group 2), with no statistically significant difference found (p = 0.763). The length of hospital stay for patients in the surgical department was non-significantly higher compared to patients in the VIP department (p = 0.412). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the prescription of remdesivir (81.8% in Group 1 vs. 71.7% in Group 2). The number of days of dexamethasone and prednisolone use was significantly higher in Group 1. However, the number of patients who had used prednisolone was significantly higher in Group 2 (p = 0.001). Over 50% of patients (63.6% in Group 1 and 62.2% in Group 2) did not receive antibiotics, and the number of antibiotics received per patient did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.729). Additionally, 12.7% of patients in Group 1 were transferred to the ICU compared to 10.9% in Group 2, with no statistically significant difference observed between the two groups (p = 0.774). The average number of consultations needed for patients in Group 1 was higher than in Group 2, but there was no significant difference (p = 0.36). The mortality rate was 16.4% in the surgical department and 10.9% in the VIP department, with no statistically significant difference found (p = 0.426). The total cost was approximately equal in both groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the rate of patients returning to the hospital with COVID-19 complaints between the two groups (p = 0.711).

During the fifth wave of COVID in Iran, the men's surgery ward of Sina hospital only admitted to COVID-19 patients, and they were treated by surgeons. We designed this study to determine the differences of management of COVID-19 patients by surgeons (non-related specialist) vs related specialist.(7). instructions have been released by MOHME in April 2021, to deal with hospitalized COVID-19 patients at the times of crisis. According to the protocols, in the case of pulmonary involvement in COVID-19 patient, and based on the clinician's judgment, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiviral (Remdesivir) and antibiotic drugs were started for patients (8). Also, based on the inconsistent results of  the recent studies about the benefits of Remdesivir, the CDC considered the decision making on Remdesivir administration for hospitalized patients with moderate disease, to be based on the physician's opinion (9). In this study, the results demonstrated that, the use of Remdesivir is not distinct between the two groups.  Recent studies, showed that the administration of Dexamethasone for patients, who required supplemental oxygen was associated with a lower mortality rate. In addition, it was recommended that the choice of appropriate dose, at the right time for the right patient is essential for advantageous impact of glucocorticoids in many viral respiratory infections (10-12). Our findings showed, that the selection of corticosteroids and dosage were different among the two group of patients. Like the use of glucocorticoids, due to insufficient information about the beneficial effects of antibiotic therapy in COVID-19 patients, further studies are crucial to determine the indication and duration of antibiotic for patients (13). Although uncertainty about antibiotic therapy, our statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two groups. Hashmi .et al concluded, that CURB-65 score and baseline clinical factors are not able to determine the ICU admission need for COVID-19 patients, subsequently the necessity of transfer to ICU should be individualized for patients, based on physician’s opinion (14). Although the types of management were different between the two groups, but no difference was seen in the rate of transfer to ICU between the two wards. In addition, the number of required consultations was not different among the surgery and VIP ward's patients. Garrigues et al declared that the most of the COVID-19 patients have continuous symptoms after discharge from the hospital (15). The result of this study demonstrated, that the rate of return to hospital were not different between the two groups. As a result, the treatment plan was slightly different between them, but the patient's outcomes including: the mortality rate, the total cost and the rate of return to the hospital were not different. It seems, that our results are in line with the Iranian guideline's recommendations about management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients at the times of crisis.However, this study has several limitations that should be considered. Firstly, the sample size of 101 patients may not be representative of larger populations, potentially limiting the generalizability of the findings. Secondly, the retrospective nature of the study might introduce biases and confounding factors that could impact the validity of the results. Additionally, the lack of detailed information on comorbidities and disease severity could hinder a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing patient outcomes.

One of the positive characteristics of parents influencing the child's future is their sense of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is one of the most important human traits for feeling competent, and this trait plays a fundamental role in determining the type of interaction people have with life issues in various fields. Basically, self-efficacy is the belief in a person's ability to perform difficult tasks and deal with concerns caused by certain situations. Self-efficacy enables people to do extraordinary things in dealing with life's problems. Experts believe that self-efficacy has various dimensions. According to scholars, one of the dimensions of self-efficacy that is very valuable in the psychological life of parenting is parental self-efficacy. In fact, parents need to have a sense of self-efficacy in order to effectively deal with the psychological events of their children's upbringing. In general, parental self-efficacy refers to how confident parents are in raising and managing their children's behavior. Bandura (1997) believes that parental self-efficacy is an important potential construct that is related to family and child functioning. It also describes self-efficacy as doing the desired action that is a reflection of people's perceptions. In general, the recognition of self-efficacy is considered one of the main aspects of human rights, and the self-efficacy of parents is actually their beliefs and ability in the successful growth and upbringing of their children. Parental self-efficacy is an important cognitive structure related to the performance of parents and The assessment of parents is defined as their ability to fulfill their role as a father or mother. When parents feel competent and capable, they are more likely to use more effective parenting methods, which can ultimately lead to favorable developmental outcomes. Self-efficacy determines a person's feelings, thoughts, emotions, and behavior. According to his belief, the high level of this belief in a person improves the performance and level of well-being of a person. A high sense of self-efficacy about abilities makes a person try to overcome problems when faced with difficult issues and avoid behavior in a person decreases. If parents feel unworthy, they become weak and suffer severe stress and their self-confidence decreases and they gradually suffer from depression and other mental problems, and this severe stress affects their inability to educate effectively. Also, a weak sense of self-efficacy in parents leads to an unstable and powerless parenting style, which leads to poor outcomes for children based on numerous evidence of these factors. Research results seriously show that there is an inverse relationship between the high self-efficacy of parents and children's behavioral problems. On the contrary, strong evidence indicates a positive relationship between parents' sense of greater self-efficacy and their competence in effective education and better children's results in such a way that parental self-efficacy leads to increased sensitivity, warmth, and responsiveness to children. This is one of the protective factors against the onset of children's problems. Nowadays, one of the concerns of families and even those in charge of the development of childhood and adolescence is raising and raising a successful child. Therefore, parents, as the first agents of education, play an important role in the successful development of a child. In researches that study internalized and externalized disorders, interpersonal factors such as the role of parents are often investigated. According to the expert of structural theorists of the family, in order to identify and change this structure by observing its function over time, one should focus on the following components: First, the totality of the family system means that the members in the form of what special arrays govern their exchange with Are they related? Although these arrays are not clearly expressed or identified, they ultimately create a whole, a family structure, and of course, the nature of this structure follows an order that is different from the individual nature of each member. Second, how are the interconnected functions of subsystems in the family and how do they function in relation to each other? The family realizes its main functions to some extent through organization in the form of its subsystems, which include the subsystems of spouses, children, and parents. In recent years, the behavioral, emotional, psychological and emotional problems of children have attracted the attention of psychologists and psychiatrists, who along with the developmental process of the child, the psychological problems of childhood have been transferred to the stage of maturity and adulthood, and gradually the treatment of emotional problems and it becomes more difficult psychologically. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the model of children's internalized problems based on the transformative function of the family with the mediation of parental self-efficacy.

The method of this research was a descriptive correlation coefficient type. The statistical population of the present study includes all mothers of children who referred to counseling centers in Qom in 1401. The sample size was obtained by Cochran's formula of 210 people. The questionnaires used to measure the transformational functioning of the family by Aali et al. (2012), Dumka's parenting self-efficacy (1996), and the child's behavior inventory - parents' version were used. Pearson's correlation test and regression and path analysis were performed using significant coefficients and t value, and SPSS and pls software were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the independent variable of family transformational function has a direct effect on internalized disorder. Also, the mediating role of parental self-efficacy has a reducing effect on internalizing disorder.

The results showed that the independent variable of family transformational function has a direct effect on internalized disorder. The negativity of these relationships shows that the direction of the effect is opposite, that is, with the increase in the transformational function of the family, the amount of disorder decreases, and in the absence of the transformational function of the family and its dimensions, the amount of externalized disorder in the examined children has increased. Also, the role of the mediator variable has been added to this model. Based on the obtained results, the variable of parental self-efficacy has a reducing effect on internalized disorder. Parental self-efficacy can make the family's transformational function better and reduce internalizing disorder. In all the mentioned research, the variable of the family's transformational function has caused the reduction of internalized disorders in children, and of course, the degree of effect has been different in the research. Therefore, the current research results can be considered in line with other research that has been discussed in this field. Children with internalizing problems face complex challenges in their growth and development. Internal issues often include emotional problems such as anxiety and depression. Anxiety, based on social issues or public concerns, can have a significant impact on children's well-being. Depression, known for persistent feelings of unhappiness and hopelessness, adds to the burden once again. Behavioral disorders, resistance to orders, or violence towards peers may indicate these externalizing issues. These behaviors may act as a way to express or deal with internal anomalies. Both internal and external problems can greatly affect a child's development. Internal problems may hinder cognitive development, cause problems in academic performance, and create challenges in establishing positive relationships. Knowing the main factors is essential for effective intervention. Family dynamics, traumatic experiences, genetics, or problems with emotion regulation can add to these problems. Understanding these factors can contribute to a broader nature of interventions. Interventions should be tailored to help each child specifically. This may involve collaboration between parents, educators, and mental health professionals. Providing a supportive environment, strengthening healthy strategies for facing challenges, and teaching effective communication skills are among the critical components of the intervention. Based on the obtained results, parental self-efficacy variable has a reducing effect on internalized disorder. Parental self-efficacy can make the family's transformational function better and reduce internalizing disorder.

Experts in psychology and educational sciences believe that the period of adolescence is the most sensitive, critical, and most important period of development for every human being. Many of these changes, which include sexual behavior, puberty, and extensive social changes, such as spending more time with peers and spending less time with parents, are signs of the process of adolescent identity acquisition. Adolescence is a critical period for developing a sense of identity, an iterative process that relies on the development of skills such as self-reflection and self-evaluation. The consequences of identity development include personal ethics, awareness of one's strengths and challenges, and ultimately independence. Identity formation is a lifelong process that becomes increasingly prominent during adolescence. Marcia considers identity to be a combination of beliefs, values, roles, behaviors, and various cognitive, moral, and practical skills that become coherent and combined during adulthood and make a person feel he should find continuity with his past and draw his direction concerning the future. Exploration and commitment are the main variables in Marcia's model of identity bases. By using the exploration component, the teenager in a critical situation seeks possibilities and alternatives for the previous identity, and with the commitment component, he invests in a particular identity, in the formation of the identity, Marcia is in line with Erikson. It emphasizes the role of crisis and the existence of this variable in different areas of adolescent life. In the course of achieving identity, especially in complex societies, a person faces an identity crisis, and in this situation, a teenager experiences a transient period of turmoil and suffering before establishing values and life goals. In addition to the personality traits of people as an internal base, several external structures such as family, peer groups, friends, media, and teachers play an effective role in the formation of identity. Despite the extensive research that examines the characteristics of the development of "Self" identity in adolescents, few researchers examine the patterns of "Self" identity development and its relationship with various individual and environmental factors that are theoretically important for identity development. In general, previous research has emphasized the importance of multiple predictors (socio-economic status, parent-child relationships, language skills, gender) of identity development. Adolescence is a stage of transition between childhood and adulthood and is characterized by numerous and multidimensional developments. Identity development is also one of the important developments that occur in this stage of growth. Identity is created through the process of exploration and commitment, under the influence of a wide range of close or distant contextual factors. Although some research examines the characteristics of the development of the "Self" identity in adolescents, few researches examine the patterns of the development of the "Self" identity and its relationship with various individual and environmental factors that are theoretically necessary for growth. Identity is important, has shown. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to explain the relationship between the quality of attachment and my identity in teenagers.

In terms of purpose, this research is in the category of applied research, and in terms of the data collection method, it is descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population was all the second-secondary students of Qom City studying in the academic year of 2022-2023. Their number was 7809 (4148 girls and 3661 boys) and the number of the statistical sample was 366 using Cochran's formula. The research tools include the expanded objective questionnaire of the identity database (second edition), and the questionnaire of adolescents' attachment to parents and peers. Pairwise relationships of variables were evaluated with the Pearson correlation test and the conceptual model of the research was tested with a path analysis test in Imus software.

The findings of the research showed that there was a significant relationship between the quality of attachment and early identity style at the 95% confidence level. A positive and significant correlation existed between attachment quality and early identity style.

Entering adolescence is associated with important changes such as sexual maturity, intimate relationships with peers, risk-taking, and new cognitive abilities. These massive changes force the teenager to think about unity and stability in his definition and seek to form his identity independently from others. Erikson considers identity unity against "role confusion" to be the conflict of adolescence, and based on that, the conflict between "identity unity" and "role confusion" in adolescence is the crisis of adolescence. In many teenagers, elements of identity are fixed and they achieve a personal and professional identity, but the inability to resolve this conflict leads to confusion in the role of identity for the individual. Following him, Marcia carefully explained this conflict empirically and described four aspects or solutions (identity bases based on the two dimensions of search and commitment) about social roles. These four databases include the successful identity database (existence of search and commitment), database in search of identity (existence of search and absence of commitment), advanced identity database (absence of commitment and existence of search), and confused identity database (absence of search and commitment). A successful identity as an indicator of having a flourishing and evolving personality has the highest psychological value, and confusion as a lack of success in the transition from adolescence to adulthood has the lowest psychological value. The advanced identity is higher than the confusion of the evolution level and the database in the process of identification is also at a higher level than the advanced identity which was proposed by Balbi. In childhood, attachment relationships are formed only with the child's primary caregivers, but from adolescence onwards, attachment relationships expand to peers and other people. Secure attachment to parents and peers in adolescence and adulthood will bring positive consequences in a person's life. Safe attachment relationships are associated with life satisfaction, seeking social support from peers, and psychological health. Safe attachment of teenagers to their parents is an effective factor in actively solving problems and is effective in increasing the self-esteem of teenagers. Compatibility with educational programs in the university and emotional compatibility are also related to safe attachment relationships between parents and teenagers. These relationships cause a person to search in his inner and outer world with a sense of security and comfort. People with insecure attachment have less searching power compared to secure people. Disturbance in search behavior destroys the process of a person's courage and flexibility and prevents him from testing and learning from experience. Therefore, the absence of warm and friendly parents will be associated with problems in searching for questions related to identity, commitment, and relationships with people, and most of these people will have a confused identity. On the other hand, the formation of identity in this period can affect a person's attachment relationships, because at this age, the teenager revises his initial relationships, and for this reason, his level of secure attachment to others, especially his parents, changes. Both the bases of identity and attachment change with age. With increasing age, people move from unfavorable identity bases (confused and advanced) to favorable and advanced identity bases (finding identity and successful) and it is usually at the end of adolescence that people achieve a successful identity. They do the level of secure attachment of people also changes in adolescence due to the emergence of new attachment relationships with peers and other people. Several empirical studies support the importance of friendship and bonding in the development of adaptation, especially during childhood and adolescence.

One of the newest components in the field of anxiety disorders is the concept of anxiety, which refers to anxiety about anxiety. Nowadays, anxiety (pathological anxiety) is considered the main feature of anxiety disorders; so in many researches, pathological worry is equated with anxiety disorders. Most people may worry in different situations and their worry can be controlled; but if they are constantly worried and their worry covers a wide range of different issues, the thinking style of such people is characterized by excessive worry and uncontrollable anxiety, and this is a pathological process, and in fact these people suffer from anxiety disorder. When normal anxiety turns into pathological anxiety, anxiety occurs. Wells suggests that the distinction between the two types of worry stated above will be useful in the process of conceptualizing the pathology of worry, and this distinction will become a model of generalized anxiety disorder. The aim of this research was the clinical trial of an educational-interventional package for the solution of pervasive anxiety the over-anxiety of couples referring to medical centers.

The current research was conducted in qualitative and quantitative. The first sub-study: is a compilation of an interventional, educational package for pervasive anxiety based on a solution-oriented approach through review, a review of experts' opinions using the Delphi method and determining the content validity of the designed educational package, and the second sub-study: clinical trial of the educational package, an intervention on meta-anxiety. The quantitative part of the research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The treatment package was developed in 8 sessions of 45 minutes. This package was implemented on 30 couples, at least one of whom had generalized anxiety disorder. Sampling was available in a purposeful way, which was randomly replaced in two experimental groups (15 couples) and a control group (15 couples). Finally, the data of 27 couples entered the statistical analysis. The research tools were Spitzer et al.'s 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Wells' Metaworry Questionnaire (MWQ Metaworry Questionnaire), which were completed by both groups at the beginning and end of the intervention. The collected data were analyzed and analyzed with SPSS26 software and inferential statistics of multivariate analysis.

The results showed that by removing the effect of pre-test meta-anxiety scores as a covariate, the main effect of the comprehensive anxiety educational intervention package based on the solution-oriented approach on post-test meta-anxiety scores is significant. According to the information mentioned in Table 1, the average pre-test score of Wells anxiety in the experimental group is 17.54 with a standard deviation of 2.60, and the average pre-test score in the control group is 18.07 with a standard deviation of 2.78. Similarly, the average post-test score in the experimental group is 11.92 with a standard deviation of 2.98, and the average post-test score in the control group is 17.50 with a standard deviation of 2.59. The results of the covariance analysis show that by removing the effect of the pre-test meta-anxiety scores as a covariate, the main effect of the general anxiety education intervention package based on the solution-oriented approach on the post-test meta-anxiety scores is significant. In other words, the statistics in Table 2 show that the observed difference between the mean anxiety scores of the experimental-control group participants according to the group membership in the post-test stage is significant with 95 percent confidence (P<0.05). The effect of this intervention on anxiety was 0.722. In this sense, the presence in the solution-oriented group counseling has explained 72 percent of the variance of the post-test scores.

Psychological pressures with different intensities and weaknesses almost exist in human life. This may be doubly so for couples who themselves or their spouses suffer from widespread anxiety. A solution-focused approach is a form of brief therapy that emphasizes people's resources and abilities to create solutions. The results of the research show that the educational-interventional package for the solution of generalized anxiety is an effective and efficient method to reduce anxiety in couples who refer to medical centers. This method can help couples deal with problems and challenges in their lives more effectively and enjoy their relationship more. For this reason, people who take these courses naturally suffer less anxiety. This model reduces anxiety by increasing the quality of problem-solving and reducing negative evaluations, and finally, people learn to experience their thoughts and feelings positively by examining different solutions. Solution-oriented therapy uses the resources and abilities of the clients in the process of changing communication patterns, and this work creates an image of hope in the clients. Therefore, the solution-oriented therapist strengthens the sense of self-control relationship management, and emotion control in clients. They do this by empowering clients to create solutions and structure these solutions. Solution-oriented therapists believe that a couple's problems remain and get worse because of the method that the couple uses to solve them. Couples therapy reminds couples of solution-oriented problem-solving skills when needed, enables them to destroy the vicious cycle of problems and ineffective communication patterns, and develop long-term solutions; in such a way that the change of one of the couples causes the change of other people in the system. In addition to that, identifying, determining, extracting, and strengthening exceptions by clients about problems is one of the important factors of change in solution-oriented couple therapy. In the solution-oriented approach, the identification of exceptions keeps the referrals in a positive direction until the end of the treatment process; In order to improve the situation, any kind of change will be useful, and the only thing that a person can be sure of is himself. Therefore, in the sessions of this research, each of the couples realizes that they are the source of change in their current situation, and each of the spouses should start by changing their thoughts, emotions, and behavior in order to improve their married life we should not expect corrective actions from their spouses..

Since no study has been found regarding the structural relationship between the structural pattern of childhood trauma and the self-injurious behavior of adolescents with borderline personality traits based on the mediating role of cognitive regulation strategies, emotion, therefore, conducting this research lies in several fundamental aspects. First, considering the high prevalence of childhood trauma and its extensive and long-term effects on mental health, this research can contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between these traumatic experiences and self-injurious behaviors in adolescents with borderline personality traits. Identifying this relationship can help mental health professionals to identify risk factors better and apply preventive and therapeutic interventions in time. Second, by examining the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, this research identifies the mechanisms through which childhood trauma leads to self-injurious behaviors. This knowledge can help develop and improve therapeutic interventions, especially through teaching teenagers more effective emotion regulation strategies, which can reduce self-injurious behaviors and improve their mental health. The results of this research can help increase the awareness of society and professionals about the importance of prevention and early treatment of childhood trauma and its effect on self-injurious behaviors during adolescence. This awareness can lead to improved mental health policies, improved education and treatment programs, and support for those at risk. Considering the lack of research findings in this field, the aim of this study was the structural pattern of childhood trauma with self-injurious behavior of teenagers with borderline personality traits based on the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population of this research consists of all students of the second secondary level of Tehran city in the academic year 2022-2023. In this study, 316 students out of 1153 students were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a non-suicidal self-injurious behavior questionnaire (Klonsky and Glenn, 2009), childhood trauma (Bernstein et al., 2003), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (Garnefsky et al., 2001). The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation statistical methods, and structural modeling using SPSS and AMOS statistical software.

The results of structural equation modeling showed that 0.04% of the changes related to adaptive cognitive-emotional regulation are explained by childhood trauma. 0.01% of changes related to maladaptive emotional cognitive regulation are explained by childhood trauma. Based on this, 72% of the changes related to adolescent self-injury are explained by childhood trauma and adaptive and maladaptive cognitive-emotional regulation. Self-injurious behaviors in adolescents are a function of childhood trauma and adaptive emotion cognitive regulation strategies mediate this relationship. The findings indicate the appropriate fit of the proposed model with the data.

In general, it can be said that the proposed structural model, which includes childhood trauma, self-injury in teenagers with borderline personality traits, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies, is a good fit. This means that this model has been able to explain the relationships between these factors well and match the data. Also, cognitive emotion regulation strategies play an important mediating role in this model. This means that the effect of childhood trauma on the self-injurious behaviors of teenagers with borderline personality traits is significantly transmitted through cognitive emotion regulation strategies. These findings emphasize the importance of psychological interventions in improving emotional regulation strategies as a key factor in reducing self-injurious behaviors and show that working with these strategies can reduce the negative effects of childhood trauma on self-injurious behaviors in adolescents. The present study has limitations that should be taken into consideration in future studies. First, the relative lack of diversity in some samples (for example, the student sample in the age range of 15 to 17 years) may moderate the generalizability of the results. Second, in this research, all data were collected using self-reporting methodology. It is therefore susceptible to the limitations of using a simple method of data collection. Therefore, it is better to use other measurement methods such as structured clinical interviews, behavioral rating scales, and direct evaluation of behavior in future research. Since the family factors and individual differences of teenagers are the background for formulating and implementing various interventions to correct and prevent mental injuries; It is suggested that future researchers should pay attention to other related variables such as individual differences in coping styles, personality traits, as well as family dimensions, such as the presence of family members with streaks of behavioral disorders and personality disorders, in order to complete the data of the current research. It is suggested to carry out screening tests every year at the school level, in order to identify cases that need intervention in the fields of health and mental health while examining the mental health status of adolescents, both boys and girls, and with the help of relevant organizations and the cooperation of families in In order to adjust the conditions of adolescents with mental disorders as well as their family problems, take practical steps to prevent their conditions from worsening and turning them into serious psychological injuries such as self-injurious behavior. It is also important to remember that the present study was a descriptive study. Therefore, drawing and matching communication patterns between variables in various samples according to the evolutionary level requires more studies to gain more validity for the findings of the current research.

Today, based on the different definitions of behavioral science researchers, impulsivity is considered as one of the multifaceted and important variables in predicting high-risk behaviors in the clinical population (1). Examining many behaviors such as suicide and thoughts related to suicide shows the role of the impulsivity variable (2). Impulsivity as a personality trait is related to interpersonal changes in endocrine function and a physiological response to environmental stress (3). In addition to the mentioned cases, the moderating role of impulsivity in the relationship between stress and reward sensitivity has also been determined in new researches (4). This complex variable has long been the focus of researchers in various fields of psychology, including health, clinical and cognitive psychology, Therefore, without examining and understanding the basic variables of many human actions and behaviors, it is not possible to comment on the effectiveness of various psychological treatments and approaches. A significant point in various researches is the effect of the impulsivity variable on sadistic and aggressive behaviors (5). Sexually risky behavior in young people, which leads to many issues and problems in physical and psychological fields, is due to the important and effective role of impulsivity (6). Studies show the role of impulsivity in substance abuse, unplanned purchases, and also the tendency to gamble (7). Impulsivity has cognitive and behavioral aspects, which can be seen in post-traumatic stress disorder, and both cognitive and behavioral impulsivity are both related to threat sensitivity and hyperarousal (8). Antisocial behavior in certain clinical populations, such as prisoners with violent crimes, is related to impulsivity (9), and by understanding the influential role of this variable, it is possible to better predict criminal and delinquent behaviors in prison and after leaving it. Recently, there are opinions that impulsivity may play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, and for this reason, research studies indicate the role of impulsivity variable in uncontrollable binge eating (10). The theory of planned behavior states that behavioral intention is the strongest determining factor of human behavior and that self-control disorder due to impulsivity leads to unhealthy behaviors such as drinking alcohol and addictive behaviors. Studies should be conducted on the structure of impulsivity and deficit in self-control to better predict unhealthy behaviors (11). Another one of the areas affected by impulsivity is the tendency to smoke cigarettes, according to researches, young people who received higher scores on impulsivity scales had more dependence and a tendency to use tobacco and smoke cigarettes based on the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (12). Based on the definitions, impulsivity is defined as a preference for immediate rewards, a desire for adventure, searching for new issues and problems, finding available ways, a lack of perseverance, and generally unplanned behavior. (13). In autism spectrum disorder, research shows that with drug interventions, impulsive aggression can be reduced in clients with this diagnosis, which can help improve the mood and emotional state of the patient (14). The mentioned materials and researches point to the role of impulsivity in a variety of mental and behavioral disorders, therefore, the present study, using the meta-analysis method, seeks to investigate the effectiveness of psychological interventions on impulsivity during the years 2009-2022, and the results of the analysis are as follows. It helps therapists and researchers in the preparation and planning for more effective implementation of therapeutic interventions.

The present research is of the meta-analysis type and was approved by the jury of the psychology department of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the meeting dated 28 February 2022 with the code 3/57500. The statistical population includes articles published in reliable domestic scientific publications that were conducted from 2009 to 2022 in the field of the effectiveness of psychological interventions on impulsivity. 55 articles were selected from Magiran, SID, a comprehensive portal of humanities, Google Scholar, and Noormagz, according to the Inclusion and Exclusion criteria, 30 articles were selected and the rest due to not having the criteria of a valid scientific article, such as not having a clear title, lack of protocol and treatment steps, lack of coherent structure of the article, unclear research method, conference articles, lack of using scientific theories, valid treatment reference books, and incompatibility of the body of the article with its title were removed from the review process.

According to the findings, it can be stated that psychological interventions with an effect size of -1.72 at the 0.001 level indicate that the independent variable affects the impulsivity variable, therefore psychological interventions at a meaningful level can modify or reduce this feature is likely to be effective.

According to the obtained results, it can be stated that the size of the effect of psychological interventions on impulsivity in domestic research has been significant in adjusting or reducing this important variable, scientific studies show a kind of Malfunction in decision-making systems, Cognitive evaluation, response inhibition, self-control, and regulation of emotions in people who show impulsive behaviors (15-18). In many studies to reduce and modify high-risk behaviors in teenagers, young people and adults, and people with personality disorder, especially borderline personality disorder, psychological interventions are focused on the impulsivity variable (19). The effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment to various aspects of impulsivity has been investigated in the clinical population (20), also in another study, the effect of mindfulness therapy on impulsivity in substance-dependent men has been observed (21). The effectiveness of emotional therapy schema in reducing impulsivity in women with bipolar disorder has been investigated (22,23). In general, common cognitive components and elements in many psychological treatments can help to improve the condition of clients and reduce impulsive behaviors.

The most common type of violence against women is violence committed by a life partner, which is referred to as domestic violence or violence by an intimate partner. Women victims of domestic violence often suffer from physical injuries and many chronic health problems. Domestic violence can lead to a 50-70% increase in central nervous system problems, mental and emotional health disorders, increase in suicide attempts, substance addiction and antisocial personality disorders in women (1).If violent behavior against women occurs within the framework of the family and between husband and wife, it is interpreted as domestic violence (2). Domestic violence is the most common form of violence, with the highest probability of repetition, the least report to the police and the most social, psychological and economic complications, which is often committed by the closest family member (such as the husband) (3).Since the family consists of a husband and wife and the relations of its members are within the framework of the system of choosing a spouse (marital relations) and the system of mutual relations so that people can meet each other's needs, so the family is a unit that has many social roles. and the mutual relationship of its members is formed based on the foundations and cultural needs of the society (4).Considering the above and the negative impact of domestic violence on individual and social life on the one hand and identifying the factors affecting domestic violence on the other hand, and since by reviewing the research done inside and outside the country, research on the topic in question has been carried out. It has not been done, so the researcher is trying to answer the question, what are the qualitative factors affecting domestic violence against women?

This research is approved by the code of ethics IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1400.225 from Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Unit. To conduct the current qualitative research, which was conducted with a focus on grounded theory tradition. Among the abused women between the ages of 25 and 50 who referred to comprehensive urban health centers, the sampling was continued until the discovery and analysis process reached the theoretical saturation point. In-depth personal interview was also the technique used in this study, which was carried out in the form of a telephone and face-to-face interview according to the conditions and nature of the research. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part was using the theoretical coding method (derived from the grounded theory theorizing method).

According to the results of table (1), after coding the conducted interviews, it was determined that 144 primary concepts (open code) were extracted regarding the factors affecting violence against women. The obtained results also showed that the mental imbalance of the spouse was chosen as the most important factor of violence against women with 12.33%. According to 22.8% of women in the sample, traditional and patriarchal attitude is one of the most important reasons for violence against women. Also, humiliation and insult of women and lack of behavioral control are also the most important factors related to violence against women with 7.53 and 6.53 percent. According to the obtained results, it can be seen that 6 selective codes and 22 core codes have been extracted. In the following, the diagram of selected and central codes is drawn.Based on the available evidence and research findings, it can be said that poverty, unemployment and unfavorable economic situation provide conditions for pressure on families and individuals (especially men). Therefore, inappropriate economic conditions lead to family violence. For this reason, the possibility of aggression in men who are unemployed or have little income, due to social pressures and tensions and feeling weak and unable to take care of the family, is more than others.

The obtained results also showed that the mental imbalance of the spouse was chosen as the most important factor of violence against women with 12.33%. According to 22.8% of women in the sample, traditional and patriarchal attitude is one of the most important reasons for violence against women. Also, humiliation and insult of women and lack of behavioral control are the most important factors related to violence against women with 7.53 and 6.53 percent. According to the obtained results, it can be seen that 6 selective codes and 22 core codes have been extracted. The obtained results were similar to the results of the present study by Naeem and Rezaei Sharif (2018) (8).The more the level of literacy and knowledge of women increases; Their ability to deal with injuries increases. In the study by Kaskov and Parcell (2020), it was also found that unemployed men subject their wives to violence more than employed men. In a study in China, men's refusal to finance the family was the strongest factor affecting the occurrence of domestic violence. In this study, it was also suggested that men's managerial or high-ranking jobs are a protective factor in preventing domestic violence. The widespread prohibition of women from social activities with 17.24% is the most important factor, the loss of self-esteem in women and the lack of family support are also in the next ranks with 13.79%.In line with the study of Ahmed Hamed al-Dosari (2016), it was concluded that women's employment is effective in increasing household income and reducing the level of violence. In the current study, there was a significant relationship between women's employment and physical and psychological violence. Also, the findings of the research show that the history of parental misbehavior and witnessing violent behavior in childhood is one of the predictors of family violence. Women who had disordered families, and those who were victims of violence in their childhood, are likely to appear in the role of victims or perpetrators of violence as a result of the learning process in their family life. According to Bandura, children learn how to be violent from their parents. According to the theory of intergenerational transmission, which is based on the theory of social learning, people who experience or witness violence in the family when they are young are more likely to use it in adulthood (10).

Satisfaction and happiness from marital relationship decreases over time and among many couples. Communication problems have always been considered as one of the main causes of marital dissatisfaction and divorce. Marital heartbreak and marital incompatibility have become one of the most important events in life and have significant economic and social consequences. Heartbreak is a painful state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion and affects those who expect dream love to give meaning to their lives. This situation occurs when they realize that despite their efforts, their relationship has not and will not give meaning to life. In the meantime, marital conflicts are of particular importance, and when conflicts occur, relationships become weaker or stronger. Usually, conflict is defined as a lack of agreement and opposition between spouses, inconsistency in behavior, opinions and goals in opposition to the other. The inability to communicate logically with the spouse is considered the most common problem that unhappy couples raise and have reported as a significant relationship between communication beliefs and marital conflicts.Research on the issue of marital dissatisfaction is important for several reasons. Some of these reasons are related to the importance of the family institution in today's society. Others are related to the quality of life and the effect that marital boredom can have on other aspects of life. Unfortunately, family damage has increased in many countries, the divorce rate has increased in recent years and has reached its peak in the last decade. There may be problems that lead couples to decide to separate, such as motivation for separation, intense conflict, and chronic violent events. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the prediction of marital dissatisfaction based on marital conflicts and communication beliefs in couples applying for divorce.

The population of this research included all couples applying for divorce who referred to the family court and dispute resolution council of Mashhad during the fall of 2018 (122,000 divorce cases). For this purpose, 100 couples (200 people) were selected from the mentioned society by purposeful sampling method. The criteria for include the research included: having a minimum education in reading and writing (in order to be able to read and understand self-report questionnaires), having at least one year of cohabitation, not having a history of divorce or remarriage. The exclusion criterion was non-cooperation in completing the questionnaire. Ethical considerations including obtaining informed consent, guaranteeing privacy and confidentiality were fully respected. In order to collect data, Marital Distress Scale (MDS; Kaiser, 1996), Revised Marital Conflicts Questionnaire (MCQ-R; Sanai et al., 2018) and Communication Beliefs Questionnaire (RBI; Eidelson & Epstein, 1982) were used. In Iran, for the first time, Saadati et al. (32) in a study with a sample of 300 people obtained the reliability of the scale of marital boredom, using Cronbach's alpha method, 0.79. Cronbach's alpha for the entire questionnaire of marital conflicts by Sanai et al., on a group of 270 people, was equal to 0.96 and for subscales from 0.56 to 0.89. O’leary also reported the reliability of communication beliefs questionnaire from 0.72 to 0.81. The obtained data were analyzed using the method of Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

The average length of marriage of the participants in the research was 9.05 years. In examining the results of the Pearson correlation test to examine the relationship between the sub-components of the predictor variables and the criterion variable, it was observed that only 3 of the sub-components of marital conflicts (including a decrease in family relationship with relatives, spouse and friends; a decrease in effective communication; and an increase in emotional reactions) have a significant positive relationship with marital burnout. Regarding the sub-components of communication beliefs, 4 beliefs of destructiveness of opposition, expectation of mind reading, belief in the immutability of the spouse, and sexual perfectionism have a significant relationship with marital dissatisfaction; In the case of sexual perfectionism, this relationship was negative, and in the case of the three beliefs of destructive opposition, expectation of mind reading, and belief in the immutability of the spouse, there was a negative relationship with marital dissatisfaction. The relationship between the belief about gender differences and marital dissatisfaction was not significant. Also, the results showed that the multiple regression model was significant (p<0.001) and the components of these two variables were able to significantly predict 30% of the variance of marital boredom (R=0.552 and R2=0.304). Decrease in effective communication and increase in emotional reactions (one of the components of marital conflicts), belief in the immutability of the spouse and sexual perfectionism (one of the components of communication beliefs) can significantly predict marital burnout. The expectation belief of mind reading was also close to the significant level (p=0.052). Among these components, sexual perfectionism had a negative effect and the rest had a positive effect in predicting marital dissatisfaction.

When two people, as a couple, live together, conflict will occur. Due to the nature of couples' interaction, there are times when disagreements are observed or needs are not met, as a result, spouses feel anger, despair and dissatisfaction towards each other. Couples who have good communication skills will have a positive evaluation and a broader view of various aspects of incompatible issues and events in their lives, and they will often use problem-oriented strategies in dealing with issues and problems. While couples who have not learned the necessary communication skills and problem-solving methods correctly, they often use ineffective methods to resolve conflicts in stressful and challenging situations and end up suffering from marital burnout. The findings obtained in the present research and other similar researches, while clarifying some important issues in the society, provide the ground for establishing accuracy of opinion and more emphasis on identifying the fields of conflict resolution. According to these facts and the results of the present research, it can be said that it is necessary to apply these theories in treating the problems of couples with marital conflicts, in addition to creating facilities for increasing the knowledge of therapists, so that in this way it is possible to improve and enhance the quality of life of people. Therefore, according to the results of this research and the role of communication conflicts and beliefs in predicting marital dissatisfaction, it is necessary for family counselors to examine these cases in pre-marriage counseling and when marital conflicts occur, and in the case of divorce applicants, and prepare targeted interventions for them.

The early theorists of the paradox, using philosophy and psychology, have proven the greatest challenge for managers today is the effect of managing the paradox and understanding the individual's approach to tensions on the development of people's comfort. They know the solution. These people are looking for a temporary solution while the underlying tension is likely to remain and will return. On the other hand, some others accept tensions as normal and even embrace them. And they guide them by taking actions that are successful in the term of paralysis. Because they have to quickly adapt to new technologies and work methods to maintain their efficiency. With the paradox point of view about the sustainability of organizations, the tensions between desirable and at the same time interdependent and sometimes contradictory goals of sustainability such as environmental protection and social welfare are clearly exchanged. And by accepting such tensions, a paradoxical attitude enables decision makers to achieve competitive sustainability through achieving goals simultaneously. So; Applying the appropriate strategy to curb and simultaneously present dualities in the university by injecting dynamism, agility in human resources, capabilities and the normal flow of affairs will bring about vast and radical changes in the system. Therefore, the researcher seeks to find out what is the role of paradox control cognitive strategy on the sustainability of human resource agility?

In terms of descriptive method, the current research was a survey type, which was conducted with a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the professors of Azad University of Mazandaran province is 10 people who are experts in the field of research and have a doctorate degree (educational management and higher education, public administration with a focus on human resources management, business management with a focus on strategic management), scientific rank. Associate professors and above, with an educational experience of more than 10 years, and having three articles on the subject of the research were identified and their opinions were used in the qualitative section. In the quantitative part, the statistical population includes all heads and vice-presidents of units, heads of faculties, heads of departments, officials of affairs (administrative, financial, educational, student and research) in 13 units of the Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran province with different academic degrees. In the academic year 2018-2019, there were 341 people whose opinions were used in a small part. Also, after carrying out the qualitative phase of the research and applying the results to the proposed primary model, to determine the components of each of the variables and items in the design of the questionnaire based on the secondary model, from the researches studied and the standard questionnaires based on this researches; It was presented, it was used, and finally, the quantitative part of the questionnaire was presented.

The results confirmed the role of paradox control cognitive strategy on the sustainability of human resource agility and also identified four components of individuality, occupational health, stress and emotional intelligence in the dimension of cognitive strategy.

Finally, one of the major goals of the university, the era of management has come to an end through the logic foreseen in advance. In these conditions, chaos and disorder causes extensive and radical changes in the organization, traditional methods are no longer responsive; Therefore, the higher education system and universities need forms of agility. And one of the characteristics of an agile university is that it is sensitive to environmental changes and has the necessary speed to adapt to changes; Therefore, according to the central role of universities in human development, in strengthening and expanding culture, increasing self-awareness and self-confidence of society, its management system should be sensitive to the paradoxes and tensions caused by it and in line with solving human problems. be accountable; One of the features that can be helpful to managers and employees in responding to changes is the cognitive strategy of controlling the paradox that human resources can achieve productivity, satisfaction, and commitment at the same time as organizational goals.

In recent years, higher education, especially in the field of health, has faced many challenges in the field of social responsibility. Universities of medical sciences are responsible for training specialists who, in addition to mastering professional knowledge and skills, must also adhere to ethical principles and social responsibilities. Professional ethics in the field of higher education, especially in fields related to health, plays a fundamental role in training committed and responsible human resources. This professional ethics includes a set of values ​​and ethical principles such as respect for patients' rights, social justice, honesty in performance, professional responsibility, and compliance with scientific standards. Therefore, the general purpose of the current research was to present a model of the effect of professional ethics with the approach of higher health education on the social responsibility of academic staff members of large universities of medical sciences in Region1.

This research is practical in terms of purpose, which was done with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) with an exploratory design. In the qualitative part, the statistical population consisted of 20 professors of the universities of medical sciences in the first region, who are experts in the field of research, and in the quantitative part, the academic staff members of the universities of the medical sciences in the first region, in the number of 1851 people. Qualitatively, 14 people were selected by the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the saturation law, and 320 people were selected as samples in the quantitative part based on Cochran's formula using a stratified random sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data in the qualitative part of this research. After identifying the dimensions through studying the theoretical foundations interviewing experts and surveying experts, the first questionnaire was prepared in an unstructured and open-ended form to act as a strategy for generating ideas and revealing all issues related to the topic under study. The field of professional ethics with the approach of higher health education questions such as "What does professional ethics mean with the approach of higher health education?" or "What are the dimensions and indicators of professional ethics with the approach of higher health education?" Also, questions regarding guidelines, priorities, and factors related to professional ethics with the approach of higher health education were raised and all relevant answers for the questionnaire were collected as much as possible, answers were organized, similar opinions were combined, grouped, and repetitive and marginal issues were removed. In order to collect data, the researcher-made questionnaire of professional ethics with the approach of higher health education and Karol's social responsibility questionnaire were used. Exploratory factor analysis and structural equation tests were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the professional ethics questionnaire has 2 individual and educational dimensions and 9 components explaining responsibility, honesty, discipline, having the spirit of participation and teamwork, creating motivation, knowledge and information, effective teaching, training management, and skills. It was evaluated that considering that the value of t statistic in relation to the relationship between professional ethics and social responsibility with the value of 33.073 is outside the range (2.58, -2.58), therefore the effect of professional ethics and social responsibility is positive. And it has become meaningful. As can be seen, according to experts, for the dimensions of "professional ethics with the approach of higher health education", the most important dimension is related to the "honesty" dimension with an average of 3.52 and a standard deviation of 0.82, and the least important dimension is "Education management" with an average of 3.14 and a standard deviation of 0.76. Kendall's coordination coefficient for the answers of the second round is 0.850, which has only increased by 9.4% compared to the first round, which was equal to 0.756. Not significant. From the answers given during the interviews with the elites, it was found that each indicator was mentioned and emphasized by the interviewees at least 4 times and up to 13 times. In total, after the implementation of the integration process of indicators, 7 indicators in 2 personal and educational dimensions and 9 components were identified and confirmed, which were converted into experts' questionnaires and used to confirm their final opinion until the questionnaire was final.

Examining the effect of professional ethics with the approach of higher health education on the responsibility of faculty members of universities of macro medical sciences in Region One shows that professional ethics plays a key role in strengthening the social responsibility of faculty members. By implementing ethical principles such as commitment to patients' rights, social justice, honesty in performance, and compliance with scientific standards, the level of social responsibility among faculty members can be significantly increased. The findings indicate that strengthening moral values ​​in higher health education not only helps to improve the quality of education but also leads to an increase in the awareness and commitment of faculty members towards their social and professional role in society. This makes faculty members act as behavioral and professional role models for students and ultimately trains professionals who adhere to moral values ​​and social responsibilities. Finally, the promotion of professional ethics in higher health education will lead to the improvement of universities' relations with society, an increase of public trust in the health system, and training of responsible and committed human resources to provide fair and quality health services. Therefore, it is necessary for macro medical sciences universities in Region One to help improve social responsibility at the university and community level by strengthening ethical approaches in education and interaction with faculty members. Responsibility and attention to ethical concepts among citizens and human resources of organizations are considered among the indicators of social education. You should try to institutionalize this important principle among the human resources of organizations. This research tried to examine all the factors affecting social responsibility and provide a suitable model for promoting responsibility in accordance with the schools and human resources of these institutions.

Specific learning disorders have been introduced in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as a general category and a single diagnostic criterion, and it focuses on four general educational functions and the provision of appropriate educational services, instead of the traditional component of the diagnostic criterion of inconsistency between intelligence and progress, it is based on Personal growth, education, family and educational records such as academic grades, response to educational interventions and observation of teachers are emphasized. These skills and cognitive abilities are necessary for purposeful behavior and adaptation to environmental changes and are often responsible for cognitive skills such as attention, language, and perception, and creating higher levels of creative or abstract thinking. All these activities are performed in three main parts of executive functions including attention, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, and there is a mutual relationship between these three parts of executive functions. Special failure in learning has a high prevalence. Based on the research, learning disability is associated with a prevalence of 13-17% in boys and 10-12% in girls. One of the problems of this category of children is the problem with their active and working memory. It can be said that working memory is used in all conscious actions. Without this memory or its disorder, a person's normal life becomes vulnerable. Some researchers have emphasized the importance of working memory in increasing intelligence and cognitive abilities and have provided evidence that they have been able to increase fluid and crystallized intelligence by training and strengthening working memory. Another problem of children with special learning disorder is visual-spatial perception. Visual perception is essential to perform the smallest daily actions, and the better the visual perception works in a situation, the better a person can cope with various tasks that deal with vision. Research shows that visual perception is not a fixed process, it expands and expands over time, and it is necessary to know how visual perception evolves at different ages. Visual perception is the process by which visual information is analyzed. In this process, vision integrates other sensory data and past experiences. Visual perception allows a person to accurately judge the size, shape, color, and spatial relationships of objects. Between visual perception and reading and writing, which are the main academic skills; there is a connection and in order for a person to be able to read, he must process visual stimuli well and also not have phonological problems. Researchers believe that by training functional skills, visual-spatial perception can be improved and interest in lessons, learning, and memorization can be increased. Research has shown that cognitive training of executive functions, of which active memory and visual-spatial perception are important parts, improves the problems of adulthood in childhood. Researchers investigated auditory and visual working memory performance in students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, and clinical controls. Individuals with learning disabilities showed poorer auditory working memory than individuals in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity groups or clinical controls.The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of computer games on strengthening the working memory and visual-spatial perception of children with specific learning disabilities (reading, writing, math).

The method of this research was a semi-experimental type and a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all students from the third to sixth grades of Maad and Imam Sajjad girls' schools in the fourth district of Tehran, which were about 300 people. Thirty of them were selected as a sample (ten control groups and twenty experimental groups) and were evaluated through purposeful sampling and random assignment. Exercises were performed in twelve 20-minute sessions as a computer game, and Susan Pickering's working memory test and Frostig's visual-spatial perception test were used to test the data.

The data were mixed using variance statistics and analyzed with SPSS software. The significance level of the test (p<0.05) was considered. The findings showed that after removing the pre-test effect, there was a significant difference in working memory and visual-spatial perception between the control and experimental groups in the post-test.

The results of the effect of cognitive-oriented computer games on the executive actions of preschool children with neuropsychological learning disorders showed that cognitive-oriented computer games improve executive actions in the component Problem solving, planning, behavioral and emotional organization of preschool children with neuropsychological learning disorders are effective.

Internet and computer use independently of sedentary behaviors can have a negative effect on health. Nowadays, the widespread use of the Internet and computers has replaced physical activities in leisure time (1). In this regard, studies have shown various connections between extensive use of the Internet in leisure time and lower physical activity levels (2). In this regard, it has been found that the conditions of modern life in which technology, including the Internet, facilitates human life, can cause a decrease in physical activity. In general, students who actively participate in physical activity are less interested in activities such as sitting and working on the Internet for long hours, however, There is very little empirical research on this topic (3). On the other hand, it has been found that the use of the Internet is common among boys and girls, and all the age groups are vulnerable, especially children and teenagers. The prevalence of this disorder has increased in children and adolescents, because they are growing and psychologically unstable, easily influenced by the media, and vulnerable to the development of addictive behavior (4). On the other hand, there is a large part of educational, academic and scientific materials in virtual space that will be accessible through the Internet, These things have caused the use of the Internet to increase in today's life so that it will be difficult to live without the Internet On the other hand (according to the report of the World Health Organization), there is no consensus in the definition of "excessive use of the Internet" and in the definition of its excessive use, different times have been reported in different researches This excessive use may cause physical, motor and psychological problems for children Therefore; Experimental research in the field of Internet addiction is very important (5).

To carry out the current applied research, which is descriptive-correlational, survey and quantitative, among the students of schools in Tehran in the academic year of 2021-2022 and based on the results obtained from the G Power software, 438  available students were selected as samples. To collect the required data, Internet addiction questionnaires by Chen et al. (2003) and movement motivation by Nazarpuri et al. (2019) was used. Descriptive statistics in the form of tables and graphs were used for data analysis, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and structural equations were used in the inferential part. All analyzes were done using SPSS and Smart PLS software.

There is an inverse relationship between Internet addiction and students' movement motivation, and Internet addiction reduces students' movement motivation. The Internet addiction variable explains a total of 17/0 of the variance of the students' movement motivation variable, which, considering the values ​​related to the effect size, the coefficient index of this value is estimated to be low, in other words, Internet addiction can explain the variable variance of students' movement motivation at a low level.

In the present research, it was found that there is a relationship between Internet addiction and students' movement motivation. In this regard and in line with the findings of the present study, Takhtei et al. (1400), compared motor skills and body mass index of 7 to 10 year old male students with and without Internet addiction and concluded that there was a significant difference between gross and fine skills, motor proficiency, and there is also a significant difference in the body mass index of students with and without Internet addiction, meaning that children with internet addiction showed poorer performance in gross and fine motor skills and motor proficiency and also had a higher body mass index. Internet addiction may be associated with obesity and poor performance in gross motor skills, therefore, it is recommended to take necessary measures in this field for prevention (12). In another study in this regard, Hosseyni Beheshtian (2012) showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the characteristics of neuroticism and extroversion and Internet addiction. It was also found that there is a negative relationship between the characteristics of adaptability and conscientiousness and Internet addiction (13). To explain the above findings, it can be said that using the Internet and computer can replace physical activities in free time (14). In this regard, researches have shown various relationships between extensive use of the Internet and lower body mass index and physical activity level (15). However, we have to note that the conditions of modern life in which technology, including the Internet facilitates human life, can cause a decrease in physical activity; It has been found that students who are actively involved in physical activity, are less interested in activities such as sitting and working on the Internet for long hours (16). According to the above content, the relationship between internet addiction and lack of  movement motivation seems logical. On the other hand, the increase in the prevalence of disorders in children and adolescents is due to the fact that they are growing and are psychologically unstable, easily susceptible to the influence of the media, and are more vulnerable to the development of addictive behavior (17), Also, due to the spread of the Corona virus, course materials were taught in the virtual space, and currently there is a large amount of the course materials in the virtual space, which has increased the use of the Internet in today's life (18). All these factors cause the lack of movement in children and students and as a result, there is no motivation for movement. Therefore, the findings of the present study are reasonable. We hope that by using the results of this study, we can provide experts and families with a clear view on the relationship between Internet addiction and movement motivation, so that they can use it to plan in the best possible way to reduce the use of the internet. However, the lack of access to all members of the society, the lack of control over the psychological conditions and the socio- economic status of the families are the limitations of the present study that may affect the results of the it.

Today, drug abuse has become one of the most important issues related to health by decreasing the quality of life, increasing the death rate, reducing social and moral values, and increasing criminal behaviors. Psychiatric disorders along with drug abuse have had destructive effects on physical, psychological, social, family, and social communication issues, and the consequences of this disease will cause enormous costs for governments. This research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy in improving adaptive behavior in people with drug abuse.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up plan with a control group. The current research was of the type of applied research and in terms of the research method, it was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The population of the present study includes all people who are suffering from drug abuse and went to government addiction treatment centers in District 5 of Tehran for treatment of their addiction within three months (December to March 1400). After determining the research sample and the desired treatment center, by checking the general characteristics of the participants and conducting an initial interview, the clients with the necessary conditions for the research were identified, and then three groups of 15 people were separated based on the random sampling method from the available population. The participants were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. All the subjects completed all the research tools two times (before and after the treatment). The schema therapy sessions are tried to be following Yang's therapy model. In the same way, the intervention process is implemented using cognitive and experimental strategies and behavioral pattern-breaking. The intervention included 15 schema therapy sessions for the experimental group and the control group did not receive any intervention. The meetings were held for two hours and once a week. Also, the experimental group received 12 sessions of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy in a group based on Michael Frey's instructions (2005), but the control group did not receive any intervention. Before the beginning of the treatment sessions, the researcher explained the nature and objectives of the sessions to the participants and answered the questions raised by the subjects. Bell's compatibility questionnaire (1961) was used to collect data. SPSS software and multivariate covariance analysis tests were used for data analysis.

By removing the effect of pre-test scores, the difference between the average scores of the post-test in the adaptive behavior variable and its components in the two experimental groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and schema therapy and the control group is significant (0.5 0≥p). In other words, the results show that the difference in the adjusted averages of the post-test in the score of adaptive behaviors and its components by groups was significant (p ≥ 0.05). The amount of this effect in improving adaptive behaviors in the post-exam stage is 25%, in the family component 52%, in the health (physical) component 16%, in the emotional (emotional) component 0.31, in the occupational component 0.68 and in the social component it is 22 percent. Also, based on the results of the above table, by removing the effect of the pre-test scores, the difference between the mean follow-up scores in the adaptive behavior variable and some of its components in the two experimental groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and schema therapy and the control group is significant (01/ 0 ≥p). In other words, the results indicate that the difference between the adjusted averages of follow-up in the score of adaptive behaviors and family, emotional, and occupational components by group was significant (p ≥ 0.01). The amount of this effect in improving adaptive behaviors is 30% in the follow-up phase, 31% in the family component, 0.33% in the emotional component, and 0.38% in the occupational component, but by removing the effect of the pre-test scores, the difference between the average scores Follow-up in health (physical) and social components is not meaningful. The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective than schema therapy in improving adaptive behavior in people suffering from substance abuse.

The findings indicated that adaptive behavior in people suffering from drug abuse improved significantly after cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy sessions. The findings of this research can provide useful information for counselors and psychotherapists about the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy in improving adaptive behavior in people suffering from drug abuse. Therefore, during cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions, people with substance abuse disorder identify their negative emotions in social and communication fields and instead of avoiding people, they face them. In addition, cognitive and problem-solving techniques also help to increase self-awareness and reduce avoidance in people, and these factors help people with substance abuse disorders to correctly recognize and deal with negative emotions in the social context. Communication can reduce interpersonal problems in people with substance abuse disorder. In this study, the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and schema therapy in improving adaptive behavior in people suffering from drug abuse was investigated.

From the beginning of the closure of schools and universities to help eliminate this disease, the concern of developing and implementing educational programs to continue education at home and in-home quarantine conditions, to the biggest challenge of educational systems, that is, both education and Cultivation and higher education have become. This challenge and concern has been raised not only in our country but also for all the countries of the world, in such a way that international institutions and organizations such as the World Health Organization and UNICEF are working hard to develop curricula and guidelines and Educational and training guides have been forced for these conditions. One of the very important and serious programs that was proposed and carried out from the side of education and higher education is the discussion of electronic education or education through virtual space. Considering the importance of academic failure in the educational system for students, parents, and educational policymakers, especially during the coronavirus epidemic, the present research seeks to qualitatively investigate the factors involved in virtual education during the Corona epidemic and provide a model for predictions. It is a drop in education.

The current research method was a qualitative type of grounded theory. The research community included all students, teachers, and parents of secondary schools in Sabzevar city. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis in this section was done in two stages. In the first stage, it was done using thematic analysis. One of the simple and efficient methods of qualitative analysis is thematic analysis. This method was based on the assumption that by analyzing linguistic messages, it is possible to discover meanings, attitudinal priorities, and ways of understanding and organizing the world. To perform thematic analysis, the interview text with the participants is recorded and implemented. The text of the interviews will be reviewed several times and meaning units will be extracted from them. After identifying the primary semantic units from the text interviews, condensed semantic units were formed and codes were extracted. In this part, summarizing means reducing the size of semantic units and does not change the quality of the data, but creates compressed semantic units. After that, the units of analysis were reviewed several times and coded and categorized based on conceptual and semantic similarities. Also, experts and additional comments from colleagues were used to analyze and change information and review coding. Allocating enough time to this stage and having good communication with the interviewees were other factors that increased the credibility of the data. The obtained codes were classified based on their similarities and differences. The obtained categories were used to develop a model for predicting academic failure.

The results showed that by examining and categorizing the descriptive codes obtained from the interview texts, 52 subcategories were identified and according to their similarity and semantic affinity, they were divided into 12 main categories in the form of 6 phenomena including causal conditions, central factor, intervening factors, background of the phenomenon, strategies and consequences were categorized. In the second stage, that is, axial coding, the main axes were formulated, and the meaning of important phrases was explained. The themes and concepts related to it are mentioned in the table below. At this stage, to comprehensively categorize the phenomena in the dominant of different influences on the phenomenon and in the framework of the underlying theoretical factors, to measure the model of relationships between factors in the form of 6 phenomena including causal conditions, central factor, intervening factors, substrate the phenomenon, strategies and consequences are categorized. In the selective coding stage, as the last stage of coding, categories, and general themes were replaced in the central codes proposed. The following is the final selection coding table.

Based on the findings, it can be stated that during the occurrence of health-related crises such as the coronavirus, considering a preventive solution such as increasing the Internet platform, improving hardware and software, and creating a culture of using virtual space. He managed the consequences of the drop in education caused by the crisis, and it is necessary to pay attention to these matters. The results indicate that containment measures have had a very large impact on educational activities on average, and using new data on measures such as school holidays and staying at home and fiscal and monetary policies that have been implemented in response to the crisis. It is found that these measures brought the highest economic costs and the stagnation of some activities. In the wake of the epidemic of corona disease and with the virtualization of classes and training and the lack of attention of students to the lessons, as well as other factors such as being far from the space and environment of education, or perhaps the lack of work of students and sometimes teachers, has caused During this period, students will face a drop in academic performance and pay less attention to the lesson. Even at the beginning, some of the teachers and students were not familiar with these environments, and it took some time for them to settle in and receive proper training. Also, other problems such as disconnection and connection of virtual classes and slow internet have doubled the problems. In addition to the problems of the Shad network, teachers also face difficulties in transferring educational content. On the other hand, putting children on the computer or mobile phone system and doing homework has become one of the concerns of the family. Now, what should be done so that both the students understand the lesson well and follow it, and the families do not have to worry about their children's academic failure? Some students think that not going to school and staying at home means that school and lessons are closed.

Today, in the era of global medicine, where international travel and online medical information are easily available to the public, health tourism is an important issue, for national healthcare systems, and from a global health point of view. Patients all over the world can choose their treatment system by getting enough information from unlimited sources and independent of borders and financial resources, and easily buy a plane ticket to go to any destination they want. The present research explains the development model of making dreams. Medical and health tourism is based on experiential marketing. Experimental marketing was designed to build tourism dreams, which were designed using a data-based approach and based on data obtained from past studies and interviews with experts in the field of tourism in Khuzestan province. Relying on experiential marketing.

This research is a descriptive-survey in terms of practical purpose, in terms of data collection, and quantitative research. The research community was formed by tourists visiting Khuzestan province during the years 2022-2023 (the last 10 years), whose number is unlimited and uncertain. The sample size based on Cochran's formula was 384 people who were selected by simple random method. Data collection was done through a closed questionnaire, the reliability and validity of which were confirmed through the conducted tests.

The aforementioned questionnaire was prepared based on the results of data-based analysis related to the data obtained from the interviews with experts in the model design phase. To test the model of using experiential marketing in the construction of tourism dreams, the structural equation model test was used, which was done through PLS software.

The most important element in experiential marketing is establishing constructive communication with tourists; According to this issue, tourism marketers should create interaction with tourists, improve social relations and create two-way and sincere communication with tourists. In general, people who have already traveled to a destination usually talk about their travel experiences with others. These experiences and their history of traveling to a destination can be much more acceptable than other sources of information. Tourism planners should try to provide suitable tangible products to tourists and leave good memories for them. This good experience will serve as a positive advertisement and create the right image in the minds of tourists. Using information technology and creating an internet base with the aim of providing better and more effective information to the target markets and providing information needed by potential tourists, as well as creating websites for travel companies to express the opinions and views of customers about the services provided at the destination, to be aware of the existing weaknesses and to fix them, and to encourage customers to talk about the destination and its services with others in virtual environments, which causes the transfer of a favorable image of the destination among will be tourists. Preparing and presenting tourist guidebooks that represent the tourist places of the desired region and presenting them to tourists so that both tourists can use the information and can use it to introduce the desired destination to their friends, relatives and acquaintances. It seems useful and necessary for them to use it. Tourism destinations should use branding strategies to create a competitive advantage for themselves. The personality of the brand is one of the long-term effective factors in the formation of the special value of the brand. Therefore, destinations should consider these factors when formulating their business strategies so that they can create a suitable character of the destination in the minds of tourists. It is suggested that in order to increase trust in the destination brand, marketers should fulfill the obligations they have conveyed to the minds of customers through advertising and brand stabilization activities, otherwise the credibility of the advertised messages, image created and also consumers' trust in the brand name will decrease. Providing the promised services to customers and hiring people who best meet the needs of customers leads to the formation of trust in the destination. Tourism policy makers should always keep in mind that one of the reasons for choosing tourist destinations by tourists is to gain new experiences and adventures and also to enjoy them. Therefore, it is expected that tourism organizations, using management sciences and modern innovations, provide ideal and new conditions for tourists to gain experiences so that they can respond to such needs and that to satisfy Considering the difference in taste and character (part of which is related to the geographical environment), people certainly have different needs and characteristics. Based on this issue, tourism organizations are not excluded from this category, and in order to be ready to respond to the different needs of tourists, these organizations should long ago understand the needs of general tourists, potential and actual tourists, the characteristics of tourists. , identify and predict the feelings and emotions as well as the attractions of the tourists and make the necessary plans to respond to each of them by obtaining detailed information from the tourists. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the model variables. In such a way that the causal conditions have a positive effect on the central phenomenon; The central phenomenon, background conditions, and intervention conditions have a positive, positive, and negative effect on strategies, respectively; And finally, the strategies had a positive and significant effect on the results.

The society attaches special importance to giving birth and raising children; to regulate this, it uses incentives and punishments. However, the importance of procreation is not limited to the social level; rather, at the level of wisdom, that is, the family, having children also has a fundamental place. The desire to have a child is naturally embedded in the human body. Several factors influence parents' intention to have children. Having a child is considered a natural part of adult life and includes raising children, sharing life with them, and accepting responsibility for their happiness and well-being. Individual motives for having children are related to family, emotional, and social goals, and factors such as socio-cultural, structural, and background conditions affect decision-making in this regard. These factors are closely related to social beliefs and values about having children, the number of children, and individual acceptance of cultural norms and values. In Iranian society, children are traditionally considered divine gifts and their presence seems normal and desirable, while their absence requires an explanation. The desire to have a child is naturally embedded in the human body. Several factors influence parents' intention to have children. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explain the effects of dissatisfaction with life on the reduction of childbearing in Iranian society and family.

The current research was conducted with a combined method, the research has two statistical associations. The statistical population of the qualitative part is the people who were referred to the health-treatment centers of Fars province in 2022 and the statistical population of the quantitative part is all the couples between 20 and 45 years of age in Fars province with the Cochran formula and through multi-stage cluster sampling. The statistical sample of the qualitative section referring to health-treatment centers was also selected using the available sample method. Data collection was done in the quantitative part through questionnaires and in the qualitative part through in-depth interviews. Quantitative data analysis was done in the questionnaire section using SPSS version 23 software, and in-depth interviews were conducted in the (qualitative) section through content analysis and coding methods.

According to the significance value (sig) calculated between the two domains, which is equal to 0.000 and because this number is smaller than 0.05, therefore, there is a significant difference between the two variables of dissatisfaction with life and the reduction of childbearing in the society and families of the city. There is a significant relationship with Shiraz. Also, according to the intensity of our obtained correlation, which is equal to 0.140, therefore, there is a positive correlation, with a weak intensity and with a direct direction, between the two variables of dissatisfaction with life and the reduction of childbearing in society and families of Shiraz city; In this way, the higher the dissatisfaction with life among the couples, the lower the number of children will increase. Accordingly, the fourth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The variable of dissatisfaction with life was able to predict the reduction of childbearing in Shiraz City with a determination coefficient of 0.019%. In other words, the variable of dissatisfaction with life has been able to explain 0.019% of the changes related to the reduction of childbearing in Shiraz city.

The results of the survey showed that the higher the dissatisfaction with life in couples, the lower the number of children in society. In today's society, many factors such as economic, social, and psychological pressures can fuel dissatisfaction with life. When people feel that their lives are not of good quality or that they cannot meet their needs, likely, their decisions about having children will likely also be affected. Declining childbearing may be due to concerns about meeting the needs of the child, lack of adequate social support, or fear of reducing one's quality of life. Although this relationship is weak, it is worth pondering because it shows that policymakers and planners should pay special attention to improving people's quality of life and increasing their satisfaction. Supporting measures such as creating job opportunities, reducing living costs, increasing access to health and welfare services, and strengthening the sense of social security can be effective in reducing people's dissatisfaction and, as a result, increasing the desire to have children. On the other hand, these findings emphasize the importance of family planning and providing psychological counseling to couples. If couples have the necessary support and can feel more satisfied with their lives, their attitudes towards childbearing will probably change. This issue is also related to cultural and social policies that should try to strengthen positive values about family and childbearing. Finally, this research shows that dissatisfaction with life is not only an individual issue but can have broad demographic and social consequences. By understanding this relationship and addressing the factors affecting it, it is possible to prevent the declining process of having children in society and help to strengthen the foundation of families. The increase in dissatisfaction with life among couples is simultaneously associated with a decrease in the desire to have children. This issue can refer to complex conditions in which factors such as economic problems, social pressures, and psychological concerns play a prominent role. Couples who are not satisfied with their quality of life usually have more negative views about the future. These concerns may include not being able to provide for the needs of children, not having enough support from society, or feeling pressured to fulfill parental responsibilities. In such a situation, they prefer to avoid long-term decisions such as having children as much as possible.

High school students are in the period of adolescence, and adolescence is a complex period of growth that has always been considered more difficult than childhood years from the perspective of teenagers and parents. The adolescent years are an important stage of a person's social-psychological growth and development. Sudden and widespread changes that occur in all aspects of a teenager's life create a critical phase that will naturally bring problems and incompatibilities. The problems that exist in this period can prevent the use of all the abilities and potential of a person. Spiritual intelligence is one of the factors that have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years and is one of the valuable achievements of researchers in recent years. Spiritual intelligence is a framework for identifying and organizing required skills and abilities; In such a way that by using spirituality, the adaptability of a person increases. Spiritual intelligence is able to facilitate or enhance awareness or a sense of connection with a higher power or a sacred being. In general, the emergence of the structure of spiritual intelligence can be considered as the application of spiritual capacities and resources in practical contexts and situations. People use spiritual intelligence when they want to use spiritual capacities and resources to make important decisions and think about issues. existential or trying to solve daily problems. Recent studies have shown that spiritual beliefs and practices have a positive relationship with psychological well-being. Spiritual tendencies prevent the emergence of incompatible and destructive behaviors. In the discussion of spiritual intelligence, specifically or in general, the presence of adaptive applications can be effective. The results of research, especially in people who suffer from physical health problems, show a positive relationship between spirituality and adaptability, the results of studies conducted in the field of spiritual intelligence and psychological characteristics and physical consequences indicate that between spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being, there is a significant relationship. Therefore, another concept that has been the focus of researchers in the field of mental health in behavioral sciences in recent years is psychological well-being. New approaches to health emphasize being good instead of being bad or sick. They do not consider the absence of disease to be enough to feel healthy, rather they believe that having a sense of satisfaction with life, sufficient progress, a positive mood and proper communication with the community are the characteristics of a healthy person. Therefore, a therapeutic approach that can reduce people's psychological problems and improve their psychological well-being and quality of life is of great importance. One of the effective approaches in this field is the treatment based on mindfulness, which is highly effective for the treatment of clinical and mood disorders. The quality of students' learning in school depends on their peace and mental health. Mindfulness is a path towards well-being and effective coping with the inevitable challenges of life, and by facilitating health self-regulation behavior, it increases well-being. Therefore, the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on the spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being of first-year adolescent students.

The design of the research was semi-experimental, pre-test-post-test, with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all the students of Banu Nusrat Rahnama High School in Behrman city with a population of 135 people in 1402-1401, and 40 people were selected as the final sample by simple random sampling. The research tools included Bade's spiritual intelligence questionnaire (1389) and Rif's psychological well-being (1989). The results were analyzed using the statistical method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni test.

The results showed that the interaction effect between the measurement time and experimental groups (F(6,33)=26.99, P=0.000) is significant, in the result between the two groups at least in one of the stages. In other words, there is a significant difference between the measurement time and the experimental groups. Also, the results showed that the psychological well-being variable between the pre-test and post-test stages (P=0.000) (, pre-test-follow-up (P=-11.32, 0.000), there is a significant difference and the variable is increasing; but between the stages of post-test-follow-up (P=0.71, 1) , there is no significant difference. In the control group, the results showed between the pre-test-post-test stages (P=0.21, pre-test-follow-up (P=0.36). and post-test-follow-up (P=2.23, 0.112), there is no significant difference. In the variable of spiritual intelligence between the pre-test-post-test stages (P=7.39, 0.000 -= (, pre-test-follow-up (P=7.44, 0.000), there is a significant difference and the variable is increasing, but between the post-test-follow-up stages (P=18.139, 0.000) There is no significant difference. In the control group, the results showed that between the pre-test-post-test phases (P=0.12, pre-test-follow-up (P=28/1) (=-0, and post-test-consecutive (0.85, P=1.1), there is no significant difference.

The general results showed that mindfulness training is effective on spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being of first-year adolescent students. Also, in the follow-up, the effectiveness of mindfulness training on the spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being of first year adolescent students was permanent. Therefore, it is suggested to teach mindfulness techniques to students, develop training programs for teachers to familiarize with mindfulness techniques and implement these techniques during teaching.

According to the relevant laws of Iran as well as the rules of international law, the responsibility of doctors towards patients can be moral or legal, and the legal responsibility or warranty itself will have a civil and criminal aspect. Medical responsibility is the responsibility of the doctor for the damages that he causes to the patient and these damages are caused by the performance of medical duties. The civil liability of doctors in the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2012 is that if the doctor is not at fault in knowledge and practice, there is no guarantee for him, even though He has not been acquitted. In fact, the new penal law has accepted the basis of fault and not negligence, while previously the presumption of fault was taken into account. It is further explained that the treatments performed by the doctor are examined from two criminal and civil aspects. These medical and surgical practices will not be a crime if there are conditions stipulated in Article 158 of the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2012. Although the proper place to propose regulations related to the civil liability of the doctor is in the civil law, there is no specific regulation in this regard in the civil law, and most of the regulations related to the doctor's guarantee are in the criminal laws. Despite the fact that the conditions of non-criminal liability are the same, unfortunately, the legislator has not followed a single basis regarding the civil liability of the doctor. Before the revolution, the civil liability of the doctor was based on fault according to the generality of the civil liability law approved in 1339. After the revolution, in various laws, including the Diet Law approved in 1361 and the Islamic Penal Code approved in 1370, the civil responsibility of the doctor has been recognized as pure responsibility. The rule of pure responsibility of the doctor has many supporters in jurisprudence, so that it is a famous saying regarding the doctor's guarantee. According to this famous fatwa, the legislator of our country has also approved the same sentence in various laws, for example, articles 319 and 321 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1370, and following the famous sentence, the only way to acquit the doctor is to acquit the doctor, which has been able to some extent. Adjust the laws governing the doctor's responsibility. In the international community, this issue has been considered by jurists. For example, in 1989, the Supreme Court of France commented on this for the first time and made legislation regarding the wrong transfer of embryos. According to the criminal law of this country, the people responsible during the wrong transfer, including doctors and nurses, and institutions that These actions are under its supervision, they are prosecuted according to their perpetrators and have criminal and civil liability. The doctor's guarantee regarding the wrong transfer of the fetus, which means the legal responsibility of the doctor for the wrong transfer of the fetus in its real mother to another woman, creates a compulsory guarantee for the wrongful doctor and a criminal guarantee for him or her (Article 1 comment) 495) approved in 2012, it is assumed that the doctor is not at fault, even if he has not been acquitted, or one can adhere to the general rule of freedom of contracts in Article 10 of the Civil Law and identify the responsibilities from this point of view. The parents of the person born from this mistake and his lineage, how to obtain the criminal guarantee due to the wrong transfer of the embryo, is raised.

This research is a descriptive-analytical type of research, and it was done in terms of collecting information in a library method and through the study of valid laws and sources, and the obtained information was analyzed and analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way.

The historical course of the doctor's guarantee confirms the absolute responsibility of the doctor in the previous law and the granting of freedom of action in the penal law approved in 2012 according to legal articles 158, 495, 496, 497, which has uncovered the legal gaps of this profession, although with the comparative review of the laws Internationally, the civil liability of the wrongful doctor in embryo transfer is accepted, and in Iran's related laws, in addition to the civil liability of the doctor, it is accepted in the theory of presumption of fault or forced guarantee.

In Iran's legal system, unlike other legal systems, there is no difference between the wrong transfer of an embryo and the transfer of an embryo in good faith, and in both cases, the doctor's responsibility is burdened. On the other hand, embryo transfer is done in embryo transfer centers today as an organizational activity, and therefore, the doctor's supervision in these cases should not be considered as his sole responsibility.

Cosmetic surgery is considered a kind of voluntary or elective surgery to improve the appearance of people, which can lead to an increase in self-esteem and self-confidence. Rhinoplasty is one of the most challenging facial procedures, which is among the five most popular cosmetic procedures. In recent years, rhinoplasty has become more popular among Iranian people, and currently, Iran has the highest number of rhinoplasty in the world. Although thousands of people apply for rhinoplasty every year, only 10% of them have abnormal nose function, and other nose surgeries are performed to improve the shape of the nose and the overall beauty of the face. Psychological factors play an important role in cosmetic surgeries as well as post-operative satisfaction. Psychological problems including low self-esteem, anxiety, and personality disorders such as perfectionism, practical obsession, bipolar disorder, and even psychotic symptoms may lead people to undergo cosmetic surgery. In this regard, some researchers believe that a person's perception of his appearance plays a vital role in his self-esteem. Therefore, people seek rhinoplasty just to increase their self-confidence. On the contrary, other researchers consider these people to be completely psychologically healthy. They are eager for cosmetic surgery just for more beauty. Previous studies have shown significant psychological problems in cosmetic surgery volunteers, and about 70% of participants had a series of psychological disorders such as depression, neuroticism, and passive-aggressive personality. Women who underwent cosmetic surgery had a self-centered personality with childish, active, impulsive, competitive, reactive, perfectionist, seductive, and superficial emotions. Young people need to be noticed in society and therefore they try to improve their appearance with cosmetic surgeries. Therefore, the feeling of dissatisfaction with body image and anxiety leads to a tendency towards cosmetic surgeries. Psychological assessment of rhinoplasty candidates should focus on their self-esteem, body image, and satisfaction. Therefore, assessing the psychological health and motivation of people is the most important action after completing the patient history and physical examination. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the psychological and psychosocial causes of the tendency to plastic nose surgery in the Iranian population. Psychological, social and behavioral factors can influence the applicants' willingness for cosmetic surgeries. This study aimed to investigate the socio-psychological causes of tendency towards cosmetic rhinoplasty.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants planned to undergo rhinoplasty in Shahid Rajaee Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, during 2023-2024. Data were collected using the Millon personality questionnaire, the Likert scale questionnaire, the multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire (MBSRQ), and a researcher-made questionnaire on psychological aspects of rhinoplasty.

Single females with an education level higher than a diploma tend more to cosmetic rhinoplasty. Females earning less than 50 million Rials per month had more willingness to undergo cosmetic rhinoplasty than those earning more than 50 million Rials per month. The MBSRQ showed no statistically significant differences between the mean score of perfectionism, body satisfaction, others' opinions, and the media effects with respect to demographic factors (marital status, job status, education level, and income) (p>0.05). However, the MBSRQ showed a significant difference in the MBSR mean score between the low-income and high-income groups (p=0.013).

In general, older people may try to manage or change their physical appearance. They try to fight to age with cosmetic surgery. The results of this study showed that the age of applicants has no significant negative correlation with MBSR and perfectionism. In addition, the age of the applicants had no significant positive correlation with the opinions of others and satisfaction with their bodies. Also, with increasing age, the influence of the media on the desire for rhinoplasty increased, but this correlation was not statistically significant, which does not agree with the findings of previous studies. This study has limitations due to important methodological flaws such as the lack of prior estimation of the sample size, although the researchers used the maximum possible number of subjects. However, due to the relatively small number of participants in this study and limited reports from Iran, conducting future studies with a larger sample size and using more comprehensive questionnaires seems necessary. Regarding the role of socio-psychological factors in a tendency towards cosmetic rhinoplasty and its effects on the general health, preoperative psychiatric assessment and psychological counseling of applicants before cosmetic rhinoplasty is highly recommended.

There is limited research on the psychological problems arising from the spread of COVID-19 and its infection. However, some studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic indicated that 23% to 48% of the general population experienced depression and anxiety. "Corona anxiety" refers to anxiety resulting from being infected with the coronavirus, often due to the unknown nature of the disease and the cognitive ambiguity caused by it. Home quarantine, university closures, and online education have resulted in increased anxiety among students, which could lead to nervous overeating, reduced eating, or emotional eating. Unbalanced eating behaviors, including emotional eating, are common issues among students. Research suggests that the prevalence of unbalanced eating behaviors among young individuals, especially young women, is on the rise. Unbalanced eating behaviors include emotional eating (scattered and distinct), external eating, and restrained eating. Emotional eating refers to a tendency to eat in response to negative emotional states such as anger, fear, or anxiety. In external eating behavior, eating and food consumption are influenced by external stimuli such as visual or olfactory cues. Restrained eating occurs in individuals who follow strict diets. When individuals disrupt the body's vital balance with strict regimens, physiological defense mechanisms attempt to return the body to its previous state. In such situations, individuals engage in severe overeating as a compensatory response. In Lucas's study, 33% of the women student scored high in the eating attitude test and had a partial eating syndrome. With the 12–18-month follow-up of these students, it was found that 20% of them had some kind of eating disorder later. In recent years, the prevalence and occurrence of the eating disorders is increasing, so that the study of Ghasempour Gargari et al. showed that 36.3% of the studied students had mild eating disorder syndrome. Uncontrolled anxiety and unbalanced eating behaviors can impact the academic achievements of students. The study aimed to determine the effect of COVID-19-related anxiety on emotional eating behaviors among students at the Iran University of Medical Sciences in the year 2021untill 2022.

273 students of Iran University of Medical Sciences participated in this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The sampling method was a cluster among the faculties and available among the students. Data gathering tools were demographic form, the standard questionnaires of Dutch eating behavior and Corona disease anxiety. The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by previous studies. The data were collected through online questionnaires provided via the PORSLINE platform. Necessary coordination was done with the educational authorities of the selected faculties to obtain contact information for class representatives. Then, the online questionnaire links were shared with student groups through virtual networks. The collected data were exported as Excel files from the PORSLINE platform, each questionnaire having a unique identification code. These data were entered into SPSS version 26 for analysis. The normality of the data was assessed using skewness, kurtosis, and the Shapiro-Wilk test. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences with the approval number IR.IUMS.REC.1400.300.

The average age of participants in this study was 23.79 with a standard deviation of 3.06. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 23.44 with a standard deviation of 3.41, falling within the normal range. The normal BMI range for adults is from 18.5 to 25, overweight range is from 25 to 30, and individuals with a BMI of 30 and above are classified as obese. Among those who had experienced weight gain in the past six months, there were 79 individuals with an average weight gain of 0.4 kg. Participants who had experienced weight loss were 34 individuals with an average weight loss of 2.1 kg. The majority of participants were women, single, unemployed, and from Tehran province. Most of the participating students were studying in midwifery and nursing fields at the bachelor's level. Individuals who had contractedCOVID-19 were almost five times more prevalent among the participants compared to others. More than half of the participants had maintained a stable weight in the past six months and did not experience abnormal eating behavior. The average scores for psychological anxiety and physical anxiety among students were 7.68 and 62.1, with standard deviations of 4.64 and 2.52, respectively. The average score for overall COVID-19-related anxiety was 29.9 with a standard deviation of 6.29. Non-native students had higher levels of physical anxiety compared to native students (p < 0.001). In general, the mean scores for emotional eating, clear eating, external eating, and restrained eating were 3.10, 5.21, 8.33, and 4.25, respectively. Except for external eating, other eating behaviors were at a moderate level. According to the independent t-test results, the average restrained eating score was significantly lower in men compared to women (p < 0.001). Additionally, the average score of eating based on external stimuli was significantly higher in individuals who were unemployed (p < 0.01). The mean scores for emotional eating, clear eating, and external eating were higher in students who had not maintained a stable weight in the past six months compared to others (p < 0.05). The mean scores for restrained eating, clear eating, and external eating were significantly higher in students who had experienced abnormal eating behavior (p < 0.001). The mean score for external eating behavior was higher in nursing and midwifery students compared to other majors (p < 0.05).There was a weak positive correlation between age and restrained eating behavior. With increasing age, restrained eating behavior also increased (p< 0.05). Based on the obtained correlation coefficient values, psychological anxiety, physical anxiety, and total anxiety had a significant positive relationship with each other. There was a significant positive relationship between the dimensions of eating behaviors. However, there was no significant relationship between overall anxiety and its dimensions with eating behaviors.The multiple regression analysis indicated that the gender of students predicted clear eating and restrained eating behaviors. The mean scores for these variables were lower in men compared to women. Abnormal eating behavior predicted emotional eating, clear eating, external eating, and restrained eating behaviors, with higher mean scores in individuals who had experienced abnormal eating behavior. Emotional eating and its subdimensions were predictors of the history of weight gain in the past six months. Eating based on external stimuli was more prevalent among nursing and midwifery students compared to other majors.The Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that BMI had a statistically significant relationship with all five variables: emotional eating, clear eating, external eating, restrained eating, and eating based on external stimuli. The multiple regression analysis also demonstrated that emotional eating, clear eating, external eating, and restrained eating were predictors of BMI. Physical anxiety and psychological anxiety did not have a significant relationship with any of the eating behavior variables.

There was no relationship between the average anxiety of Covid-19 and emotional eating behavior. In the design of promotion interventions in the field of reducing the anxiety of Corona, non-native students and in the field of emotional eating behaviors, female students, unemployed and studying in nursing-midwifery fields, those who have a high body mass index and a history of abnormal eating behavior should be considered.

Educational justice is one of the important variables in achieving the goals of education; Educational justice is a term used to describe the role of justice, which is directly related to classroom interactions. Especially in educational justice, the issue of how to treat students so that they feel that they have been treated fairly is raised. Educational justice includes providing all the potential and actual possibilities of educational environments, considering the unique talents and capabilities of people. Also, educational justice means providing equal educational opportunities for students, which is often related to equal treatment of teachers and students, especially in classes where there is a lot of diversity and difference between students. Justice is a moral concept, but educational justice is beyond a moral concept and requires appropriate mechanisms to realize it. Real progress is also based on the moral imperative of eradicating educational injustice, and the models of progress must also be able to reduce injustice. In this way, it is important to strengthen ethics as the most important support of educational justice, because all the factors that are effective in creating the social ethics of society also affect the creation of justice. Beliefs, values, and beliefs, along with economic, cultural, political, and geographical factors, are effective in the formation of public morality, all of which also play a role in the realization of justice. Educational justice can be examined from two different perspectives. It can be considered as a goal or as a means to achieve the long-term goal of social equality. In the classical liberal concept, equality means that all people are equal and free in rights regardless of race, color, social and national origin. In this sense, equality in education means that people should be equal at the beginning of working life and education. In a socialist view, education is seen as the main means of equalizing social differences. Equality of educational justice is achieved when all people are equal in attaining education. Justice is cultural and educational that can create alignment between the elements of society and move society towards higher goals. He aroused the sense of patriotism, sacrifice, self-sacrifice, and standing against oppression in that society and pioneered it with one voice, one heart, and one fabric in the way of construction, development, and progress. Educational justice can change the foundation of society. He moved the country towards a scientific outlook and respect for science. He can lead society from the most difficult paths to achieve greatness, he can free society from double poverty and deprivation, and with the proper distribution of resources, especially in the field of human resources, he can present worthy children to this pure land. Due to the importance of educational justice, the purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of employees' educational justice in the relationship between the excellence of education management and the job performance of employees.

The present study was qualitative and quantitative, the number of samples in the qualitative section was 20 people and the sample size was determined to be 320 people according to the number of the statistical population and based on the Karjesi and Morgan table. In this research, because the method of gathering information is a field, and to obtain information and data, it was done in two stages, quantitative and qualitative. SPSS and LISREL software were used to analyze the data in the qualitative part of the Delphi technique and the quantitative part of the structural equation modeling method.

According to the results of the present research, the educational justice of the employees is effective in the excellence of the education management and the job performance of the employees, and the components of the excellence plan have a significant effect on the job performance of the employees.

Considering the effect of the education management excellence plan on job performance with the mediating role of educational justice of education workers, holding in-service training in the form of various workshops to train the job performance of teachers to achieve the goals of educational excellence is hell. Limitations beyond the scope of the researcher include the poor cooperation of some respondents in completing the questionnaire due to various reasons such as lack of time, indifference, lack of knowledge, and ignorance of the people responsible for the research activity; the existence of administrative bureaucracy; Dispersion of subjects' workplaces in terms of distance and geography; There was a different understanding of the subjects in answering the questions. Considering the effect of the education management excellence plan on job performance with the mediating role of educational justice of education employees, it is suggested: to hold in-service training in the form of various workshops to train the job performance of teachers; Managers, assistants should be fully informed about the excellence of management and its effect on job performance with the mediator role of educational justice of employees, and most of them should be taken into consideration.

Educational planning is a series of overlapping and irregular stages in which various people and organizations are involved with diverse views, politically and technically. These steps include processes in which content and issues are analyzed, policies are identified and then implemented, re-evaluated, and redesigned. Based on this trend, a complete analysis of the education sector will require an understanding of the flow of educational policy, meaning "how" and "when" educational development will take place. Since the policy-making process is an important element in educational planning, it is important to clarify the concepts of "policy" and "policy-making". Policy is an explicit or implicit group or individual decision that provides a set of guidelines to guide future decisions, initiate or delay an action, or provide executive guidance on previous decisions. Policymaking is the first step in a planning cycle, and planners must conduct a dynamic assessment of how policies are set before they can effectively design the implementation and evaluation of a process. For educational policy-making in university units, the analysis of educational policies is done in several stages, achieving educational opportunities, equality in the distribution of educational services, the structure of the educational system, internal efficiency, and external efficiency of institutional arrangements for department management. Of course, evaluating the existing situation without evaluating the forces against and against change, when policy changes become necessary, is an incomplete analysis. Also, this evaluation should include the chance of success of various policies and strategies that should be used to implement and advance these policies. The fact is that in today's world, where we are witnessing tremendous changes and developments in various fields, the environment is facing a lot of turbulence and uncertainty, and the competition has become very intense. To achieve success in the field of competition, university systems must use a type of planning that is forward-looking and environmentally oriented, so that while identifying environmental factors and developments, in a long-term time horizon, their impact on the university and how to interact Determine it with them. Research policy is the same as strategic planning which, by examining the external and internal environment of the university, identifies environmental opportunities and threats and internal strengths and weaknesses, and sets long-term goals for the university keeping in mind the mission of the organization. To achieve these goals, from among the strategic options, he chooses strategies that rely on the strengths and eliminate the weaknesses, use the opportunitiesworthilyr, and avoid the threats. If it is implemented correctly, it will make the university successful in the field of competition. For educational policy-making, one should resort to different solutions. One of the solutions that has been receiving the attention of passers-by policy for several years is policy research. Policy research is the use of practical and scientific research in policy-making, with the use of this method, social issues are identified, sensitive information is collected, concepts and hypotheses are created, and more importantly, All research is recognized by policymakers. Policy research is closely related to agenda setting and its results are very useful for the development of public policies. Policy studies study the policy-making process. Political research is mainly carried out by political science specialists who are interested in the process of adopting policies and the effects of policies. Political research is effective in policy-making. The process of policy research is made up of four dimensions: identifying problems and identifying issues, understanding the main issues, supporting the program of selective measures, and evaluating the effect and control process. Considering the importance of educational policy-making in today's world and the consequences of this type of policy-making, the present study studied the process of policy research in educational policy-making in the university units of Mazandaran province. The current research aims to provide a model for the qualitative model of educational research policy in universities of medical sciences.

This research was of an exploratory type: thematic analysis in the qualitative part and a descriptive survey in the quantitative part. In the qualitative section, the studied population included academic (faculty members) and organizational (Islamic Azad universities) experts. The quantitative section included all academic faculty members of universities in Mazandaran province. The sample size in the qualitative part was 12 interviewees according to the saturation principle and the purposeful sampling method. In the quantitative part, 242 people were selected based on the calculation of the sample size in structural equations and the stepwise cluster random sampling method. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire with 62 items taken from the theoretical foundations, research background, and interviews with experts in the quantitative part. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part was theoretical coding (open, central, and selective) and in the quantitative part, it included structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis.

The results showed that the university research policy variable had 6 dimensions educational, research, social and cultural, financial and administrative, international and environmental policies, and the educational policy variable included the dimensions of education content, education quality, finance, and budget. Monitoring and evaluation were political, social, cultural, and linguistic. The results showed that there is a causal and correlational relationship between the variable of university research policy and educational policy in terms of R2 values ​​with a value of 0.473 and a path coefficient value of 0.560 and about 56% of the components and dimensions of educational policy They are determined by the components and dimensions of university policy research.

In general, according to the results of the study, it can be shown that providing a qualitative model of educational research policy in universities of medical sciences can be of special importance in education. In the interpretation of this topic, it should be mentioned that the formulation and implementation of research policies in universities has a direct effect on educational policy and this relationship can be very useful for improving the quality and efficiency of the educational system. This finding can be an important point for university managers and decision-makers. According to this finding, they can formulate university research policies more carefully so that they can implement the most effective educational policies. In addition, this finding can be useful for increasing interaction and cooperation between faculty members and university administrators in the field of policy formulation and implementation. In general, this finding shows that attention to university research policy and its coordination with educational policy can facilitate and accelerate the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the educational system and ultimately lead to the best teaching and learning methods for students and faculty members. According to these results, it can be concluded that paying attention to research policies and formulating appropriate strategies in this field can facilitate and accelerate the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the educational system. Also, by examining this model and the connections between policy research and educational policy, university managers and decision-makers can make better decisions to improve performance and raise the level of education in universities. Finally, these results can contribute to the development and improvement of university policies to lead to the creation of an effective and efficient environment for teaching and learning that contributes to the progress of society and the social and economic development of the country.

People's Exercise performance and sports can be influenced by various factors. Coaches and other influential people control athletes' behavior through motivational speeches, so that their motivational speeches are the most effective external factors that motivate athletes. Some of them use self-confidence-building techniques such as: expressing positive expressions, emphasizing the athlete's capabilities, encouraging the athlete to define and praise himself, verbal encouragement, using words with a positive meaning, attributing the athlete's success to internal factors, encouraging the athlete By reflecting their moods and performance, the use of the image of a race in which they won or will win, will increase the success of athletes. Humanity has followed different ways to achieve success and prosperity since long ago. Among psychologists, people like Freud have proposed the word "self-confidence" with a different perspective, and Maslow has discussed self-improvement more than anyone else. And can control thoughts in the form of more beautiful and understandable words for us. People like Piaget and Vygotsky expressed the effect of inner dialogue or self-talk in a different form of speech, and people like Bandura expressed self-efficacy and its components such as verbal encouragement, which according to various researches, if used correctly, improve performance. The presence of others, including competitors, spectators, and teammates, can have various effects on social facilitation. It means that it positively or negatively affects a person's performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of verbal persuasion (individual and group) on exercise performance of students with source-control correlates and Gender.

The study is semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical sample includes 120 male and female students from associate degree to master's degree of Islamic Azad University, Qochan branch in the academic year it is 2018-2019. The study is semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. In this regard, a sample of 120 male and female students was selected using available sampling method and randomly replaced in three groups. First, the running record of 4 × 9 meters was taken from the three groups. Then the first group received individual verbal persuasion, the second group received group verbal persuasion, and the third group (control) did not receive persuasion.  Finally, the new record of 4 × 9 meters was achieved. Analysis of covariance and externally postoperative test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that verbal persuasion (individual and group) has a positive effect on increasing the running record of 4 × 9 meters. But the source of control and g ender do not have a positive effect on increasing the running record of 4 × 9 meters.

What is certain, based on theories such as: Piaget, Vygotsky, Bandura, Ellis, Beck and Collins and various researchers, the effect of various types of verbal encouragement and punishment in the lives of different people can be different and have intensity and It is a weakness and athletes cannot be exempted from society. Verbal encouragement and mental exercise techniques such as imagery and self-talk have been proven to increase self-confidence. Self-talk (self-expression, spontaneous thoughts, speech therapy) plays an important role in the relationship between events and emotions. It is true that, based on various researches, professionalism in sports can cause changes in the effects of encouragement or punishment, but still, everyone is under the influence of it overtly or covertly, either consciously or unconsciously. Because the observed researches that have been conducted so far in the field of verbal persuasion have not distinguished between self-talk, individual verbal persuasion and group verbal persuasion, and they have not directly investigated the determinants of the source of control and gender as a result of them, so it can be concluded by referring to related researches. that the results of this research in the field: "source of control (internal and external) and gender (male and female) determine the effect of verbal persuasion (individual and group) on the sports performance of students (running record 9 x 4 meters)". Researches: in the context of the role of family function in the source of control and improving the dimensions of behavioral control, emotional reaction and role playing (Fayaz et al., 2016) in the context of the positive relationship between motivational beliefs and the source of control with the academic progress of students in the field of the relationship between the source of control and academic progress In the context of the positive effect of gender on cognitive strategies and self-regulation strategies in the context of the positive relationship between the GPA and the source of control, as well as between gender, mother's education and satisfaction with the environment of growth and education with the GPA of students in the context of the positive relationship between the source of internal control and self-regulation of students. Therefore, it seems that according to the obtained results by using individual and group verbal persuasions appropriate to different cultures and situations, the best and most effective ones can be selected and used at the right time.

Pain is a personal and subjective feeling and a human experience, which is defined as an unpleasant feeling related to tissue damage, and the process of understanding pain is done by the brain. Providing medical services in children has always been associated with difficulties due to the difficulty in communicating and the ineffectiveness of reassuring methods in children as in adults. Pain and fear are seen in most cases in the provision of health services in children. Surveys show that 87% of children experience pain and stress associated with receiving medical services, which in most cases is the fear of needles and needle-related processes, which is the cause of aggravating anxiety, stress and psychological discomfort in children. It can manifest as crying, screaming, body twisting or muscle tightening. The child's conscious focus on pain causes the perception and feeling of pain to intensify, which in turn causes a decrease in the child's cooperation in the treatment, as well as an increase in the required time and effort required to perform the treatment correctly. There are treatment processes that waste the time and energy of the treatment staff. There are always painful processes in providing medical services to children, which include vaccinations, injections, repairing lacerations, changing burn dressings. Pain, in turn, causes a decrease in the child's participation in medical services and an increase in the required time and efforts required to perform the treatment procedures correctly. To deal with stress and then the pain caused by the procedures, various techniques are used, which are generally divided into two categories, pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological, according to the psychological importance of pain in treatment processes and psychological effects and feedback. Dealing with it correctly In this study, we examined the effect of cartoons on reducing pain during stitches in children aged 6 to 3 years who referred to the emergency room of Ali Asghar, Haft Tir and Firozabadi hospitals.

The current study is a randomized clinical trial that was conducted on 218 children aged 3 to 6 years who referred to the emergency rooms of the studied hospitals who needed stitches. Children were randomly placed in two groups, case and control. For randomization, to conduct this study, simple randomization technique was used with the help of coin toss software to assign each patient to the case and control groups. Entry criteria included: child Between the ages of 3 and 6, he was referred to the emergency room of Ali Asghar, Haft Tir and Firozabadi medical centers with a complaint of stabbing injury. Exclusion criteria include: the child's lack of consent, the parents' lack of consent; multiple trauma cases were considered in the case group (case) in addition to the standard treatment i.e. local anesthesia, cartoons were also played for them and the control group only with the help of local anesthesia were treated and cartoons were not played for them. The child's pain level was asked based on the 10-point FLACC questionnaire in both groups. Quantitative descriptive statistics were expressed in the form of mean ± standard deviation and qualitative descriptive statistics were expressed as percentages. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPSS) v.26 software (IBM, New York, United States). Quantitative descriptive statistics were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and qualitative descriptive statistics were expressed as percentages. Due to the sample size, normal distribution was checked with the help of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with a significance level of less than 0.001. The comparison between quantitative variables is done by the Independent Sample T-test, and in case of non-normal distribution, using the Mann-Whitney test. To examine quantitative variables with more than 2 categories, One-Way ANOVA test was used for variables with normal distribution and Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to examine variables with non-normal distribution. The comparison between the qualitative variables was also done using the Chi-square test, or if there were less than 5 samples in each subgroup, using the Exact Fisher test. A significance level of less than 0.05 and a standard deviation of 95% was considered.

This study consisted of 218 children who were examined in two control groups (without playing cartoons) and case group (group with playing cartoons). The average age of the children in this study was 4.52 years with a standard deviation of 1.29. In this study, the average age of the control group is 4.31 years with a standard deviation of 1.10, and the average age of the case group is 4.73 with a standard deviation of 1.12 years, and the control group consists of 62 girls (56.9%) and 47 boys (43.1%), and the case group includes 47 girls. (43.1%) and 62 boys (56.9%). In this study, in the review, the previous history of this amount in the control group was 82 cases with a history against 27 cases without a history and in the case group 84 cases with a history against 25 cases without a history. Similarly, in the control group, 53 cases were performed without versus 56 cases with presence, and in the case group, 42 cases without presence versus 67 cases with the presence of parents. The average pre-procedure pain in the study participants was 7.10 points with a standard deviation of 1.97, which in the control group was 7.17 with a standard deviation of 1.77 and in the case group with an average of 7.03 and a standard deviation of 2.05. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P-value=0.564). For post-procedure pain in the study participants, the overall score was 3.06 with a standard deviation of 2.13, which in the control group was 3.42 with a standard deviation of 2.06 and in the case group with an average of 2.71 and a standard deviation of 2.16. In examining the presence of a significant difference between the two groups, a significant difference was seen (P-value=0.011).

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of playing cartoons in reducing pain during sutures, and the results indicated that there was a significant difference in post-procedure pain in the case group, so this technique can be used in the emergency room.

Today, individuals, organizations, and countries are more successful and have been able to create value and benefit from technical knowledge and technology to achieve prosperity and wealth. Scientists believe that technical knowledge and technology will not turn into wealth, prosperity, and economic profit, except with the existence of value-creating, entrepreneurial, and creative people who, with creativity and innovation, destroy the previous inefficient ways and create new ways. Value creation is not given much attention and very limited researches have been done in this field. Therefore, the study aimed to identify the psychological components of developing value-creating managers in secondary school

In conducting this research, a mixed research design (qualitative-quantitative) of exploratory type was used. In the qualitative part, with the help of semi-structured interviews with 14 experts and experts, academic faculty members in the field of management and experts in the field of education managers, based on purposeful interview sampling and psychological codes and components The effect on the training of value-creating managers was calculated and a questionnaire was created, designed and distributed among 321 experts and experts, faculty members in the field of management and experts in the field of education managers in a simple random manner. The method of collecting data and information in this research was library and field method (interview and questionnaire). Semi-structured or semi-open interview method was used to collect data in this research. This method includes a set of semi-open questions to be asked during the interview, the semi-openness of which allows the main lines of the interview and its purpose to be preserved, as well as opportunities for interviewers and participants. In the research, it is provided to discuss the details of questions and questions. This research has an interview checklist that was approved by 3 members of the academic staff in the field of educational management. Interviews are conducted in person and by telephone with the participants. In order to analyze the interviews, every interview that was conducted was immediately analyzed and then entered into a new interview, until saturation was reached. Data analysis was done with factor analysis methods and path analysis models using SPSS and LISREL software.

The values ​​of the factor load and the t value are equal to 0.926, which indicates that the positive relationship is aligned with the variables. The index of the combined reliability coefficient was 0.795, which shows the appropriate internal stability for the measurement model. The value of convergent validity is 0.943, which shows the appropriate convergent validity. The fit index is 0.369, which is strong and favorable. The description of the basic themes of the psychological components was presented in Table No. 2. The values ​​of Table 2 indicate that the average of all the basic themes, the psychological components of cultivating value-creating school principals is higher than the average or the expected average, in other words, the amount of each of the basic themes in the statistical sample of the research is higher than the average estimate. It can be the value of the standard deviation index related to each of these themes represents the minimal dispersion of the data related to these themes from the average index. The negative value of the skewness index of these themes indicates the tendency of the scores related to these themes to be higher than the average and the positive value of the skewness index indicates the distribution of data related to these themes in the statistical sample of the research. Factor load values ​​and t value in Table 3, the positive relationship indicates the alignment of the variables and their negativity indicates the reverse of the relationship, which is positive here for 0.926. Also, the t values ​​between items and variables should be more than the borderline limit of 1.96, indicating the confirmation of the relationship between the items and the underlying variables, which is equal to 108.687. Examining the composite reliability coefficient index to check the internal consistency of the measurement model, if its value is greater than 0.7, it indicates the appropriate internal stability for the measurement model, which here is 0.795, which is related to adequate reliability. Convergent validity, simply put, this index shows the degree of correlation of a structure with its indicators.

In a general statement, it can be stated that in the psychological dimension, the spirit of seeking success has the highest priority flexibility has the lowest priority, and psychological components are effective in training value-creating managers. Value creation in managers is competence, which indicates their adherence to the centrality of customers and internal and external stakeholders in all future activities; They engineer it in such a way that the needs and demands of customers and internal and external stakeholders are satisfied, non-value-creating activities are eliminated, and a chain of activities and processes is formed that starts with customers. The beneficiaries and its end is to their satisfaction and satisfaction, they are customer-oriented and consider internal and external stakeholders as a strategic asset and to maintain this asset, they always create a win-win relationship. The selection and appointment of managers cannot be limited to the possession of scientific and experimental abilities, but the possession of special competencies is considered a more complete approach and criterion to be effective in the changing and unpredictable conditions of the future. , act effectively and flexibly, the basic characteristics that enable managers to perform their duties well. Therefore, with these changes, managers with Frost determine and explain the goals and missions of the organization in the long term so that they can achieve their plans. Therefore, being a leader in planning is an inevitable necessity for managers.

Scientific and technological advances in the field of medicine and treatment have increased the complexity and rapid changes in care methods and standards. Therefore, the need to provide high-quality and evidence-based training for assistants and nurses is felt more than before. As one of the main pillars in providing health care, this group has heavy responsibilities and must have the ability to face complex and variable clinical conditions. Therefore, continuous updating of their knowledge and skills is necessary to maintain and improve the quality of care provided to patients. In this regard, traditional educational methods alone may not be able to meet today's complex needs. Assistants and nurses need knowledge that is not only based on basic scientific principles but also following the latest research evidence and clinical experience. For this reason, evidence-based learning (EBL: Evidence-Based Learning) has been proposed as a new approach to medical education. This educational approach allows students and medical staff to make decisions based on the latest scientific findings and the best available evidence and improve their clinical practice. In general, evidence-based learning means the integration of research evidence, clinical experiences, and patient values ​​in the process of teaching and clinical decision-making. This approach not only helps to improve educational quality but can also lead to increasing the self-efficacy of assistants and nurses, so the aim of this study was to the effect of evidence-based learning on improving the educational quality and self-efficacy of assistants and nurses of Babol University of Medical Sciences.

The present research was conducted with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) with an exploratory design. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes senior managers and professors of Babol University of Medical Sciences, who were identified as 20 people and their opinions were used. The statistical population in the quantitative section included 774 assistants and nurses of Babol University of Medical Sciences. In the qualitative section, 10 people were selected as a statistical sample using the purposeful sampling method and considering the saturation law. In the quantitative part, according to Cochran's formula, 247 people were selected by stratified random sampling method. In order to collect qualitative data, semi-structured interviews and the quantitative part based on the evidence-based learning questionnaire, Sadeghi et al.'s educational quality questionnaire (2016) and Sherer et al.'s self-efficacy (1982) became. For data analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation tests were used.

The results show that the relationship between evidence-based learning and improving educational quality, as well as the relationship between evidence-based learning and self-efficacy, is statistically significant. According to graphs 1 and 2 and the results of the path analysis in Table 1, between the exogenous latent variable (evidence-based learning) and the endogenous latent variable (self-efficacy), based on the path coefficients, there is a factor loading of 0.224. Also because the t-value (3.602) is outside the range (2.58 and -2.58). Because the t-value is outside the critical range (-2.58 and 2.58), it means that the relationship between evidence-based learning and self-efficacy is statistically significant. A very high t-value (3.602) indicates that the probability of this relationship is very low by chance and it can be said with more confidence that evidence-based learning significantly affects self-efficacy. In other words, increasing the quality and effectiveness of evidence-based learning leads to improved self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, which refers to a person's confidence in his abilities to perform various tasks, plays an important role in increasing performance and personal development. In this way, paying attention to evidence-based learning as an educational strategy not only improves the quality of learning but also helps to develop the self-efficacy of people, which in turn can lead to personal and professional improvements.

In general, it can be stated that the application of evidence-based learning in educational environments not only helps to improve the quality of education, but also strengthens the self-confidence and self-efficacy of students and makes them more ready to face more complex challenges in their careers. Therefore, it is recommended that evidence-based learning be considered as an effective approach in educational programs. This relationship shows that evidence-based learning is not only effective in strengthening the knowledge and skills of students or medical personnel, but also helps to improve the overall structure of education. As an educational approach based on research and scientific data, evidence-based learning increases the quality of education by creating opportunities for deeper and more applied learning. In other words, strengthening this type of learning allows teachers and students to make better educational decisions by relying on valid evidence and scientific research, and thus the education process goes beyond the mere transfer of knowledge and leads to the development of critical thinking skills and detailed analysis. to be These results suggest that investment in strengthening evidence-based learning can directly affect the improvement of the overall quality of education. Therefore, it is recommended that universities and educational institutions actively implement this approach in their educational programs to improve both the quality of learning and educational outcomes. One of the main reasons for this meaningful relationship is that evidence-based learning creates an active and analytical approach in the educational process. This type of learning emphasizes the use of research and scientific evidence to solve problems and make educational and clinical decisions. Rather than merely conveying information, evidence-based learning encourages students and assistants to approach issues in a critical and action-oriented manner. This helps them not only to deepen their theoretical knowledge, but also to strengthen their practical and practical abilities in real situations. Improving educational quality through evidence-based learning occurs in several ways. First, this type of learning ensures that the educational content is always up-to-date and based on the best available scientific evidence. This matter is of great importance in areas such as medical sciences and nursing, where new scientific methods and findings are constantly changing.

Universities have a special place in the knowledge-based economy. Today, intellectual capital measurement is available in higher education systems as a suitable tool for designing, planning and using resources. In fact, higher education institutions should use the intellectual capital evaluation framework as an innovative tool to face the challenges of managing and expanding intellectual resources to the society. Intellectual capital is knowledge, experience and information that provides value creation in the organization. Also, the evaluation of academic intellectual capital can provide good information for educational management and leadership. Previous studies have shown that knowledge translation has led to a reduction in costs and, as a result, faster completion of projects. Therefore, explaining these issues in identifying the ambiguities and gaps in the process of organizational knowledge management, providing suitable solutions to strengthen and expand the process of knowledge translation in industries, and informing and clarifying the importance of implementing knowledge translation for academic researchers who have questions It will be a lot, and on the other hand, paying attention to the intellectual capital of the university to create innovation and gain a competitive advantage is an unavoidable necessity because intellectual capital should be considered as intellectual material that has become stronger to generate wealth through the production of assets. One of the challenges of using knowledge translation in health issues is transferring the generated knowledge to practical practice and solving health system problems. In order for knowledge translations to be effective, they must be able to be used as a guide for decision-making in policies related to the health system. Cultural and organizational governance is also important for accurate and efficient translation and transfer of knowledge. In general, this issue depends on the minimization of organizational walls between researchers, policy makers and health managers and requires more cooperation and coordination in this field. Therefore, to solve this problem, there is a need to spread knowledge translation in the scientific community and health organizations. This can be done by holding training courses and conferences, providing practical guidance and developing a suitable organizational culture for knowledge transfer. Also, providing virtual infrastructure and suitable electronic tools for sharing knowledge translation can improve. Finally, it is necessary for faculty members to actively participate in the process of knowledge translation, and by achieving this skill, it is guaranteed that they will be able to improve the knowledge they need and use it in the future. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of the effect of knowledge translation on the intellectual capital of faculty members of universities of medical sciences in the first region to present a model.

The present study method was mixed (qualitative and quantitative) with an exploratory design. The statistical population in the qualitative department was specialists, experts, and professors of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 20 people were identified using the purposeful sampling method, and based on the saturation law, 10 people were determined and selected as a statistical sample. In a small part of the comments, 1,851 professors of the academic faculties of the universities of medical sciences in the health sector of the country were used, and according to the Cochran formula, 320 people were selected as a statistical sample using a stratified random sampling method based on the faculty. The study tool was the questionnaire made by the researcher and the Bontis intellectual capital questionnaires. Data analysis was done using MAXQDA, SPSS, and PLS software.

The findings of the research showed that the most important dimensions of the knowledge translation questionnaire based on the ranking of the components are the research environment component, human resource development, knowledge production, knowledge sharing, research content, organizational culture, knowledge application, and the component Knowledge-centric strategy. Also, it showed that the effect of knowledge translation on intellectual capital is positive and significant on the intellectual capital of faculty members of medical sciences universities in Region 1, and the predictive power of the model in the final structure has a moderate structural fit.

In a general statement, it can be stated that the translation of knowledge in various categories such as organizational culture, knowledge production, research environment, development of human resources, and core knowledge plays an important role in influencing the intellectual capital of the organization and to the development of knowledge, creating The culture of learning helps to promote research and development, improve human resources and promote valid and usable knowledge in the organization and supports the increase in productivity and overall performance of the organization. In the interpretation of this topic, it should be mentioned that knowledge translation plays an important role in influencing the intellectual capital of organizations and their employees and overall organizational culture. Intellectual capital refers to the set of knowledge, experiences, skills, and ultimately human capabilities in the organization, which leads to added value and organizational capabilities. Knowledge translation helps to increase the intellectual capital of the organization by transforming individual knowledge into organizational knowledge. He effectively shares the experiences, knowledge, and information that the members of the organization have, and this brings this knowledge to the maximum increase the productivity and organizational performance. Knowledge translation also plays a fundamental role in creating a collaborative culture and knowledge development in the organization. Knowledge translation provides an environment where organization members benefit from each other's experiences and share knowledge. These interactions and knowledge exchanges help to develop organizational intellectual capital. Also, knowledge translation is responsible for turning knowledge into usable resources for strategic and management decisions, which also helps to improve the organization's intellectual capital. Finally, by facilitating the process of converting knowledge into value, knowledge translation helps to strengthen the organization's intellectual capital and improve its performance and competitiveness. In the face of continuous changes in the business environment, intellectual capital has become one of the critical assets of organizations. Knowledge translation by facilitating the process of aggregating, organizing, and transferring knowledge is one of the main ways to increase the value of intellectual capital in the organization. Knowledge translation plays an important role in creating a learning culture in the organization, which helps to sustain the intellectual capital of the organization. Encouraging the members of the organization to exchange knowledge and personal experiences, create cooperative teams, and facilitate the process of training and continuous education, helps to strengthen the intellectual capital and the ability of the organization to manage knowledge. Knowledge translation not only helps to create, manage, and share knowledge in the organization but also plays a key role in the creation and development of organizational intellectual capital. Facilitating knowledge interactions, encouraging continuous learning, and creating a collaborative culture, contribute to organizational excellence and sustainable development of the organization.

Rhinoplasty is a joint facial surgery that can lead to various complications, including bleeding, edema, and ecchymosis. Many surgeons have shifted towards less invasive surgical techniques to reduce these risks. However, there is insufficient research on the impact of thyroid hormones on post-surgery outcomes. This study aims to assess the effects of two specific thyroid hormones, T4 and TSH, on postoperative edema in rhinoplasty patients. By identifying the role of these hormones, we can enhance patient satisfaction and improve recovery times.

This prospective cohort study was conducted in 2022 on patients referred to the Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic (ENT) of Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Before participating, all study candidates were required to sign a written consent form; those who declined were excluded from the study. The protocol received approval from the ethics committee and review board of the Iran University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code=1399.650). This investigation aimed to measure the levels of two thyroid hormones-thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH). We conducted hormone assessments in the first week after the surgery, followed by weekly measurements up to the fourth week. We collected blood samples from each patient at each time point for hormone level evaluations. Additionally, we collected data on potential confounding factors such as age, sex, and body weight. The primary outcome of interest was postoperative edema. Post-surgery edema was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and physician assessments, which were repeated weekly until the fourth week. The recovery speed was determined by subtracting the VAS score in the first week from the score in the fourth week. Initially, we verified the normality of each variable by employing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. We presented the mean and standard deviation for variables adhering to a normal distribution. Variables that deviated from normality were described using the median and interquartile range. Dichotomous variables were reported as the frequency and percentage. Pearson correlation coefficients were utilized to explore the correlation between VAS scores and hormone levels. The relationship between changes in hormone levels and the rate of edema recovery was also examined using the Pearson correlation. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software version 22.0, with a statistical significance threshold set at 0.05.

The study included 58 patients from Rasul Akram Hospital's ear, nose, and throat clinic. The participants had a mean age of 36.3 years with a standard deviation of 6.8 years, and 74.1% were women. Their mean weight was 64.5 kg, with a standard deviation (SD) of 8.9 kg. The mean serum level of thyroxine (T4) was reported at 7.9±1.4, and the mean level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was 3.4±1.9.Table 2 highlighted the progression of nasal edema as measured by the VAS from the patient's and the doctor's perspectives. Initially, patients reported a mean VAS score of 8.5 (SD = 1.0), gradually decreasing to 4.9 (SD = 1.4) by the fourth week. Doctors observed a similar downward trend in VAS scores, starting from 7.7 (SD = 0.8) in the first week to 4.5 (SD = 1.4) in the fourth week. The average rate of edema reduction was calculated at 1.2 (SD = 0.3). The analysis explored the correlation between thyroid hormone levels and VAS scores. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed no statistically significant correlation between T4 levels and VAS scores during the study (P-value>0.05). Although there was a slight positive correlation between T4 levels and the rate of edema reduction, it was not statistically significant (P-value=0.079). Conversely, a significant positive correlation was found between TSH levels and VAS scores, indicating that higher TSH levels were associated with increased nasal edema. In the first week, this correlation was significant (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.378, P-value=0.003), intensifying in the second week (coefficient=0.454, P-value<0.001), and remained highly significant in the third and fourth weeks (coefficients=0.565 and 0.559, respectively, P-value<0.001). Additionally, a higher TSH level negatively correlated with the rate of edema reduction, suggesting that increased TSH levels could delay recovery from edema (correlation coefficient=-0.542, P-value<0.001).

Various factors can cause complications after a rhinoplasty. Although medical treatments like steroid medications and surgical techniques have been studied for their impact on postoperative swelling, the potential role of thyroid hormones has yet to be explored as much. This study investigates the influence of thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) on edema after rhinoplasty for four weeks. The study also aims to determine how these hormones affect the rate at which edema resolves. Our analysis found no significant correlation between T4 levels and postoperative edema but a suggestive trend towards a positive association with the rate of edema reduction. The lack of significant T4 findings contrasts with the notable effects of TSH, suggesting a more complex impact of thyroid hormones on surgical recovery. These findings underscore the importance of further research to reveal the potential underlying biological mechanism that T4 might have in the healing process. High TSH levels are associated with postoperative edema, which suggests that thyroid function plays a role in surgical recovery. TSH could be used as a biomarker to manage postoperative healing outcomes. Previous studies show a link between hypothyroidism and the exacerbation and prolongation of inflammatory responses. Kinoshita et al. found that changes in thyroid hormone levels can lead to edema formation. This connection highlights the role of thyroid hormones in fluid regulation, suggesting that they play a crucial role in modulating the extracellular fluid dynamics that underpin edema.Langsdon et al. have linked hypothyroidism to extended edema in patients undergoing facial surgery. This and our research suggest a broader systemic effect of thyroid hormone levels on tissue healing and fluid balance. Evidence indicates the thyroid regulates postoperative recovery, especially in surgeries where tissue disruption and inflammation can lead to significant edema. More significant multicenter studies are needed to provide a more diverse patient population and a broader range of surgical techniques and postoperative care protocols. Additionally, it is essential to consider potential confounding factors that need to be fully accounted for in this study. Some of these factors include pre-existing health conditions, medication use, nutritional status, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption, which can affect hormone levels and the body's response to surgery. Given the complexity of post-surgical recovery, which physiological and psychological factors can influence, a multifactorial approach is necessary to understand the role of thyroid hormones in this process. Therefore, future studies should aim to control for these confounders through careful study design and statistical analysis.High TSH levels worsen post-rhinoplasty edema, while T4 levels show a non-significant trend toward faster recovery. More multicenter studies are needed to determine thyroid hormones' effects on postoperative edema.

The inevitable and heavy consequences of mood disorders and their recurring nature and heavy costs have caused this disorder to be considered among debilitating disorders and specialists pay special attention to the care and treatment of this disorder. Also, in recent years, more attention has been paid to psychotherapies, especially psychosocial interventions, along with drug therapy. Among these interventions, which are also based on the family, is the psychological education of the family. Mood disorders can cause changes in people's behavior and affect their ability to deal with usual activities such as work environment and living environment. Mood disorders are a major problem in public health and psychiatry due to their chronicity and recurring nature. Many factors can cause mood disorders in women. Premenstrual symptoms are a set of physical, psychological, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that occur periodically in the luteal phase of menstruation and significantly recede in the remainder of the cycle. It has been stated that premenstrual syndrome is a disease with a thousand faces; because doctors have attributed more than 150 symptoms to this disease. The symptoms of this disorder in women are different and this problem makes the diagnosis difficult. Worse, the pattern of this disease may change according to different months of the year and the age of the patient. Heartburn, mood instability, irritability, depression, nervous tension, tendency to cry, anxiety, headache, strong desire to eat sweets, increased appetite, heart palpitations, weakness, dizziness and fainting, weight gain, thirst, hot flashes, swelling of hands and feet, Swelling and tenderness of the breasts, feeling of swelling and bloating of the abdomen, joint and muscle pain, poor memory, insomnia, etc. are very common symptoms of this disease. Mood disorders include a wide group of disorders. That morbid (pathological) mood and disturbances related to it constitute their predominant clinical appearance, therefore this research aimed to compare the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy on premenstrual symptoms of women suffering from mood disorders in Isfahan City.

The present study was a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type with the control group and follow-up period. The independent variables of the present study were two methods of meta-diagnostic treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy, and the dependent variables of the study were premenstrual symptoms, which were investigated in the community of women suffering from mood disorders in Isfahan City. The research population in this study consisted of all women with mood disorders in Isfahan city. In this study, 45 women with mood disorders referred to specialized clinics in Isfahan city in 1400, who qualified for the inclusion criteria and did not meet the exclusion criteria, were selected purposefully and divided into three groups (2 experimental groups and one control group). Patient information was collected through demographic information, mood disorder screening questionnaire, and premenstrual symptoms questionnaire. Treatment protocols included cognitive behavioral therapy (Hazelt-Stevens) and metadiagnostic therapy (Barlow et al., 2011).

The results showed that meta-diagnostic and cognitive-behavioral therapy had a significant effect on premenstrual symptoms in women with mood disorders in Isfahan City, but the findings did not show a significant difference between these two treatment groups on premenstrual symptoms. So cognitive behavioral therapy was significantly more effective than transdiagnostic treatment of women suffering from mood disorders in Isfahan City.

The results of this study show that both meta-diagnostic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce premenstrual symptoms in women with disorders. Be effective. However, cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended as a more effective method. This finding emphasizes the importance of using methods focused on cognition and behavior to manage mood disorders and can be used in treatment planning. be placed Studies have shown that women who suffer from PMS and PMD usually do not seek medical treatment. And in many cases, they don't get a proper answer even if they prefer. Also, researchers have concluded that drug treatments do not have much effect and long-term effectiveness on the psychological symptoms of this disorder. Considering the side effects of drug treatments, it is recommended to use them only in severe cases or in cases where the patient has not responded to other treatments; therefore, non-pharmacological treatments have been the focus of researchers in women suffering from menstrual disorders. Integrated meta-diagnostic treatment due to the limitation of existing specific cognitive-behavioral treatments and for people with emotional disorders, especially It is designed for mood and anxiety, and it uses the same treatment principles and protocols for all types of these disorders. The aforementioned treatment is a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on emotion; in this treatment, by emphasizing emotions and the adaptive and functional nature of emotions, we try to identify and correct non-adaptive efforts to regulate experiences. It becomes exciting. Also, integrated meta-diagnostic treatment has been able to have a positive effect on women's premenstrual symptoms in some studies.

The number of single-child families has increased significantly in recent years. Postmodern thoughts, changes in the way of life, the mechanization of societies, women's desire for activities outside the home, including employment, sports and other fun activities, depression and boredom of mothers, spending time and time for children, economic problems and financial burden, and Other problems that families face in raising their children are the increase in the number of single-child families, followed by the parents' concern about the child's growth and the experts in the field of psychology, educational sciences, and social sciences about the consequences of collective developments. Some researchers believe that the most important consequence of being an only child is the damage to the individual's social growth, and from their point of view, the low level of interaction and social relations in small-population families causes the decline of the social growth of only children. Therefore, the problems faced by children in single-child families are an alarm for teachers, sociologists and psychologists, and it is necessary to think of measures to reduce the harms and dangers of this emerging phenomenon. One of the resources that we have and by using which we can use it to grow and facilitate the social transformation of children are the theories that exist in this field. Considering the unfortunate consequences that the lack of social development and consequently anti-social behaviors have for people, educational and psychological interventions play a significant role in facilitating social development. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of developing an educational package to facilitate and promote the social development of children in single-child families based on Erikson's theory.

This research was qualitative and thematic analysis. The statistical population included written sources, including scientific books on growth theories, especially Erikson's theory, reliable foreign and domestic scientific databases, and other written sources that have discussed Erikson's growth theory in the last 15 years. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. After collecting related sources, the content of those sources was immediately analyzed according to the method of Brown and Clark (2006) in order to gain an understanding of the contents, the analogical (whole to part) and inductive (part to whole) approaches were used simultaneously. The themes that could represent parts from the text (usually one or more sentences), were determined and recorded, in this order, the act of listing and clustering the categories (main and sub-themes) was done; So that a summarized table was formed for each of the texts.

The content of the educational package, including the development of hope, will, and purpose, was presented to "facilitate and promote the social transformation of children" so that children can reach the fundamental strengths of hope, will, purposefulness, and ultimately competence, which is associated with social development. As far as the researcher investigated, no research was found that could compare this educational package with it, and it can be said that this research is new and presents a new dimension to the researchers. The data were analyzed using the method of Brown and Clark (2006). The content of the educational package, including the cultivation of hope, will and purpose, was compiled in the form of 8 educational sessions in order to "facilitate and promote the social transformation of children". Educational sessions for 8 sessions (1st to 3rd sessions: practical guide for developing hope in preschool children, 4th to 6th sessions: practical guide for developing will in preschool children, 7th and 8th sessions: practical guide for developing goals in preschool children), once a week and Each two-hour session, especially for mothers, was presented with the aim of "facilitating and promoting children's social transformation" so that children can achieve the fundamental strengths of hope, will, purposefulness, and ultimately competence, which is associated with social development.

It can be said that parents, as the first factor of socialization of their children, play an important role in their psychological and social growth and development, and their behavior can mainly be effective in satisfying or inhibiting psychological needs. Children need responsibility and different tasks should be assigned to them in order to prevent them from falling into learned helplessness. Children need the coherence and coordination of parents. Children need education and it is not only the school and society that play a role in this matter. But also parents should actively participate in the child's education. Children need their parents to encourage them, they need to connect with others, and they also need to have opportunities for all-round development; and the normal social and cognitive development as well as normal personality development of the child is influenced by the conditions and context in which it is raised.

Intimate communication provides opportunities for personal and interpersonal growth between two people. However, one of the challenges that many couples face is cheating in the relationship, and it seems that the biggest act of cheating between couples is dealing with infidelity (1). The complexity of intimate communication and the effects of infidelity on it have made it necessary for researchers and family therapists to pay attention to these effects from different perspectives (2). In fact, marital infidelity damages the marital relationship more than any other problem and factor and puts the couple in a very difficult situation, for this reason, practical and practical ways to deal with this problem have always been mentioned in family and marriage counseling texts. is (3). Forgiveness is one of the most important factors and variables when working with couples who experience marital infidelity, because on the one hand it provides the conditions for forgiveness and on the other hand it increases marital satisfaction (11). Forgiveness is one of the concepts that plays a positive role in creating mental health, especially in couples (3). The process of forgiveness includes resentment, hatred, healing and forgiveness, and finally reconciliation and returning to the other side (11).Emotion-focused couple therapy is considered as a short-term structured approach in couple therapy, which is based on clear concepts of marital distress and adult love (26). Emotion- focused therapy emphasizes the participation of emotions in the permanent patterns of incompatibility in troubled couples. The effort of this approach is to reveal the vulnerable emotions in each of the couples and facilitate the ability of the couple to create these emotions in safe and loving ways (27). On the other hand, cognitive-behavioral therapy is another intervention that has been used for women who have experiences of infidelity and other marital problems and conflicts (35). This type of intervention is considered highly capable for working with couples due to its flexibility and the possibility of modifying the thought-emotion-behavior cycle, and it has been used especially in the treatment of marital conflicts, including marital infidelity (36). The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on the forgiveness of women affected by marital infidelity.

The research was conducted using a semi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design and a control group, during which the members of the two experimental groups and the control group completed the forgiveness questionnaire in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The statistical population of the research was all women who referred to one of the counseling centers in Isfahan city in the first 3 months of 2022 due to marital infidelity on the part of their husbands. Thus, by using available sampling and conducting a short clinical interview, the researcher selected 54 people non-randomly and then randomly placed them in three groups of 18 people. Expression measurement and data collection in the present study included forgiveness questionnaire (Pellari et al., 2009) and clinical interview. The interventions provided to the members of the experimental groups included emotion-focused therapy (26, 27) during 8 sessions of 90 minutes to the experimental group (1) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (43) during 8 sessions of 90 minutes to the experimental group (2). The obtained data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures.

The results of intersubject effects showed that the average scores of forgiveness and generosity and anger-avoidance components were significantly different from each other at different measurement times (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) (P<0.01). The results of time also showed that the average scores of total forgiveness and generosity and anger-avoidance components increased significantly in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test stage (P<0.01); But there is no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stage (P<0.01). Therefore, it was concluded that the average scores of forgiveness and its components increased in the post-test and follow-up phase compared to the pre-test phase and this increase was stable (P<0.01). The intergroup effects also showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of forgiveness and the components of generosity and anger-avoidance between the experimental and control groups (P<0.01). The effect coefficients were also equal to 0.572, 0.504 and 0.632, respectively, which shows that more than 57% of the changes in the total scores of forgiveness, 50% of the changes in the scores of the generosity component, and 63% of the changes in the scores of the anger-avoidance component are due to the presentation. There have been interventions. Also, the results of the pairwise comparison showed that the average scores of total forgiveness and components of generosity and anger-avoidance of the experimental groups were significantly higher than the control. In addition, it was found that the average scores of the total forgiveness and the components of generosity and anger-avoidance of the emotion- focused therapy group were significantly higher than the cognitive-behavioral therapy group (P<0.01) and it was concluded that although the two intervention methods increased the average scores of forgiveness and its components are effective, but the effectiveness of emotion- focused treatment was significantly higher (P<0.01).

Regarding the effectiveness of emotion- focused therapy on improving the average scores of forgiveness components including generosity and anger-avoidance, as it was said about the improvement of the average scores of forgiveness, it seems that before experiencing forgiveness, people experience various negative emotions. They suffer from stress, anxiety, depression and especially anger (20). While when they experience forgiveness through emotional therapy, most of these negative feelings change and give way to positive feelings (33, 37). In this way, emotion- focused therapy by focusing on different emotions provides the conditions of adaptation through generosity, which is a positive emotional and motivational state (54). Regarding anger-avoidance, it was also found that emotion- focused therapy helped the participants to recognize and cope with their negative emotions instead of reacting with anger or avoidance (32).The results of the research show that both emotion- focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy were effective in improving the average total score and components of forgiveness, including generosity and anger-avoidance. It seems that the correction of emotional reactions and the improvement of difficult emotions, which were applied by emotion- focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy with two different mechanisms, led to the improvement of the state of generosity and anger-avoidance and finally forgiveness in the women of the experimental groups. It seems that emotional therapy in the first degree and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the second degree have the necessary capacity for a person to display more appropriate and effective emotional and behavioral reactions while correcting their emotional and emotional cycles. In addition, because in both treatment methods, women learned to deal with negative emotions caused by betrayal in a more effective way, such as anger, fear, despair and hatred, the ground for reducing such emotions was provided and the process of forgiveness was gradually formed. Of course, because emotion- focused therapy focuses directly on these emotions, it is more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy, which tries to improve emotions indirectly through the modification of cognitions.

Marital infidelity usually occurs after one or more sexual-emotional needs are not met in marital relationships, and it brings irreparable consequences for couples and marital relationships, consequences that affect not only the psychological world of the couple but also their physical security. The serious consequences that marital infidelity brings for couples from various psychological, physical, and social dimensions have made the examination of marital infidelity and the underlying factors and causes of it doubly important. In a general and valid classification, researchers and experts have divided the factors related to marital infidelity into three areas: individual differences (characteristics and attitudes), the nature of the relationship (level of commitment and satisfaction with the relationship), environmental conditions (opportunity of infidelity or attractiveness of the person). The serious consequences that marital infidelity brings for couples from various psychological, physical, and social dimensions have made the examination of marital infidelity and its underlying factors and causes doubly important; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the structural relationships of the tendency to marital infidelity based on the orientation of dialogue and listening and conformity with the mediation of attachment styles and sexual satisfaction.

In this descriptive-correlational study, the research population included all men and women who referred to counseling centers in Mashhad, and 220 people were selected from among them using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The population of the current research was all women and men who referred to counseling centers in Mashhad and since the present study was conducted on the tendency to extramarital relationships, there was no restriction on women and men referring to counseling centers in Mashhad to be selected in the sample group. The research sample in the present study was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method, in this way, first two regions were randomly selected from among the regions of Mashhad city, and then 10 centers were randomly selected from among the counseling and psychological service centers of the said regions. Finally, 220 people (22 people from each center) were randomly selected from among men and women who came to these centers with the aim of receiving psychological and counseling services regarding marital issues. Considering the necessity of observing the ethical principles and the informed consent of the authorities to participate in the research, we discussed the subject of the research with the selected subjects and if any of the subjects expressed their unwillingness to participate in the research, we replaced them with another subject. The tools used to collect data include questionnaires including Mark Watley's Extramarital Relations Questionnaire (2006), Koerner and Fitzpatrick's Revised Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire (2002), Hazen and Shaver's Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire (1987) and Hudson's Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire - Harrison and Kruskap (1981) used the structural equation modeling method to analyze the data.

The results of the present study indicated that the orientation of communication directly and through the three variables of secure attachment style, avoidant attachment style and ambivalent attachment style was able to predict the tendency to marital infidelity. The results of the research also indicated the effect of the communication pattern of conformity orientation directly and indirectly through attachment styles on the tendency to commit marital infidelity. The amount of direct and indirect effects of the variables is listed in Table 5. The data in this table show that the direct and indirect effects of the communication pattern of conformity orientation on the tendency to cheat are reversed; In other words, the increase in conformity orientation scores is both directly and indirectly related to the decrease in betrayal tendency scores and vice versa. Also, the direct effect of secure attachment on the tendency to infidelity is reversed, but the direct effects of anxious and ambivalent attachment styles on the tendency to infidelity are positive, which means that with the increase in the scores in each of these two styles, the scores of the tendency to infidelity also increase.

In general, it can be stated that the important role of communication patterns in the emergence of problems related to marital satisfaction and especially the tendency to extramarital relationships makes it necessary to pay attention to this issue and provide the necessary training in this field in the future activities of couple therapists and experts in the marital field. Different communication patterns can affect the tendency to extramarital relationships through changes in emotional expression styles and attachment styles. Communication patterns and how to use them through changes in relationships lead to misunderstandings or open relationships. These clear understandings or relationships can affect couples' attachment patterns and confirm or correct their previous styles. When couples choose dysfunctional communication patterns, it causes the couple's unhealthy attachment styles to be strengthened, or even the couple's previously secure attachment style changes over time and turns into an insecure attachment style. This issue causes couples to deal with uncertainty about their relationships and cannot consider their relationship as a safe relationship and therefore try to search for safe relationships rather than moving from some relationships to other relationships. The results also indicated the effect of the communication pattern of conformity orientation directly and indirectly through attachment styles on the tendency to marital infidelity. The results of this research also show that sexual satisfaction cannot play a significant role as a mediator in the relationship between the communication pattern of conformity orientation and the tendency to commit marital infidelity.

Today, cancer is considered one of the most important health problems around the world and its prevalence is growing in industrialized countries. If the prevalence of cancer increases in this way, according to the United Nations estimate, 1 out of 5 people will definitely get one of the forms of cancer. Cancer is the second cause of death in the world after cardiovascular diseases (1). Cancer has gained great importance among chronic childhood diseases; Because the rate of prevalence is high and it has a great impact on the life of the child and the family. Also, the damage to cancer patients is summarized in two dimensions: the physical dimension and the psychological dimension, which researchers have less focused on the psychological dimension of this disease, while this dimension leads to the deterioration of the weak body of the patients. The emotional and psychological effects that a child's cancer leaves in the family are sometimes more debilitating than the physical nature of the disease (2). This group of children is highly exposed to emotional disorders (3). One of the stressful aspects of cancer for affected children is that they lose their body image and attractiveness, or a deformity in their body image may have adverse effects on their lives (4). Teaching spiritual intelligence and therapy based on acceptance-commitment have beneficial effects on the education and social life of children with cancer and this point has been confirmed in various researches, but with the investigations carried out to determine the effectiveness of these skills on the body image of children with cancer Cancer has not been researched; Therefore, ignoring the effect of teaching these skills on the research variables can be a gap in the research literature.Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of acceptance-commitment therapy and spiritual intelligence training on the body image of children with cancer.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group and a one-month follow-up, and its statistical population consisted of children with cancer who were hospitalized in the pediatric department of Tehran medical centers in 1402. who were in the age range of 9-13 years. Among these people, 30 people were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups (20 people in two experimental groups, 10 people in the control group). To collect data, the body image questionnaire of Littleton, Aksam and Puri (2005) was used. The method of collecting information was that he first went to the children's department of the medical centers in Tehran and after making the necessary arrangements with the department, which according to the staff report and weekly admission statistics, approximately 150 children were admitted to the families of the children. And among about 65 people who were willing to cooperate, about 30 children aged 9-13 with cancer (which included the criteria for entering the research) who were hospitalized were selected by available sampling method and randomly selected in We made two experimental groups and a control group, in which 10 people were assigned to each group. And the implementation method is that after selecting the subjects and replacing them in two experimental groups and a control group and performing the pre-test, experimental group 1, during one period, for 8 sessions, two sessions a week and each session to 45 minutes exposed to the independent variable (commitment and acceptance-based therapy group training) and experimental group 2, during one period, for 8 sessions, two sessions a week and each session for 45 minutes exposed to the independent variable (spiritual intelligence group training) were placed. To analyze the data, within-group analysis of variance with repeated measurements and block multivariate analysis of variance were performed.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of the participants in the treatment based on acceptance and commitment were 10.90 and 1.19, respectively, in the spiritual intelligence training group, 10.40 and 0.84, and in the control group, 10.80 and 1.22. The mean and standard deviation of the history of disorders in the participants in acceptance and commitment-based therapy were 13.80 and 5.01, respectively, and in the spiritual intelligence training group, 16.10 and 4.99, and in the control group, 16.80 and 5.22. The results of the present study showed that acceptance-commitment-based therapy and spiritual intelligence training have an effect on the body image of children with cancer, and there is no difference between the effectiveness of acceptance-commitment-based therapy and spiritual intelligence training on the body image of children with cancer.

Considering the positive effect of treatment based on acceptance-commitment and spiritual intelligence training, it is suggested to use these two treatments to reduce the problems of children with cancer. According to the results of the research, it seems that in acceptance-commitment-based therapy, a person with a negative body image becomes psychologically aware of the values ​​identified during the treatment, including his physical condition, and through reducing rumination, increasing acceptance, reducing cognitive and emotional dysfunction can affect the improvement of your body image. Also, in the training of spiritual intelligence, in addition to flexibility, this type of treatment increases self-awareness and a deeper look at life; As a result, people consider goals beyond the material world for themselves, which reduces personal dissatisfaction and concern about body image. This important thing can help children with cancer to reduce dissatisfaction with their body image by increasing their spiritual intelligence and instead of focusing on physical dimensions and body image, they can pay attention to other transcendental aspects of their existence. Therefore, treatment based on acceptance-commitment and spiritual intelligence is effective in reducing psychological symptoms caused by cancer in affected children. It is suggested that counseling centers, psychotherapy and hospitals use affordable and available group treatments such as third wave treatments in order to improve the psychological functions of cancer patients as much as possible. Therefore, the acceptance-commitment approach and spiritual intelligence can be used as a suitable intervention in order to improve the ability of patients to adapt to the cancer crisis and reduce the psychological complications caused by it.

Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are common methods in cancer treatment. Almost more than two thirds of cancer patients are treated by radiotherapy. Radiotherapy is an effective method for the treatment of many cancers, which is widely used to improve local tumor control and reduce the complications of normal tissue. External radiotherapy is usually performed after surgery, and this method has reduced local recurrence by two-thirds. One of the basic problems in radiotherapy is matching the planned target volume with the clinical target volume. Among the basic challenges of determining the planned target volume in modern radiotherapy, we can mention the movement of different organs, the positioning of the patient in each session, complete monitoring of dose delivery during radiation, and also the movement of the patient during radiotherapy. The presence of these factors causes additional margins to be added to the clinical target volume, which itself causes changes and uncertainties in measuring the clinical target volume. The use of different sensors in radiotherapy has made it possible to overcome these challenges and use the smallest margin to consider the volume of the clinical target. Recently, several studies have been carried out in the field of application of different sensors in radiotherapy in terms of examining the three-dimensional movement of the tumor, the accuracy of the patient's position, monitoring the radiation pulses and the deformation of the organ. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to express the basic applications of different sensors in the field of radiotherapy.

Studies were selected by searching MEDLINE, PubMed, PubMed Central and ISI databases from January 2008 to January 2023. The search was performed using the keywords tumor motion, patient position, organ deformation and patient movement and radiotherapy sensors. The texts in the present study were clearly related to the investigated sensors in radiotherapy. Duplicate and unrelated studies, animal studies, and low-quality studies were excluded from the review. Following the aforementioned research method, about 100 articles were collected. All the selected studies were reviewed by the participating authors, and in total, about 40 articles were identified as potentially eligible for analysis through the screening of the title, abstract, as well as the review of the method and conclusion section of each article. Finally, the selected studies were independently summarized and coded data including study characteristics (first author name, study year, study type and publication journal), clinical outcomes from eligible studies were recorded.

Sensors are devices that detect events or changes in their environment and send information to other electronic devices. One of the basic users of sensors is in the field of radiotherapy. In the treatment design system, determining the clinical target volume is very important because one of the basic principles in radiotherapy is the closeness of the planned target volume to the clinical target volume. Among the basic challenges for determining the planned target volume in modern radiotherapy, we can mention the three-dimensional movement of the tumor, the accuracy of the patient's position, the monitoring of the radiation pulses, as well as the deformation of the organ during radiotherapy. The presence of these factors has caused physicists to consider additional margins in the clinical target volume, which itself causes changes and uncertainties in the measurement of the clinical target volume. The introduction of different sensors in this field has resulted in greater matching between planned and clinical target volumes. In this regard, in order to investigate the three-dimensional movement of the tumor, the movement of the tumor in the relevant organ should be observed because breathing and whether the organs around the tumor are full or empty can cause the movement of the tumor in the body. Therefore, the use of a respiratory sensor in radiotherapy improves both accuracy and comfort by considering respiratory states. The accuracy of the patient's position is very important in every session of radiotherapy. The current position of the patient in the treatment department is different from the position considered in the treatment design system by a registered reference level. For this reason, a three-dimensional optical sensor was used as an additional tool to verify the accuracy of the patient's position in the radiotherapy department. Real-time monitoring of dose delivery in radiotherapy is still considered as a fundamental challenge. Currently, there is no method to directly measure the treatment dose in the tumor itself. For this purpose, a sensor should be introduced in this field to provide the possibility of monitoring the dose delivery in real time to a certain extent and to detect individual X-ray pulses from linear accelerators. Therefore, the new optical fiber-based sensor is able to accurately measure the real-time dose for a wide range of operational conditions in clinical external beam radiotherapy. The deformation of the organ during radiotherapy has caused it to affect the design of the treatment and also provides the possibility of developing and applying adaptive treatment methods. For this reason, a passive infrared marker tracking system was introduced.

In this review study, the basic applications of different sensors in the field of radiotherapy were briefly discussed. One of the basic problems in radiotherapy is to match the planned target volume with the clinical target volume. Therefore, to achieve this goal, the movement of different organs, the position of the patient in each session, and the complete monitoring of dose delivery during radiation should be considered. And also pay attention to the movement of the patient during radiotherapy. The presence of these factors has caused the physicists to add additional margins to the clinical target volume, which itself causes changes and uncertainties in the measurement of the clinical target volume. To solve these problems, the introduction of sensors into the field of radiotherapy has been proposed. These sensors can perform various measurements in a non-invasive and non-contact manner and also consider all tumor changes in different sessions. Therefore, these sensors have a very high application potential in the field of radiotherapy. It can also be mentioned that the introduction of different sensors in radiotherapy made it possible to overcome these challenges and use the smallest margin to consider the clinical target volume. Therefore, with these sensors, the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor can be well protected and the tumor can be harmed the most, as well as the risk of secondary cancers can be greatly reduced.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was initially announced in Wuhan, China in late December 2019, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, and rapidly spread worldwide (1). The severity of the disease varied from asymptomatic to the need for a ventilator (3, 4). Generally, there are no beneficial antiviral drugs for COVID-19. The used medications are commonly prescribed to relieve the complications of COVID-19, such as fever, inflammation, chest pain, cough, and respiratory distress (5-7). The immune system involvement and an increase in the release of inflammatory cytokines can be observed in COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, herbal drugs with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties can be preventive and even treat COVID-19 (8). The effectiveness of natural and herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 have been reported (9-11). Among herbal medicines, the grape seed extract (GSE) has valuable medicinal properties due to having proanthocyanidins, flavonoids and polyphenols compounds. GSE as a natural bioactive compound possesses several pharmacological benefits, including cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiaging, anti-cholesterol, anti-platelet and antimicrobial properties (14, 15).  Grape seed extract also exerts antiviral effects in the management of patients with human enteric virus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) (18) hepatitis C virus (HCV) (19), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV) (20), and human norovirus surrogates, such as murine norovirus (MNV-19) (21) and feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9. But its effects on COVID-19 remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of GSE on the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

The current double-blind, parallel, randomized clinical trial was performed in 2021 on Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Abadan, Iran. The supplemental Figure 1 presents the study flowchart. COVID-19 cases (N=80) were randomly assigned to the GSE and placebo groups via block randomization using block randomization (block sizes of 4 and 8, respectively).The GSE group was given one capsule of GSE (with 200 mg of GSE) every 12 hours, plus national standard treatment for COVID-19. The placebo group was treated with placebo capsules. The COVID-19 clinical symptoms, respiratory rate, O2 saturation (SaO2), and blood pressure were evaluated at baseline and on day 14. Complete blood count, hematocrit level, white blood cell count, hemoglobin level, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea  nitrogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, international normalized ratio, serum creatinine, partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time were evaluated at baseline and after the treatment. Comparison of the primary outcome of this study (hospital stay difference) was done between the two groups by independent t-test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. ANOVA test was also used to evaluate secondary outcomes. To control for the baseline measurements, ANCOVA test was performed.

The patients’ baseline information in the placebo and GSE groups is shown in Table 1. Moreover, an intention-to-treat analysis was our primary analysis on all patients with random assignment. Based on t-test, the hospital stay was half a day longer in the placebo group than the GSE group; however, this difference was not significant (mean difference=0.5; 95% CI: -1.09-2.09; P=0.53). The secondary outcomes were compared using t-test (Table 2). Based on the results of this table, no significant difference was found between the secondary outcomes, except for the red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin level. After adjusting for the baseline values of RBC and hemoglobin based on the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), no significant difference was detected between the two groups in these two variables (mean difference for RBC= -0.11; 95% CI: -0.32, 0.08; P=0.26; mean difference for Hb= -1.78, 95% CI: -3.64, -0.08, P=0.06). After expanding the data to the sample size using an expansion module in STATA (version 12), a 17% difference in the mean duration of hospitalization became significant between the GSE and placebo groups (HR=0.85; 95% CI: 0.93-0.33; P=0.001). After controlling for age, sex, and blood pressure, this relationship remained significant.

The results indicated that GSE did not affect the clinical signs or biochemical markers of 80 patients evaluated in this study. However, the power analysis showed that the difference in hospital stay would be significant if the study was performed on a larger sample size (about 1,273 cases) in each group. Due to similarities between HCV, HIV and SARS-CoV-2, medicines that are used for the treatment of HIV and HCV have been also suggested for COVID-19. One of the similarities between HIV and COVID-19 is that both viruses can increase the generation of proinflammatory cytokines. They increase the formation of cytokines involved in secondary complications associated with the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 (29). Since no specific accepted antiviral medicine is available to treat COVID-19, antiviral agents for HIV and HCV infections have been suggested for treatment (29, 30). Evidence suggests that GSE has antiviral effects against human enteric virus, hepatitis A virus (18), HCV(19) , HIV-1 (20), and human norovirus surrogates, including the MNV-19 and FCV (21) .It is known that GSE contains a high level of proanthocyanidins, can suppress HCV replication (34). Zannella et al 2021, indicated that Vitis vinefra leaf extract showed the inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 replication in the early stages of infection. They suggested that directly blocking the proteins enriched on the viral surface may be involved mechanism (22). According findings of Hajibeygi et al in 2022, diet Iranian traditional including Ficus carica; Vitis vinifera; Cicer arietinum; Descurainiasophia seeds, Safflower, Ziziphus jujuba, chicken soup; barley soup, rose water, and saffron and cinnamon spices decrease the inflammatory markers and CPR level in COVID-10 patients (23). So, recent studies indicated the efficacy of different parts of Vitis vinifera in decreasing symptoms of COVID-19, but more researches with a larger sample size was suggested.GSE did not have significant effects on the biochemical markers and signs of COVID-19. However, the current study is the first randomized controlled trial, in which the GSE effects were observed in COVID-19 patients. This clinical trial had some limitations. Such as it was conducted in the main referral hospital for COVID-19 patients with low population, severity of disease was not considered and total extract of Grape seed was used. Finally, it is suggested to conduct a similar survey as a multi-center trial on a large population in the future.

The largest organelle and signaling center of the cell is the nucleus that contains the majority of genetic material. Notably, the nucleus houses chromatin, the complex of DNA with histones and structural proteins (lamins and other nucleoskeletal proteins) that help to establish nuclear shape and mechanics (6), also plays a central role in protein synthesis via ribosome synthesis and mRNA supply (7). Cellular function is closely related to the abundance of organelles, which grow in number or size to accommodate for the greater functional needs as cellular size increases. It is believed that the high number of nuclei is necessary due to the vast cytoplasmic volume and long transport distances. Thus, both a sufficient number of nuclei and optimal positioning of the nuclei are important (10). Diabetes is a chronic disease in which blood glucose, also referred to as blood sugar, becomes too high (1). Studies have shown that the diabetic environment enhances protein degradation (3), causes skeletal muscle atrophy and loss of myonuclei (4). Studies on diabetic patients show that the complementary treatments used in this disease include diets and lifestyle changes, the use of herbal medicines containing anti-diabetic agents, and exercise (11). One of these herbal supplements that has anti-glycemic and anti-lipid effects is the nettle plant with the scientific name of Urtica dioica (15). U. dioica is well documented to possess phyto-constituents like steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids specially quercetin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and rutin, phenolics i.e. phenylpropanes, scopoletin, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, coumarins, polysaccharides, proteins, lectins, vitamins and minerals (17). Nettle’s consumption could have an effective role in type 2 diabetes by several mechanisms such as increasing glucose uptake by skeletal muscles and adipose tissues and its anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, the use of U. dioica as an antioxidant can be an effective approach to control diabetes and reduce related complications (19). In general, no precedents were found regarding the effect of medicinal plants on the number of myonuclei. In addition, studies that have specifically reported an increase or decrease in the number of myonuclei following exercise in diabetic samples were not found. Humans and animal species are exposed to various stimuli on a daily basis, and under these conditions, the function of various cellular organelles is disrupted. Considering the importance of the role of the nucleus in the cell, the present study aims to examine the question of whether performing 6 weeks of endurance training and consumption of hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica has an effect on the number of Gastrocnemius muscle nuclei in STZ-induced diabetic rats?

This experimental study was performed on six-week-old male Wistar rats (age 6 weeks) and (weight 250±30 grams). Before starting the experiment, all animals were maintained at the new environmental condition for a period of one week. 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy-control (H-C), diabetes-control (D-C), diabetes-exercise (D-Ex), diabetes-Urtica dioica (D-Ud), diabetes-Urtica dioica-exercise (D-Ud-Ex). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (45mg/kg), and 48 hours after injection, BG levels above 300 mg/dl were the criteria for confirmation of diabetes. Then, endurance exercise protocol with moderate-intensity (5days/week) was performed for six weeks. The speed and duration of the treadmill exercise were gradually increased from 10 m/min for 10 minutes in the first week to 10 m/min for 20 minutes in the second week, 14–15 m/min for 20 minutes in the third week, 14–15 m/min for 30 minutes in the fourth week, and 17–18 m/min for 30 minutes for the fifth and sixth weeks. To achieve adaptation in training, the intensity (speed and time) of treadmill exercise was kept constant during the sixth week (22, 23). The UD extract was prepared with 70% ethanol and 30% water. After preparing the extract, the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using stable DPPH radicals. Daily gavage of hydro-alcoholic extract of UD was performed at 50 mg/kg for six weeks (22). Two days after the last training session, the animals were anesthetized by isoflurane inhalation and the muscle tissue of the gastrocnemius muscle was extracted for immunohistochemical analysis. For this purpose, first, muscle slices with a thickness of 5 micrometers were prepared and then laminin primary antibody was used to stain the membrane of muscle fibers. Also, CY3 was used as secondary antibody. Finally, DAPI was used to stain the nuclei. The myonuclei whose center of gravity was located inside the cell were counted, and the nuclei whose center of gravity was located on the muscle fiber membrane were not counted. All analyzes was performed using MyoView software (24). Shapiro-Wilk test was used to ensure the normal distribution of variables. Also, the Brown-Forsythe test was used to check the homogeneity of the variance of the groups. Significance level was considered P<0.05 in all cases. One-way ANOVA statistical test and Graph Pad Prism software (version 9) were used for data analysis.

The results of the present study showed that diabetes decreased the number of myonuclei (P=0.0198) and consumption of Urtica dioica extract (P=0.0075) and six weeks of endurance exercise (P<0.0001) each alone and in combination together (P<0.0001) has been associated with an increase in the number of myonuclei.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of endurance training and consumption of hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica on the number of Gastrocnemius muscle nuclei in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The findings showed that diabetes was associated with a decrease in the number of myonuclei and an increase in blood glucose in diabetic rats. Also, the consumption of Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract and performing endurance exercise and the interaction of the two could increase the number of myonuclei and decrease blood glucose in diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia, one of the key features of diabetes, plays an essential role in developing several diabetes complications (25), including diabetic myopathy (26). General mechanisms of hyperglycemia-mediated pathophysiological complications and organ dysfunction include increased oxidative stress, progress polyol pathway, activating protein kinase C (PKC), and enhancing hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), promoting the formation of glycation end-products. advanced (AGEs) and finally altering gene expression. Therefore, glycemic management of diabetes remains the main target of treatment (25). The flavonoids present in nettle improve the blood glucose indexes via their anti-oxidant activity. Also, tannins and carotenoids, as nettle compounds could improve blood glucose indexes (19). Polyphenols are among other chemical compounds that have hypoglycemic effects. It has been shown that polyphenols intervene in increasing the expression of glucose transporter genes in muscle cells (32). Exercise, in its various forms, provides a set of physiological stimuli that cause metabolic and molecular disorders in skeletal muscle as well as many other organ systems. Exercise adaptations are structural and functional changes derived from repeated exposure to these stimuli caused by exercise, which lead to improved physiological capacity and reduced risk of illness and death (33). Based on the results of the present research, the nettle plant's reducing effect on blood glucose and increasing the number of muscle nuclei can be attributed to its effective chemical compounds and the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects of this plant.

Every year knowledge-seekers are admitted into universities as new students. . Researchers believe that students, like employees and workers, engage in compulsive and regular activities [and] on specific goals. Therefore, students' activities can be considered as "work" and "occupation" (1). Excessive study workload, content presentation, professor’s requests and expectations of students, highly educational expenses,  and apprenticeship in underrepresented areas in some educational fields such as medicine led to exhaustion, lack of motivation, disinterest to courses, apathy to educational settings and indifference to rules and regulations, and discouragement. Overload of these problems in the long term led to confusion, emotional disturbances and finally burnout. Medical students, rather than other students, are more prone to distress due to patient mortality, exposure to patients with complicated care needs, interpersonal challenges, high workload, visiting too many patients in a day, decision-making responsibility in emergencies without having sufficient knowledge, accountability against their decisions, working under mental pressure to avoid medical errors, being exposed to violence and threats in the workplace, and doing night shifts (3). Burnout is a psychological and emotional fatigue that is the result of chronic stress syndrome such as role burden, pressure and time constraints, and lack of necessary resources to conduct tasks and duties. Research has indicated that academic burnout is similar to job burnout in terms of its features, antecedents, and outcomes. Job burnout is defined as one of the major health indicators of psychological health with three dimensions of fatigue, apathy (doubt and pessimism), and inefficiency (4). Academic burnout in students means feeling exhausted to complete assignments and studying (academic fatigue), having pessimistic attitude to education and educational content (academic disinterest), and a sense of academic incompetence (inefficiency) (2). Students suffering from burnout during their years of study will experience negative effects of burnout and will be less efficient to perform their job tasks and duties and will be less innovative in the future. Psychological research indicates that diverse internal and external factors affect academic burnout. One of these intrapersonal factors is resilience (4). Resilience is a promising and pleasant solution considering stressful situations and people’s inherent capacity to respond and endure the situation and the experience of natural growth in stressful conditions (6). According to Baratz (2015), moral resilience is the ability to cope with situations using values that people believe in, even if to follow them is difficult. Rushton (2016) and Lachman (2016) considering the definition of resilience, believe that it is the ability to return to the primary status and successful coping despite distress and adverse conditions, and it has two components. The first factor is the existing situation and problem that includes moral themes (moral adversity) (7). And the second factor is maintaining coherence and integrity according to personal beliefs and values and performing an action to overcome moral issues. The other variable that could affect academic burnout is responsibility. From Fromm’s point of view, responsibility is an absolute need and an internal commitment of the individual to perform all the responsibilities favorably and it originates from within the individual. Chamuru et al. (cited by Yuzbashi, 2018) found that discipline and achievement orientation, carefulness, persistence, and punctuality are individual performance predictors in different fields such as academic success. On the other hand, irresponsibility in education leads to consecutive failures and quitting the program of study (1-13). Tenacity as a personal characteristic is the source of resistance against life distressful events (9). It is a personality construct that includes committed direction (versus self- alienation), control (versus low power), and understanding the changes and life needs as challenge (versus threats). According to Benishiek and Lopez (2001), students who choose challenging academic programs adopt a behavior that supports them to overcome difficulties of their study program and regulate their emotional reactions when receiving feedback (10). Kobasa theory (1998) indicates that three processes of cognitive evaluation (control, commitment, and the ability to challenge), stability and perseverance are related to the confrontation time with challenging life events (9). Since medical students are responsible for maintaining and ensuring people’s health in the future, to conduct their roles as experts or health care providers (therapists) competently, educational systems must be aware of the stress inducing factors affecting them during their challenging prolonged study years during which they experience unfortunate incidences. There is no doubt that neglecting the problems and their accumulation from one hand led to waste of financial and human resources of educational departments of the universities; and, on the other hand lowers the quality of health care provision at the societal level. Therefore, considering the aforementioned, this study was an attempt to investigate the relationship between the influencing variables of academic tenacity, academic responsibility, and morale resilience on the academic burnout of the medical students and defining an academic burnout model based on these variables.

The current research is of a descriptive-correlation type (using modeling of structural relationships). The statistical population of this research is all general medical students and assistants. Also, undergraduate students of the 6th semester and above, master's degree and professional doctorate in the fields of basic sciences, rehabilitation, Para medicine and psychology, who were studying in the academic year 1400-1401 at Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran and among them, 216 people were selected as available. The criterion of dropping out of studies, unwillingness, for associate and bachelor students was lower than the sixth semester. In this study, students answered questionnaires about demographic information, job burnout, tenacity, moral resilience, and academic responsibility. For data analysis, Pearson, Sobel, bootstrap correlation tests and SEM structural equation modeling were used using SPSS and Amos software (version 23).

Considering that the chi-square index of the hypothetical model was statistically significant at the level of P < 0.05, therefore, the positive relationship of the academic responsibility variable as a moderating variable mediates the relationship between stubbornness and academic burnout and the relationship between moral and job resilience.

In explaining the proposed model, it can be said that resilience does not limit stress, but rather gives people the strength to deal with the problems ahead and move with the flow of life. Academic tenacity also refers to flexibility along with the commitment to carry out scientific and professional activities and follow up and understand students against academic failure. On the other hand, the main basis of responsibility is the way of thinking or attitude and belief of people towards themselves, others and events and happenings in the environment. Therefore, by accepting responsibility, people have the potential and readiness to move towards their goals in the moment so that they can enjoy doing their work and strengthen their sense of responsibility with a sense of worth and commitment to meet their needs. Do others. This sense of responsibility leads to increased tenacity and flexibility and reduces burnout in the same proportion.

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common causes of loss of mental function, which is generally known as dementia (1) .Alzheimer's disease affects almost two percent of people in developing countries (2). The risk of developing the disease increases with age. Alzheimer's disease and its consequences are the Greatest Health Crisis of the 21st Century. Coumarin and its derivatives are one of the most abundant natural compounds in plants. This compound is a heterocyclic oxygen that is known as the parent chemical structure for a class of phytochemicals naturally found in several plant species. These compounds have been used as anticoagulant, antibacterial, anti-osteoporosis and antiasthmatic (6). Quantitative structure- activity relationship (QSAR) is widely used in drug design processes to improve the therapeutic indicators of designed compounds. QSAR models are mathematical equations written based on the relationship between the chemical structure of compounds and their biological activity (7). These equations use different descriptors; these descriptors are divided into different groups such as structural, geometric, spatial, quantum, and the like and are obtained by experimental and computational methods. Due to the time-consuming and costly experimental methods, computational methods are preferred (8). Density functional theory has been one of the most popular methods of solid-state physics since 1970. Though it was not until 1990, when the considered approximations, in theory, were revised, and a better model for exchange interactions was proposed, it was not considered an exact method in quantum chemistry.

Due to the anti-Alzheimer's property of coumarin and its derivatives, In this research, 44 coumarin derivatives have been selected that were previously synthesized and their experimental activity was measured. All of compounds optimized and their quantum descriptors have been obtained using Gaussian software and computational DFTmethod and basis set 6-31G (d), other descriptors were also determined using Dragon software. At first, using IBMSPSS20 software and stepwise multiple linear regression method, the samples were randomly divided into training series (33 molecules) and prediction series (11 molecules). 75% of the samples were considered training and 25% of them as a test, and this ratio was repeated three times to get the best correlation. The training series was used to create a suitable model, and the prediction series was used to evaluate the model. The most important part of creating an efficient model is the selection of appropriate descriptors. After calculating different descriptors, they are selected as suitable descriptors to build the model. In this study, the stepwise method (SW) was used to select the most appropriate descriptors. In a stepwise method by examining all descriptors, the selection process continues until a model with a high correlation coefficient is obtained. Using the stepwise method from among 95 descriptors, six descriptors were selected as the most suitable and were modeled by the MLR method. After selecting the most suitable descriptors, the relationship between the selected descriptors and the activity of the drug compounds was established by a stepwise incremental method. To check the accuracy and validity of the model, internal and cross-validation methods were used. Internal validation is related to the statistical parameters of the training category, one of these parameters is R or the correlation coefficient. An acceptable equation has a correlation coefficient value greater than 0.6. The reported values ​​for R2 are between 0 and 1. R2=0 means no correlation between the activity and the selected variable, and R2=1 means a very good correlation. Increasing the number of parameters in an equation R2 cannot show the correlation value correctly. For this reason, in an equation with several parameters, R2adj is a more accurate scale for expressing correlation. The closer this value is to one, the stronger the linear relationship between the dependent and independent variable. Cross-validation was used to predict the properties of the compounds that were not included in the new model.

The final evaluation of the model is done by external validation, which indicates how much predictive ability the QSAR model has for the compounds outside the model. For the QSAR equation R2= 0.89665 and R= 0.94691 were obtained. Also, MSE=0.51397 and RMSEP=0.81297 and Q2=0.83216 are a confirmation of the acceptability of the obtained model. The obtained equation shows that the activity of these compounds is related to the negative coefficients of RDF065m, nCbH, Jhetp, which means that by increasing the values of these descriptors, the amount of activity decreases.. On the other hand, the activity of these compounds depends on the positive coefficient of nR=Ct and SPH that means by increasing this value, the activity of these compounds also increases. By placing the effective descriptors, the anti-Alzheimer activity values of these compounds were predicted. The comparison of these values with the obtained experimental activities shows an acceptable correlation between the values of experimental and predicted activity. To investigate how much the increase or decrease of the selected descriptors affects the desired activity, a graph of the average effect of the descriptors has been drawn.The y-axis represents the standardized coefficients, and the x-axis represents the selected descriptor using the SW-MLR method. According to this chart, the Jhetp has the most negative , and the nR=Ct descriptor has the most positive effect. In this chart, the descriptors drawn above the chart mean that the amount of activity increases with increasing the value of the descriptor, and for those drawn at the bottom of the chart, the amount of activity decreases as they increase. The evaluation of the domain of application shows that there is no systematic error in the obtained model, and it also shows the efficiency of the model for predicting behavior in experimental methods.

According to the examination of the results presented above, it can be generally concluded that according to the predicted activity values in Table 3, compounds 36 and 37 have the most activity and compounds 21 and 15 have the least anti-Alzheimer activity. The obtained model helps to design new drugs with more activity in the future based on the factors affecting the activity obtained from the QSAR equation. Since computational methods are faster and more accessible than experimental methods, it can be less predicted the necessary structures to design effective drugs.

Different cognitive errors cause differences in understanding the internal and external environment for each person, which in turn affects their psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience). Theoretical models of anxiety show that information processing errors (which are also called cognitive processing errors or cognitive errors) are important factors in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment process of anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder. Beck (2019) believes that people who have emotional problems commit errors in logic, which inclines the objective reality towards self-deprecation. According to Prapoiz and Klossuska (2018), one of the factors that may negatively affect adolescents in the adolescent period, despite having psychological capital, is cognitive errors. Cognitive errors involve preferential or selective processing of information: In the context of anxiety, information processing biases are specific to threatening stimuli. Researchers have identified four types of cognitive errors in anxious people, which include attention bias, memory, judgment, and interpretation. Investigation of information processing errors in people with social anxiety has shown that they also show these four types of cognitive bias. These biases can appear in two stages of information processing: automatic and strategic. Automatic processing is effortless, involuntary, and unintentional, while strategic or controlled processing is considered effortful, voluntary, and intentional. Adolescence is the most sensitive, important, and critical period of growth. High school students who are in this stage are seeking to discover their identity and independence and separation from their childhood affiliations. Therefore, they do not have a stable mental state and usually, the beginning of most psychological disorders is in this period. One of the major disorders that begins in adolescence is social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, refers to the persistent fear and/or avoidance of social situations associated with the possibility of scrutiny by others and the fear of acting in a way that is embarrassing or humiliating. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of cognitive errors in explaining the relationship between psychological capital and social anxiety in high school students.

This is a descriptive research of the type of structural equations, in which the relationship between variables was investigated with regard to the mediating role of cognitive errors. The statistical population of the research was made up of students of the second secondary schools in Tehran, and a multi-stage cluster sampling method with an estimated sample size (300 people) was used to select the sample. Cognitive error test (CET), psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ) and social anxiety questionnaire (SAQ) were used to measure the variables.

The data were analyzed using structural equations, the results showed that there is a relationship between psychological capital and its components with social anxiety in high school students, and the factor loading of the subscales of hope, resilience and optimism to explain the variable of social capital. , equal to 48.43, 0.0, 0.87 and 0.92, respectively. Also, the results of structural equations showed that cognitive errors can predict the relationship between psychological capital and social anxiety in high school students.

The flow of thinking does not have a correct flow and there are a series of problems in its flow. In other words, there are no correct materials for correct conclusions. Humans naturally tend to stay away from pains and hardships and experience peace and comfort in their lives. On the other hand, behaviors arise from feelings and feelings arise from our type of thinking. If there is a mistake in our thinking, it will spread to our feelings, and after that, our behavior will take on a negative color and go out of the proper state. To have the right behavior, we need to feel positive and this comes through positive thinking. To achieve positive thinking, we must look at life events realistically and deal with them flexibly. Striving for a balance between thoughts that cause anxiety and pleasant and hopeful thoughts brings people closer to positive thinking. This type of thinking brings stable and predictable happiness; but if a person suffers from some kind of negative thinking in life, it leads to momentary happiness, which has many evils, because first of all, it is not stable and it is not in the moment, and in a particular moment, it is not significant in terms of quantity. The results indicated that the components of psychological capital will have an increasing or decreasing effect on anxiety according to the mediating role of cognitive distortions; Therefore, the effect of the relationship between the components of psychological capital and anxiety is not the same considering people's cognitive distortions, and the results obtained in the present study showed that the higher the level of cognitive distortions, the more people will experience anxiety. Therefore, it is suggested to include interventions for the prevention of cognitive errors in the content of educational programs of schools and universities, and in this way, to increase the level of correct understanding and free from cognitive errors of students and in general, to develop correct perception.

The current era is full of crises, one of these crises is the spread of the COVID-19 virus, which has affected the performance of all organizations and many times has brought the existence of organizations to destruction, including government organizations. It has not been an exception to this rule and they have faced problems with the spread of the coronavirus, which of course, regardless of the negative aspects and consequences, has sometimes brought positive consequences. This research aims to provide a model for analyzing sustainable organizational performance with an emphasis on unjustified presence in viral crises in government organizations, with the participation of experts, professors, and experts of government organizations based on a data-based approach.

In the qualitative data analysis section of this research, the analysis of the data obtained from the literature review and semi-structured interview with 11 experts and faculty members knowledgeable in the field of organizational performance was done, and then based on the foundation's data approach Strauss-Corbin method), during three stages of open, central and selective coding, qualitative models of presentism and absenteeism were designed in multi-wave conditions of Corona in government organizations. The aim of the current research is to present a model for analyzing sustainable organizational performance with an emphasis on unjustified presence in viral crises in government organizations, which are studied by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, so it can be said that this study is in the category of development research. It is placed. The current research is exploratory because it seeks to discover variables, limitations, and relationships in a model. The research strategy used in this study is the use of theory based on data. The main plan for formulating the theory arising from the data in this research is the systematic plan. Based on the systematic plan, for the analysis of the collected qualitative data, it is necessary to pass the open, central, and selective coding stage in order to finally present a logical paradigm or an objective image of the created theory. First, an initial list of potentially qualified people was selected for the interview and coordinated with them via e-mail or in person. Also, at the end of the interview, while sending the edited text of the interview, they were asked to present their suggestions and introduce people who have better and more information with them in this field. Finally, using the saturation rule, 11 people (including 9 faculty members and two organizational experts) were interviewed. The data collection tool at this stage of the research was face-to-face and in-depth interviews that were conducted with open questions between 30 and 45 minutes. Max Kyuda software was used for qualitative data analysis. The interviews are recorded so that by re-implementing, reviewing the conversations, and analyzing, a more detailed examination of the views of the participants can be done. A number of the interviewees did not allow the recording of the interview, so by taking notes from the interview, the items were transferred to the software in text form for coding. After coding the interviews, the information was transferred to Excel for final summarization. At the end, data analysis was done using open, central, and selective coding.