فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 61، بهار 1403)

The personality of Hazrat Fatima (PBUH), a lady who holds a special position and dignity in the Quran, Prophetic hadiths, Sunni sources, and especially Shiite sources, has been a subject of interest for Orientalists. Verena Klemm, a contemporary Orientalist, wrote an article on forming the image of Hazrat Fatima (PBUH) in Sunni and Shiite sources. This study investigates Klemm's attitude towards Hazrat Fatima (PBUH) and how she portrays and analyzes her personality. The content analysis method is used to extract Klemm's desired concepts and the sources she considered, which has been effective in advancing the goals of this research. The results show that Klemm conducted her study based on her preconceived notions and relying on limited and specific sources, without paying attention to the religious vision of the text.

Muawiya, who proclaimed himself the avenger of Uthman, established the Levant (Bilad al-Sham) as the base for his political agenda. This allowed the Levant to emerge as the stronghold of opposition against the caliphate of Imam Ali (AS), paving the way for the rise of the Umayyad dynasty. However, historical accounts suggest that the cohesiveness of the Levantine community during this period may not have been as absolute as commonly portrayed. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, examined the composition of the Levantine population and their positions in the Alavi-Umayyad dispute. By focusing on the division of tribes into the Qahtani and Adnani groups, the study categorized the behavior of the Levantine people into 4 distinct groups: companions, semi-companions, neutrals, and non-companions. One of the key findings was identification of groups that were either not obedient to Muawiya from the outset or later separated from him, despite the initial companionship. This challenged the prevalent narrative of a unified and unwavering Levantine support for Muawiya's cause. This categorization could aid in analyzing the nuanced performance of the Levantine population and reconciling the scattered and conflicting historical accounts. Moreover, the research revealed that in all the mentioned groups, the Qahtani tribes were dominant, shedding light on the internal dynamics and power structures within the Levantine community during this pivotal period of Islamic history. These insights can contribute to further research on Muawiya's policies, the Alavi-Umayyad conflict, and the sociopolitical landscape of the Levant.

During the Qajar era, Iran's growing engagement with foreign nations led to Guilan being designated as a border territory, primarily due to its unique geographical conditions. The region's fertile soil and abundant water resources for agriculture attracted significant political and commercial interest from abroad. As Guilan's prominence increased in political, commercial, and social spheres during this time with multiple foreign consulates established in Rasht, the local population experienced a notable influx of foreign nationals. This foreign presence and support for their citizens' interests in Guilan led to various outcomes, including some residents accepting foreign citizenship. This socio-political issue prompted protests from a coalition of freedom advocates and open-minded locals in Guilan, leading the Qajar government to implement measures aimed at preventing the persistence of this phenomenon. This study employed a historical approach and a descriptive-analytical method to explore the adoption of foreign citizenship among Guilan's populace during the Qajar period from 1882 to 1921 AD (1300-1339 AH). It investigated the emergence of this phenomenon, elucidating both the efforts of foreign entities to recruit Guilan citizens and the Qajar government's measures to mitigate this societal trend. The research findings identified key factors contributing to residential migration, including the influx of foreign nationals to Guilan, extensive support from governments like Russia and the Ottomans for their citizens, inadequate support from the Qajar government for local residents, and the poor conduct of governors and local leaders.

The main issue of the present research is the nature of the concept of rebellion (rebel) in the Behistun Inscription. To answer this question, the study utilizes a conceptual historical method based on analyzing the Old Persian text of the Behistun Inscription, focusing on the words or phrases used to denote the concept of rebellion. The research findings indicate that the Behistun Inscription employs words and phrases to represent the concept of rebellion, where understanding some terms requires knowledge of their prior usage in the tradition of Mesopotamian kings, especially in Neo-Assyria. However, the omission of certain terms and the simultaneous use of new phrases in the fifth column of the inscription suggest a transformation in Achaemenid political thought regarding how the concept of rebellion is represented. Nevertheless, all words and phrases representing the concept of rebellion in the Behistun Inscription share a common characteristic regarding the essence of this concept in Achaemenid political thought, which is the issue of breaking loyalty to the Achaemenid king; "oath-breaking".

This research aimed to investigate the role of Iranians in Istanbul in publishing and distributing modernist and constitutionalist texts, by discovering channels of communication between Iranian and Ottoman constitutionalists. Therefore, after presenting an outline of the Iranians of Istanbul, it explained the general coordinates of Istanbul (concerning the topic of the research) as the most important center of communication between Iranian and Ottoman constitutionalists and specified its place in the publication and distribution of Persian texts. Thereafter, focusing on Iranian printers or writers, as agents of publication and distribution of the aforementioned works, the role of these individuals in the production and transfer of works containing the idea of modernism and constitutionalism between Iran and the Ottoman Empire was investigated. It was found that these individuals, by being present in Istanbul and taking advantage of the facilities provided by this city; authored, translated, and published the aforementioned works. In the following, attention is focused on the activity centers of Iranians by mentioning places such as Valide Han and the Iranian School in Istanbul. The study explained their role and position in completing the chain of communication between Iranian and Ottoman constitutionalists. It showed that active Iranians in the Ottoman publishing industry published works containing the ideas of modernism and constitutionalism in centers such as Iranian Publishing Company (شرکت صحافیه ایرانیه) and Akhtar Printing Press (مطبعه اختر); and these works were delivered to Iranian and Ottoman audience through other centers such as bookstores, especially in the bookseller Bazaar (صحافلار چارشوسی). In addition to the intellectual nourishment of Istanbul, these works were also exported to other regions such as Iran and Iraq. Based on the research findings, it can be claimed that the constitutionalist Iranians in Istanbul, by communicating with their Iranian and Ottoman audiences, played an important role in promoting the idea of ​​constitutionalism in Iran and the Ottoman Empire.

This research investigated the extensive commercial network of Mohammad Ibrahim Malek al-Tojjar, a prominent Iranian merchant during the Qajar period. Based on documents located in England where Malek al-Tojjar resided and conducted business, it was clear that he had established significant commercial relationships with renowned foreign companies, such as Sassoon and Lynch, as well as influential domestic merchants in the Ottoman Empire and India. His trade spanned a diverse array of commodities. The accompanying diagram illustrates the volume and variety of these commercial transactions. The documents analyzed provided valuable insights into economic, political, cultural, and linguistic contexts. By examining the content related to Malek al-Tojjar's foreign trade, this research addressed the question of his key trading partners and the goods exchanged between them. While these findings are significant, the potential discovery of additional documents may further enrich this research in the future.