پژوهشنامه رسانه بین الملل
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 12، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

In the past, the relations between countries were often focused on official diplomacy, but with the expansion of communication, a profound transformation was created in human societies, traditional structures, governments and their behaviors in the international arena, and other dimensions of social influence and relations between nations-states appeared. Meanwhile, two countries, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Federative Republic of Brazil, have adopted an independent policy and desire to stabilize their international position; Therefore, considering the 120 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries, the positive view of Iran and Brazil on mutual cooperation, balancing, diversification and deepening of relations between the two countries, both want to meet the strategic goal of strengthening multilateral relations between the two countries. The main question of the present research is what should be the communication model of Iran in the Republic of Brazil in order to establish a strong, effective and constructive relationship with this country? The conceptual literature of this research is development communication, communication model and emerging powers. In this research, a combination of document study method and contextual theory was used, and results was obtained by referring to books, articles, and authoritative reports of international organizations, as well as conducting in-depth interviews with 12 elite people. Based on the results, Brazil's behavioral model in the international system is very cautious and economy-oriented; Therefore, it is necessary for the Islamic Republic of Iran to use a fixed strategy with changing tactics in accordance with the changes of the target society in facing the government, society, civil institutions and social media of Brazil. Also, according to the discourse and media atmosphere of this country, the Republic of Iran should activate the multi-dimensional capacities of public diplomacy by focusing on media diplomacy, cultural diplomacy and exchange diplomacy.

Understanding how countries are perceived, especially in the field of political communication, is very important and needs to examine the factors that shape the image of a country. The purpose of this research is to explain the representation and false beliefs and at the same time provide an insight into the views of the Lebanese society regarding Iran. This research seeks to answer the basic question of how Iran was represented in Lebanon's cyber space during the country's parliamentary elections in 2022, and what implications these representations have for Iran's position in Lebanon's socio-cultural and foreign policy environment. The research method in the current study was qualitative and text mining method, but the data analysis method in this research was thematic analysis method. It is worth noting that the method of data collection in this research was through the Twitter API and using keywords related to Iran during May 2022, i.e. two weeks before and two weeks after the Lebanese parliamentary elections. After analyzing the data, 5 overarching themes were obtained, which are actually the "components and elements of Iran's representation among Lebanese Twitter users in the 2022 Lebanese parliamentary elections". Some Lebanese users highlighted Iran as a permanent and benevolent supporter of Lebanon and other countries in the region and its power components. On the other hand, other users have represented Iran as a country with special political connections and high influence in the region, as well as a country with internal problems. In addition, the results of the theme analysis showed that users have reacted to Iran's various events and news by continuously monitoring them, which is a sign of their sensitivity regarding the issue of Iran.

With the spread of social networks, politicians have increasingly turned to pervasive social networks to express their opinions and declare their positions. Expressing every politician and diplomat's views is considered his/her official position in public. The social network X - formerly Twitter- is also one of the social networks that politicians are interested in, due to its text-oriented features. Nuclear negotiations and lifting the sanctions have been among the most important issues in Iran's diplomacy in recent years. Since then, the Government has used this social network to announce its positions and address its messages. So, to find the approach and manner of interactions of the 13th “Iran Administration” headed by the late Ebrahim Raisi, with the opposite parties of the nuclear negotiations, the tweets sent by the official page of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of I. R. Iran under the chairmanship of the late Hossein Amir Abdullahian were examined in this research from Shahrivar 1400 (August 2021) Until Esfand 1400 (March 2022). Analyzing and reviewing the tweets related to the nuclear talks, published during this period, were conducted by the Qualitative content analysis method. After selecting 53 sample tweets from a total of 104, their contents were reviewed and 9 codes were extracted. Eventually, the resulting codes were categorized into three basic concepts including “mistrust of the other side”, “Iran's positive view of diplomacy”, and “securing Iran's interests and lifting sanctions”. The categories from which these concepts were taken were: “The US is the main culprit for the ineffectiveness of the negotiations”, “lack of “change in American policy in the Biden administration”, “inability of other parties of the negotiations”, “Failure of western parties to fulfill mutual obligations”, "Iran's seriousness and readiness to negotiate”, “cooperative approach in negotiations”, “effective negotiation while maintaining the dignity and respect of the Iranian people”

This research focuses on a case study of BBC Persian and Iran International TV networks examining the representation of the Ukraine-Russia war inforeign Persian-language news media. The conflict between these two countries has received extensive media coverage, with various actors using media platforms to advance their diplomatic agendas. The purpose of this research is to analyze the representation and framing of the Ukraine-Russia war in the news coverage of BBC Persian and Iran International. The data for this research has been analyzed using news framing techniques applied to the Ukraine-Russia war coverage on these news networks. The research sample consists of four weeks and 28 days of news from 2021 to 2023, selected purposefully. The findings discuss the approaches and viewpoints of BBC Persian and Iran International news channels in their conflict-related narratives. Iran International News Network has attempted to maintain peace and promote diplomatic and economic agreements between the two countries, striving not to infringe on Ukraine's independence and national rights while maintaining an impartial approach to both sides. In contrast, BBC Persian has focused on movements, popular uprisings, and criticisms favoring Ukraine. Among the general news frameworks, both news networks have given more attention to the "attribution of responsibility" and "human interest" frames than others, while the "moral consequences" frame received less attention.

Following the Taliban's Re-establishment in Afghanistan in August 2021, ensuring security and stability in the country has become particularly significant due to its proximity to Iran. The media play a crucial role in fostering unity and promoting convergence between the two neighboring countries. The Taliban's caliphate-oriented tendencies have led to increased media restrictions compared to previous years. Accordingly, Iran's foreign media should seek ways to preserve and enhance the influence and unity of the people in both countries. Thus, the primary research question is: 'How can media diplomacy enhance convergence between the two nations following the return of the Taliban?' This study was conducted based on the theories of media diplomacy and convergence, employing the database method. Based on this framework, semi-structured interviews were conducted to analyze the perspectives of 16 experts in Afghanistan, with MAXQDA software employed to streamline the coding and data analysis processes. The research findings indicate that the factors influencing media diplomacy are as follows: a) Background factors, which include security concerns, military readiness, strategic culture, and religious dynamics; b) Causal factors, encompassing deep historical and cultural ties, customs, and both internal and external political influences; c) Mediating factors, consisting of Afghan refugees, ethnic diversity and minorities, economic considerations, environmental factors, and issues related to women. Furthermore, Iran's stance of neutrality toward the Taliban-led government has significantly contributed to media diplomacy. Leveraging the resources of Persian culture and civilization is identified as the most important and effective means of fostering convergence between the two countries.
.

Media managers, facing changes, need to have visions of likely future possibilities to cope reasonably with the next developments, because they can make decision preventively to avoid being surprised. Without scenarios or clear imagination of possible prospects, we cannot plan anything. This article has been written to realize demanded scenario about being seen and attracting the audience, and availability of the universal network Jaam-e-Jam. Writing scenario was done using the Shwartz GBN method and a targeted sampling method. 25 experts participated in the research, which this number was enough according to the theoretical saturation principal. The viewpoint of the experts and in-depth interview method have been used to explain these features of the universal network Jaam-e-Jam. In the field of media competition, the scenarios of this network for beds of producing and broadcasting programs are: making media intelligent, clean media, passing inactive media and red lines, nostalgic excitement, and interactive media. The findings of the research have shown six key features which the most important ones are: rapidity (releasing and distributing contents), variety (availability), equipping network with modern technologies, optimal usage of cyberspace and social media capacities on interaction with audience and feeling excitement (nostalgic feeling).

Iran and Turkey are two important neighboring countries with a deep mutual connection. This research seeks to establish a practical model for cultural diplomacy between the two nations by emphasizing the role of cultural industries such as media. The central question addressed in this study is "What are the principles and factors underlying the cultural diplomacy model between Iran and Turkey, with a particular focus on cultural industries? The grounded theory was used as the research method. Furthermore, the statistical population included 12 experts who were selected using theoretical sampling. Data collection methods consisted of desk studies and online resources for the theoretical phase, and the researcher-made questionnaire and semi-structured interviews for the practical phase. Following the transcription of the interviews, the concepts and categories were organized into relevant dimensions using open, axial, and selective coding processes. The research results indicate that the bilateral relations in causal conditions are shaped by factors such as "cultural policies, shared cultural and artistic attractions, handicrafts, creative industries, and mutual cultural exchanges". In terms of contextual factors, these relations are influenced by "cultural commonalities and differences between the two countries and the roles of cultural industries". In terms of intervening factors in Iran, the relations are influenced by factors such as "infrastructural, economic, international, and media challenges, inefficient management, and government authorities' indifference" but for Turkey, they are affected by "economic, cultural, and international problems". Moreover, the relations are influenced by "implementing managerial and practical approaches" in terms of strategies and comparing the "cinematic achievements, cultural, media, and artistic contributions, and recognitions" of the two nations in terms of outcomes.
.

The Security Council serves as the enforcer of international peace and security within the framework of the United Nations. Initially, there was concern that the Council's involvement in international humanitarian law (IHL) would appear to legitimize war, given the UN Charter's prohibition on the use of force. As a result, the Council refrained from engaging with IHL for over 20 years after its establishment. However, the Council's approach has evolved, reflecting its heightened focus on IHL. It has established a link between international peace and security and the responsibility to protect. Additionally, with the growing influence of international media, especially in reporting on armed conflicts, the Security Council is not immune to the media's impact on its response to violations of humanitarian law. This article aims to explore the role played by the Security Council in the growth and development of IHL, including instances where it has violated these laws through its stances. By employing a descriptive and argumentative approach and drawing on various library sources and international documents, the article concludes that despite occasional failures to respond adequately to humanitarian law violations, whether due to its structure or the interests of its permanent members, the Council has increasingly prioritized humanitarian law issues over time, particularly with greater media involvement.

The collapse of the Soviet Union created a new opportunity for Israel to be engaged in a broader confrontation with the Islamic Republic of Iran based on its most important principle of national security, which emphasizes the need for preemptive defense and the elimination of the alleged threats outside Israel's borders. The main question of this article is how Israel exploits the Republic of Azerbaijan to weaken Iran's national security. This essay is exploratory, of qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, for which the necessary data have been collected using library and media sources. The findings show that the Republic of Azerbaijan, which is located in an important geopolitical position in the north of Iran's borders, has serious problems in its relations with Iran, considers the historical and cultural commonalities with Iran as threat, and considers the political Islam inspired by the Islamic Republic of Iran as threat, geographically adjacent to the Azari-speaking provinces of Iran, located on Iran's economic route to Europe, has political alignment with Israel, has attitude toward enhancing cooperation with Israel's allies and has a strong motivation to construct NATO's Turan Corridor (Zangezur Corridor) and connect the member countries of the Organization of Turkic States to each other, has high capacities to be used by Israel against Iran. In fact, Israel is recruiting this country in its hybrid warfare against Iran by focusing on these potential and actual tensions and problems.

Iranology, as an independent science from Orientalism, due to its interdisciplinary nature, requires interaction and synergy with other disciplines, including international relations and public, cultural and media diplomacy. Therefore, it is possible to identify the objectives related to the two fields of public diplomacy and Iranology by examining the above documents and measure its compliance with the duties and responsibilities of the organizations in charge of each of these two fields. With this research action, the common goals are determined, which are: "spreading a favorable image of Iran, strengthening the spirit of cultural interactionism, countering Iranophobia, synergy and finally increasing Iran's soft power". In the next stage, looking at the objectives, the requirements for the optimal link between Iranology and public diplomacy, including things such as creating convergence with other countries and reducing the areas of divergence, are specified. Finally, the main question of the current research is posed as "What are the solutions for the connection between Iranology and the country's public diplomacy in such a way that the capacities of Iranology are activated to advance the goals of public diplomacy?" The method of conducting this research is descriptive and analytical, and in order to apply it, the study of the statutes of related organizations, including radio and television, as well as the provisions of the above documents is based. Hypothetically, this requires a set of solutions composed of hardware and software measures that overlap and support each other. Software cases such as innovative and creative media diplomacy centered on Iranology and hardware cases such as creating a structural connection between Iranology and the international field.