مجله پژوهش های ادب عرفانی (گوهر گویا)
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 52، بهار و تابستان 1403)

This research investigates the concept of irrational propositions and their role in language and intuitive experiences. These propositions, which do not follow logical rules, are used in situations outside of ordinary consciousness and have a meaning different from the conventional meaning of words. Based on this, it is argued that these propositions are not valid not only for the theologian but also for the audience because they did not appear in the state of awareness and do not indicate a certain meaning that the speakers have the same understanding of. This research also investigates the differences between the pre-modern and post-modern viewpoints. At first glance, there is a single meaning for texts composed of these propositions, which can only be achieved for properties, while post-moderns do not accept any single truth and believe that everyone can extract his own truth from the text. Methodologically, this research deals with the functional roles of language and their division by Halliday, which includes ideological, personal, and textual roles. These roles introduce words as symbolic signs that imply a conventional meaning and are necessary to organize social life. Finally, intuitive experiences are discussed in which language is used to express experiences that are neither related to the objective world nor take place in consciousness. These experiences include lyrical poetry, visions, and spiritual experiences, all of which are experienced during the intersection of reason and sense.

Golshan-e Rāz is a seminal text in theoretical mysticism and numerous articles have been written about it. This study analyzed the perspectives of authors, who wrote about Golshan-e Rāz in the 1980s and 1990s by using the lens of reception theory. This theory highlights the interplay between the text and its readers, emphasizing how the reader's role is crucial in determining a text's meaning and how social paradigms shape the audience's expectations. The theorists Hans Robert Jauss and Eiser argue that the interpretation of a text can shift according to historical context and the reader's background. Their work suggests that readers draw on their literary knowledge and cognitive frameworks to create meaning. This research employed a descriptive-analytical approach, referencing articles from the 1980s and 1990s focused on Golshan-e Rāz. The findings indicated that the audience's expectations and the prevailing social paradigms of these two decades—such as a preference for rational interpretations, the integration of religion and mysticism, an interest in comparative studies, and a focus on theoretical mysticism—had significantly influenced how readers interpreted the text. These interpretations could be categorized into 5 major themes: content criticism, aesthetic criticism, exploration of the roots in the Qur'an and Hadith, comparative research, and analysis of commentary on Golshan-e Rāz.

Epistemological questions have long been central to Western philosophical thought. Philosophers have engaged in discussions regarding ancient Greece, contemporary philosophical currents, limitations of various types of cognition, and strategies to overcome these limitations. These differing opinions have influenced both philosophy and other sciences, with each philosophical stance giving rise to various positions in different fields. Additionally, addressing epistemological questions has led to conflicts among various ways of understanding the world. There are significant overlaps between theological, mystical, and philosophical thoughts on these topics. Key epistemological questions, such as the limits of cognition and how to transcend them, are prevalent in mystical and theological reflections, emphasizing concepts like existence, truth, discovery, concealment, intuition, categorical imperative, nonexistence, language, and silence. In the context of Western phenomenological tradition, particularly in the views of Martin Heidegger, the interrelations among these concepts can be examined through Heidegger's philosophy. His ontological analysis reveals that knowledge is a concrete matter shaped by the subject's involvement, with Dasein varying in connection to its past, present, and future (projection, projection, and projection). This research analyzed the relationship between cognition and understanding within the framework of Dasein’s being-in-situation, focusing on the intellectual system of Molavi, particularly in "Fihi Ma Fihi" and "Mathnawi". It explored how cognition and errors in Molavi's thought changed based on human conditions, positions, and prior understandings.

The horizontal axis of Mansour Hallaj's life represents the passage of time, while the vertical axis illustrates the key events of his life. Hallaj's ideas are reflected in numerous works, including those of Fakhr al-Din Iraqi. This research demonstrated that Iraqi, through the coherence and strength of his words, captured the depth of Hallaj's mystical thought by intertwining these two axes in a convergent manner within his poetry. The influence of Hallaj's teachings on the Iraqi lexicon was profound, revealing two central themes of mystical discourse: "the unity of existence" and "the descent and ascent of secrets". These themes were expressed boldly and evocatively, embodying the dynamic relationship between the lover and the beloved.

Wittfogel's theory of Oriental Tyranny is one of the approaches that reveals the complex characteristics of Eastern societies and their cultural differences through which the complexities of these societies can be understood. For this purpose, by examining various literary works, it is possible to discover the manifestations of Eastern tyranny and its impact on individuals and societies, and the meanings of literary works. In this study, using the method of descriptive analysis and the approach of literary sociology, the authors have analyzed the components of Oriental tyranny in Fihe Ma Fih and compared them with the text of great mystical works and have come to the conclusion that Fihe Ma Fih, in addition to mystical and ethical issues also includes other cultural, social, and intellectual discourses. Maulavi has reconstructed and reproduced the political structure of the authoritarian system and the discourse emanating from it in the form of his stories, letters, and mystical thoughts in his Maktoobat, and for this reason, it can be said that he, like other people of his time, has accepted the dominant discourse about power and politics. On the basis of these stories, directly and indirectly, he has given legitimacy to that government system.

Accurate recognition of the works and thoughts of Islamic mystics is not possible without knowledge of their specific mystical traditions and methods, as their thought system is derived from the principles of the mystical tradition and the customs of their mystic school. This descriptive-analytical research, focusing on Love and Reason by Najm al-Din Razi, and Reason and Love (Monazerat Khams) by Ali Ibn Turke Esfahani, aims to specify the traditions and mystical schools related to these mystics based on the criteria of the first and second mystical traditions. The findings reveal that these two mystics are influenced by the first mystical tradition in their goal and approach. However, in other works of Najm al-Din Razi, signs of his inclination towards the second tradition can be seen. Najm al-Din Razi does not believe in the efficiency of reason in attaining knowledge, but Ali Ibn Turke’s opinion is the opposite. Regarding the means of knowing and discovering knowledge, Najm al-Din Razi belongs to the first tradition, and Ali Ibn Turke to the second tradition. Love is a significant and widely used concept in Love and Reason, whose intended meaning is close to the first mystical tradition. “Inebriety” and “Ecstatic Expression”, in Reason and Love, are concepts that share the same wording and meaning in both traditions. Mystical language, in Najm al-Din Razi’s work is phrasal. However, in Ibn Turke’s book, it is a combination of phrases and allusion.