فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 95، پاییز 1402)

The roofing technique known as  Jack Arch which featuresa brick- arched roof on top of steel I-beams, is one of the earliest specialized building techniques from Iran's modernization period that has not been thoroughly researched . While contemporary structural engineers in Iran often regard it as an indignant method,, architects haveshown increasing interest in it. Many years ago, the late Latif Abolghasmi, aprofessor of the University of Tehran, advocated for this technique as an indigenous Iranian technology, though his claims were not well-documented. This research investigates his hypothesis using a historical interpretation approach.;. The findings reveal that the Jack Arch technique has three different origins in early modern Europe duringthe nineteenth century: England (Jack Arch), Germany (Prussian arch) and Spain (Catalan roof). The Jack Arch was initially used for fire proofing  textile factories,  the Prussian vault originated from  traditional waterproofing methods for  wooden structures at the basement level, and  the Catalan vault continued  a traditional system possibly rooted in  Islamic  Spain or Mexican indigenous practices.In Iran, the adoption of this technique has two main sources: a popular origin: continuing from Iran’sadvanced vaulting systems ,and an engineering origin, in the early Pahlavi period by German and Anglo-American engineers in factories and governmental buildings. Prior to the arrival of foreign engineers, this method was common with wooden beams, creating a historical link to steel usage.; Compared to the Jack Arch, the Iranian counterpart is unique due to its construction without form-working. In comparison to the Prussian vault, the Iranian type exhibit more elaborated brickwork, whereas  the German type seldom uses formwork. The Catalan Vault shares many similaritieswith the Iranian vault, not only in form-working but also in the technique’s purpose. However, ithasno historical connection with contemporary Iran, and its brickwork is muchsimpler than that of Iranian vault. In addition, the thin brick layering technique called ‘LaPoush’ in Iran, seen in  some Catalan vault, does not rely on the brick's inherent resistance as the Iranian vault does.As a result, Abolghasemi's hypothesis is partially confirmed: the technique is not unique to Iran, but the Iranian variant does not have a foreign origin..Western engineering significantly  catalyzed its development, particularlyevident in factory constructions  where the brickwork is exposed without plastering, unlike in residential buildings where it is flattened and plaster. The technical superiority of Iranian works, especiallyin popular buildings such as local mosques and trading centers, showcases  fine brickwork and sophisticated methodsfor concealing steel beams, meriting recognitionas cultural heritage from Iran’s early modern era.

The realization of the public service land uses –such aseducational, park and green space, cultural, therapeutic and sports venues—guarantees the quality of life of citizens. However, the evaluation of land use planning in urban development plans reveals a consistent failure to realize these uses.This research aimed to identify the fundamental obstacles to the realization of these public service land uses and propose a framework to address these challenges .  A significant issue in the southwest planning area of Mashhad has been the non-realization of a considerable portion of public service land uses, even though the area was predominantly empty and undeveloped at the time of preparing the detailed plans. This issue arises when planning is prioritized over actual development.The detailed plans among the urban development plans were selected for this study becuase they are the most precise in terms ofland use planning at the  parcel level. Therefore, first of all, the achievement level of proposed public service uses in the detailed plans in the southwest of Mashhad planning area wasmeasured quantitatively by comparing  the pre-proposed plan with the current situation. This comparison was conducted using both overlapping and non-overlapping methods. The findings indicate an average achievement rate of 38% of the proposed area, a figure that is far from satisfactory.Following this, the reasons for the non-realization of these uses were identified using qualitative research method, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 urban planning experts and data were analyzed using open and axial coding techniques. From this analysis, 11 central issues were identified, withtwo fundamental issues emerging as root causes“planning regardless of ownership issue” and “weakness and ambiguity in existing laws and lack of attention to rectifying it”. This identification was done based on the frequency of open codes and their classification in axial codes.The first fundamental issue highlights the need for planners to consider land ownership types and registered ownership boundaries when designating public service uses. The second fundamental issue although outside the immediate scope of planning, pertains to urban laws and significantly impacts the realization of public service uses. Both issues demand special attention to improve the realization of public service land uses.  Addressing land ownership in land use planning and resolving legal ambiguities are crucial steps in enhancing the feasibility of these uses. Using the qualitative content analysis method and based on the results of the interviews and theoretical foundations, the inadequacy of related laws was further examined. The findings indicate the necessity of planning the public service land uses based on the ownership considerations and the clarification and amendment of related laws to form a viable framework. Keywords: Land use planning in detailed plan, non-realization of public service land uses, major damages and obstacles, ownership issue, ambiguity in laws, proposed framework

The satisfaction of users with university campuses plays a pivotal role in shaping the competitiveness and attractiveness of educational institutions. On one side, changes in demographic priorities, lifestyle, technology, etc. and on the other side, changing preferences among university audiences along with the necessity of an inevitable movement towards third and fourth-generation universities, highlight the importance of evaluating physical space satisfaction in Iranian universities. The characteristics and qualities of the build environment have a direct effect on activities and behavior. Fourth- generation universities aim to create a campus where students and scientists from all over the world continuously work in a challenging and inspiring environment. This research aims to providee a general framework for evaluating users' satisfaction with the physical space of universities (specifically the campus) , with a focus on its application within the context of Yazd University. Drawing upon the Noel-Levitz satisfaction model, this research seeks to assess and understand the satisfaction levels of students, professors, and staff at Yazd University.  Through the use of quantitative-survey and three cluster sampling of students, professors and staff the study delves into various dimensions of satisfaction related to the campus environment. We conducted “importance-performance analysis (IPA) based on strengths (the questions have the most importance and the highest satisfaction), challenges (the questions have the most importance and the least satisfaction) and performance gap to identify planning priorities in the Yazd University campus . The findingsunderscore the importance of several key factors in shaping users' satisfaction with university campuses, namely, accessibility, sensory-functional, and spatial syntax. . Based on the factors, the priorities for Yazd University campus planning are: 1) redefining the access hierarchy and developing diverse modes of mobility, 2) creating coherent and integrated forms of the campuses 3) Planning the development of campuses  based on optimal use of land and creating activities related to the city.  In conclusion, this research contributes to the existing literature by offering insights into users' satisfaction with university campuses in Iran. By adapting the Noel-Levitz satisfaction model and conducting a comprehensive evaluation, the study provides valuable data and recommendations for enhancing the campus experience. By prioritizing factors such as accessibility and spatial design, universities can create environments that foster innovation, collaboration, and overall satisfaction among users.

The development of creativity is a significant topic in educational psychology studies. This issue is especially important in childhood due to the completion of several development stages, particularly the development of personality. In childhood, a person gains various experiences and their personality and character develop gradually. Therefore, creativity can be studied and examined as one of the critical areas in research. Creativity involves various stages, levels, components and elements that occur in the creative process. Factors affecting creativity are divided into two categories: personal and environmental . The personal category, also known as internal category, includes  emotional, cognitive, intellectual and characteristics skill. The environmental category, or external category, includesfactors related to the positions that a person has in relation to others such as family environment, social environment and partnerships, educational factors and physical environmental factors. This article examined the physical elements of the environment among the external factors. Based on the process of cognitive development, children's perception becomes more practical from the age of 6 years old and is increasinglyinfluenced by the environment and its elements. During this period, children can spend most of their time outside  the home  in spaces such as educational environments. The main purpose of this research is to identify the physical elements that affect the creativity of children  aged 6 to 11 years old in educational spaces. Another purpose of this research is to identify the correlation between the physical elements and the components of developing creativity in children within this age group. The methodology of this research is a mixed-method approach incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research. A substantial amount of information about the physical elements and creativity indicators was collected through a literature review  of theoretical and experimental background records and documents. To measure the relationship between physical elements and creativity indicators, a quantitative method using descriptive strategy and correlation technique. The required data for the analysis  were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed through three types of schools in different area of Zanjan: public schools, non-profit schools, and private educational centers known  as self-sufficient schools. The collected data was analyzed using two analytical software programs: SPSS22 and Amos22. Results revealed a significant relationship between the environmental components andcreativity indicators : “fluidity”, “expansion” and “exploration”. regarding the degree of influence, the component of “space design to create different feelings” have the greatest impact on creativity and its indicators. Other indicators that significantly impacted  creativity included: “diversity in open spaces”, “package, shape and geometry of space and architecture”, “use of various materials and colors in space”, “connection with open spaces and green spaces”, “use of  different furniture and various arrangements of furniture”, “variety of use and application of space” and “interaction between children and participation of children”.

Stairs, serving as  vertical communication elements,  has historically connected different spatial layers with Iranian houses, particularly evident in the architectural heritage of Dezful historical houses. . This research employs Canter's model to evaluate the positioning of the stairs during theQajar and Pahlavi periods in Dezful considering its significance in the evolution of human habitation . Through qualitative inquiry, this research explores the position of the stairs in the historical houses of Dezful (Qajar and Pahlavi periods) based on the inductive approach and the Grounded Theory  method. Primary data collection involved 21 semi-structured interviews with residents, grounded observations and plan analyses of 26 selected houses. In this process, 15 samples of houses that met the selection criteria of the research were identified and necessary documents were collected for the analysis of each of them. The primary criteria for selecting these samples were their prevalence during their respective historical periods and the accessibility of their residents. Subsequently, 11 additional similar houses were visited to gather further information and to review and refine the identified categories..  Findings reveal that in the historical houses of Dezful,  stairs are strategically positioned within the spatial fabric , influencing "bodily engagement", "activities" and "symbolic meaning". Consequently, stairs, along with other spatial elements, have contributed to creating a unique living experience in Dezful houses. Key aspects associated with stairs in these historical houses include "Sociability," "Spatial Hierarchy," "Symbol and Sign," "Identity," "Memorability," "Spatial Continuity and Connectivity," "Bordering and Territorialization," "Climatic Comfort," "Orientation," "Interspatial Aspect," and "Visual Richness." Overall, it can be concluded that the stairs in Dezful houses have established a continuous and integrated system that harmonizes human activities with the architectural design by intertwining "body," "activity," and "meaning."

Establishing thermal comfort zones solely through natural ventilation in hot and humid climates is challenging.. Continuous reliance on mechanical cooling can compromise indoor air quality, posing health risks to building occupants. The building's skin and windows play a crucial role in the heat exchange, cooling loads, energy demands, and the thermal comfort of the residents. This study aimed to minimize total annual discomfort hours and solar radiation heat gain from external windows while utilizing natural ventilation in a residential building in Asalouyeh City’s hot humid cliamte. Additionally, the study examined the impact of transparent and opaque wall materials, as well as window shadings, on the optimal Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR)to minimize solar gain and discomfort hours.

For each common and proposed configuration of building construction and different values for WWR (10%-90%), the annual Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) were determined at 1-hour intervals in a sitting zone of the case study building. The indices were also determined for the thermal peak day at 30-minute intervals. The obtained values were compared with the comfort range recommended by ASHRAE Standard 55 (+0.5 < PMV < -0.5, 0 < PPD < 80%). The annual total hours during which achieving thermal comfort through natural ventilation is possible were calculated. Finally, the optimal window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and opening areas in the optimal construction configuration were determined using the optimization method.

With a WWR of 30% (a common ratio in building construction), the total annual solar radiation heat gain decreased from 3574 kW to 270 kW with proposed materials. The seating area remained within the comfortable temperature range for at least 737 hours throughout the year, thanks to natural cooling. Optimal WWR values included 10%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 32%, 34%, 36% in combination with open areas of  75%, 49%, 84%, 54%, 66%, 36%, 94%, 38%, 5%, 5%respectively. The optimal properties for transparent surfaces include aluminum thermal break window frames, a 1-meter overhang, and left and right side-fin shadings for windows made from lightweight concrete cast (Conductivity: 0.3800 W/m-K, Specific Heat: 1000.00 J/kg-K, Density: 1200.00 kg/m³, Thickness: 0.002 m), and 6mm/6mm air blue double-glazed glass (SHGC: 0.15, LT: 0.15, U-Value: 2.555 W/m²-K). The conductivity, specific heat, density, and thickness of the outermost and innermost layers were 0.16 and 0.17 W/m-K, 880.00 and 900.00 J/kg-K, 2800.00 and 1390.00 kg/m³, 0.002 and 0.005 m, respectively. The study also introduced the thermal properties of non-transparent surfaces.

Findings showed that the glass properties (Light Transmission and Thermal transmittance or U-Value) and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (total solar transmission) are the most important factors in determining the optimal design compared to other parameters (including thermal insulation, R-value of non-transparent surfaces, shading devices). Although minimizing WWR is recommended for hot and humid climates, this ratio can be increased by choosing the appropriate glass.