مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، پاییز 1403)

The existence of geological diversity is the most important basis for the development of geotourism and the identification of geological heritage for the establishment of geoparks. Geotourism activities focus on geological tourism activities and is a branch of tourism that focuses on inanimate nature tourism and is a type of sustainable and educational tourism (with the benefit of the local community). In fact, geotourism is a knowledge-oriented tourism that comes from the interdisciplinary integration of the tourism industry with the preservation and interpretation of inanimate nature attractions (along with the cultural issues related to them) and presenting it to the general public in the form of a geosite. Geotourism, despite being a global phenomenon, is also a relatively new concept. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the geotourism potential of the geological heritage of Maragheh city using the GAM geosite evaluation method (based on experts' opinion). The current research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The results were the identification of 11 geosites, and a survey of the geosites was conducted with the opinions of 20 experts from the Department of Tourism and Cultural Heritage of East Azerbaijan Province. Determining the value of geosites using the GAM method shows that the geosites of the fossil zone, Hampoil Cave and Gosheish Mineral Spring, Istibulagh, Garkh Kahol Cave and Chapar Cave, being located in the Z33 zone, have the necessary power for geotourism activities, but only Having natural potential alone does not lead to the expansion of geotourism activities.

Today, the crisis of urban development has gained wider dimensions in most parts of the world. The emergence of such a situation is caused by the general conditions of societies in the present era. In recent decades, the growth of the urban population has increased sharply with the large migration of people to the cities. The urban environment, which determines the health and well-being of city dwellers, is in crisis. The present study examines the status of healthy city indicators in Bushehr, one of the coastal cities of Iran. Descriptive-analytical research method and data were collected by documentary and field method (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research was 72 people, including experts, experts and urban managers of the coastal city of Bushehr, who were selected by simple random sampling. In order to determine the validity, the questionnaire was given to experts and some items were modified with their opinion and its content validity was confirmed. The reliability of the research tool (questionnaire) was evaluated with SPSS software and the Cronbach's alpha test was equal to 0.83; This value is suitable for research tools. Data analysis was done using t-test. The results of the current research indicated that, in total, the results showed that: 1) the health component with a coefficient of (76.280); 2) public health component with coefficient (129/266); 3) comfort component with coefficient (107.346); 4) Security component with coefficient (111.160) and 5) Beauty component with coefficient (116.466) are significant. The calculated average score of the subjects is in the 95% confidence interval of the t test and is in its upper limit; And it indicates that the urban health in the coastal city of Bushehr is in a good and suitable condition.

Mutual interaction and cooperation between the border guards and the border residents can be the basis for reducing the tensions between them and moving in the direction of creating stable security at the border. One of the examples of this sustainable security is the use of the capacity of the border residents to reduce the desire to smuggle goods among them and effectively prevent and deal with smuggling in the border city of Marivan. By providing security for 115 km from the border of Kurdistan Province with the Kurdistan region of Iraq, the command of Marivan border regiment plays an important role in creating convergence among the border residents and their constructive interaction in the way of preventing and combating the smuggling of goods. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of the nature of the data and the method of implementation, it is a type of qualitative research. The statistical population of this research is the experts of different social, cultural, economic, law enforcement and border guard areas of Marivan city and the sample size is 20 people. Research findings in the intra-organizational dimension include; Improving communication skills of employees, strengthening information elites, providing accurate and timely information, informing, and in the extra-organizational dimension; Using the capacity of local mobilization, identifying and interacting with native and local elites, institutionalizing culture not to smuggling at the border, interacting with other relevant organizations, attending native-local ceremonies, informing border dwellers about rules and regulations, reducing The element of pessimism becomes mutual in relationships. The results show that the interaction and promotion of relations with the border dwellers can be a platform for effective and soft prevention of border dwellers' desire to smuggle goods, while promoting information elites on the border areas.

The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the physiographic characteristics and land cover of Koze Topraghi watershed in Ardabil province using geographic information system. In this regard, by using Landsat 9 satellite images, the topographic map of the area and the use of the digital elevation model of the land to prepare slope factors, slope direction, DEM, land use and vegetation. The results of the factors showed that the highest point of the studied area with a height of 2540 meters is located in the south of the studied area and the lowest point of the studied area with a height of about 1400 meters is located in the northern parts of the basin. In the study area, slopes of more than 70% are observed in the northeast, south, southeast elevations, and due to the lack of vegetation with low coverage, especially in the eastern parts, they are highly vulnerable to erosion. Low slope areas in the studied basin are mostly located in the central areas. The general direction of the slope in Kozetopraghi watershed is southeast and northeast. in the studied area, the slope decreases from east to west and from the heights to the center of the basin. On the other hand, in order to prepare and classify the land use map of the studied basin, the support vector machine method was used. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient for the land use map of the studied basin were equal to 99.93 and 0.99%, which had acceptable accuracy, in order to prepare the vegetation map for the year 1402, Landsat 9 satellite data was used and the factor map was prepared. the values of the vegetation factor in the basin ranged from -0.21 to 0.85, which often had more density in the southern parts.

Urban services as a tool for urban development management and the main factor of the continuation of urban life, without which the life of citizens will cease to function. The fair distribution of services can lead the city to sustainable development on the one hand and on the other hand it can bring a kind of balance in population distribution. The main goal of this research is to evaluate urban service indicators in the eight areas of Kermanshah metropolis that the collection of information and data has been done in the form of library and documents and using the MEREC method the eight indicators used in the research were weighted and the measurement and ranking of the areas was done using the CoCoSo model. The results of data analysis with the Cocoso model show; K score (represents the sum of the geometric mean and the arithmetic mean of three strategies Ka, Kb and Kc) whichever option is larger indicates the superiority of that option. So that area eight with the highest score of 2.82 is in the first place, area one with a score of 2.59 is in the second place, area four with a score of 2.52 is in the third place, area two with a score of 47.2 in fourth place, area six with a score of 2.33 is in the fifth place, area seven with a score of 2.03 is in the sixth place, area three with a score of 1.45 in the seventh place and finally area five with the lowest score of 1.43 has been ranked eighth.

Currently, the tourism industry has become the fastest growing industry and is one of the important pillars of the world's economic activities, which is well known in all countries of the world. Also, tourism ensures the development of the country's destinations, promotes the employment of citizens and residents of the region, creates business partnerships, increases social living standards, improves infrastructure and more. Tourist destinations as a place, while providing communication between tourists and the surrounding environment, creates various meanings and images of different places in the minds of tourists, which causes the formation of a sense of place, in the current research, which is of a practical type, to measure the capacity and identify tourist destinations and Its impact on the development and sustainability of the tourism sector of Zanjan province has been discussed using the available sources in the form of library-documents and field data. The statistical population of 30 experts and relevant activists who had the necessary familiarity with the tourism potential of the cities of Zanjan province, which was collected using the questionnaire tool and analyzed with the ORESTE multi-indicator decision-making model, and the results are presented The fact is that Zanjan city has the highest capacity to attract tourists and Ijerud city has the lowest capacity to attract tourists in the province.

As a novel approach in urban design and development, diversity-oriented urban planning aims to create spaces that are comprehensive and accessible to all members of society, regardless of race, social class, age, gender, disabilities, and other differences. This approach emphasizes the principles of social justice, equality of opportunities, and the recognition of human diversity. The present study aims to evaluate the environmental quality of Izeh City, focusing on diversity-oriented urban planning and responding to the needs of three social groups: women, children, and the elderly. The applied study employed a descriptive-analytical research method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. For data analysis, a one-sample t-test was employed in SPSS.26. As the one-sample t-test results demonstrate, the environmental quality of Izeh city regarding indicators such as safety and security, public facilities and services, public transportation, outdoor spaces is lower than the average level in response to the needs of all three social groups. The analyses show that to achieve a diverse and inclusive urban environment, it is necessary to move from a homogenous approach to a diversity-oriented one that includes diversities and differences in urban planning and policymaking.

Desertification occurs due to climate changes and human activities and can have irreparable effects on human life. The main steps in controlling and combating this phenomenon are knowing the dimensions and causes and determining their intensity and status. The purpose of this research is to identify the key human indicators of desertification and to evaluate desertification based on these indicators in the villages south of Semnan. First of all, a list of human indicators of desertification available in the methods and models of desertification assessment in Iran and the world were prepared and prioritized based on Analysis of Hierarchical Process in Expert Choice software according to the opinions of 50 experts from the Department of Agricultural Jihad and the Natural Resources Department of Semnan province. Then, desertification was evaluated using MEDALUS method based on the indicators that had a higher priority according to experts. The results indicated that the most important human criterion of desertification was water and agriculture, and the most important indicators were exploitation of underground water, poverty and land use change. Desertification was evaluated severe with score of 1.4 based on MEDALUS. Land use change without land use studies in the studied villages is one of the most important factors of desertification, which has caused excessive exploitation of underground water resources. On the other hand, traditional agricultural methods with high and unprincipled water consumption and traditional animal husbandry methods with excessive grazing of rangelands and low yield, in addition to the destruction of water resources, soil and vegetation has caused a decrease in the income of villagers, poverty and more pressure on natural resources. The consequence of this is migration to cities, followed by the intensification of desertification.

Due to the fact that agricultural development is highly dependent on water resource management and the more limited water is, the more efficient water management becomes. For this reason, it is inevitable to pay attention to the acceptance of new technologies in the field of water resources protection, and knowing the usefulness of using these irrigation systems compared to conventional methods can be considered an effective solution to increase the acceptance of new agricultural irrigation technology. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the usefulness of the pressurized irrigation system from the point of view of the users. The statistical population of this research consists of farmers using pressure irrigation system and traditional network in Behbahan city, due to the wideness, 150 people from traditional irrigation users and 150 people from pressure irrigation users were selected based on random sampling. The tool used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed based on the opinion of experts in the field of agricultural extension and education, and data analysis was done using SPSSV23 software. The findings of the research show that the implementation of pressurized irrigation has economic, social, environmental and technical benefits in the region.

The purpose of this research work is to investigate the role of factors involved in the soil moisture content of Shafaroud catchment area. For this reason, in the Google Earth Engine programming environment, by calling satellite data, land use maps were drawn for the 4 main classes of the mentioned basin, then the state of vegetation cover (NDVI), average temperature, evaporation and precipitation were checked and finally the soil moisture map was drawn. The results showed that the eastern half of the mentioned basin had different conditions compared to its western one, so that in the eastern half of the studied basin, most of the areas are covered by forest areas with 239 square kilometers, and towards the west of the basin, its density has decreased. This situation is also true for the vegetation cover. and the maximum diversity of vegetation was observed in the eastern half of the basin and its central areas at the rate of 0.55. All these factors have caused the soil moisture to increase in the eastern half and especially in the northeast of the mentioned basin and its value reaches 18.12 mm, on the contrary, in the western half of the basin and its northwest, the minimum soil moisture was observed as 12.62 mm. It should be noted that all factors showed a direct relationship with soil moisture, and among the mentioned factors, water vapor with an explanation coefficient of R2, 0.48, precipitation 0.41, temperature 0.22, and vegetation 0.11% have the highest role. in soil moisture.

Development means mental transformation (in the cultural and social structure), objective transformation (in the structure of economic geography) and acceleration of virtual communication space (in the structure of political culture) with regard to environmental considerations (sustainability of the future of humanity) and well-being (human welfare). Is. Considering that the use of different development patterns can bring different outcomes for a territory, the main research question is what are the most important damages caused by the proposed development patterns in Mamasani county and which of the recent patterns Can they lead to the optimal pattern of development in this county? The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature. The tool for collecting information is based on library sources and field observations. The results of the research showed that the six proposed development patterns in Mamasani county can be identified and diagnosed. The bureaucratic model is based on tribal bureaucracy, the charismatic model is based on tribal emotions, and the authoritarian modernization model is based on short-term physical transformations combined with ignoring civic indicators. Therefore, the output of the last three models cannot be the optimal model of Mamasani development. Despite this, the models of technocracy, democracy and elite, despite having their own harms, respectively by providing long-term economic/technical benefits, emphasizing political, social, civil, citizenship factors; and the specialization of the elites in affairs, they can better figure out the optimal model of development under the name of "elite techno democracy".

AbstractCurrently, the elderly population is increasing worldwide, and it is necessary to pay attention to the needs of this group of society. One of the basic needs of the elderly is access to public spaces, which has a significant impact on their physical and mental health. For this purpose, the current research was carried out to measure the relationship between access to urban public spaces and the general health (physical and mental) of the elderly at the neighborhood level in Region 4 of Rasht city. This research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and documentary and survey-based in terms of data collection methods. The statistical population of the research comprised elderly residents in Region 4 of Rasht Municipality. The sample size was estimated to be 400 people using the Cochran formula. To assess the mental health of the elderly, the GHQ-28 questionnaire was used, and to evaluate the access to public spaces of urban, a researcher-made questionnaire was employed. its validity was confirmed through content validity, and its reliability was obtained as 0/79 using Cronbach's alpha method. Also, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as an index of tendency to the center (standard deviation and mean), and statistical tests such as Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. The research findings showed that there is the significant and inverse correlation (r= -0/657) between mental health variables with access to public spaces.

The type of research based on the purpose is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method.The method of collecting information is a library that has been examined in the form of aquestionnaire tool (made by a researcher)The research variables that have been effective on the occurrence of neurodegenerative and mental diseases include (environment, quality of urban furniture and access to medical services). For the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used and the obtained alpha value is (778/.)The statistical population of the research is the number of people suffering from brain, nervous and mental diseases in the city of Ardabil between 1399 and 1401The findings indicate that based on the opinions of the statistical community (neurological and psychiatric patients), the quality of environmental factors with an average of 2.79, its management is at a medium to low level. From the point of view of neuropsychiatric patients, the quality of urban furniture in Ardabil city with an average of (2.33) is not desirable and does not have the necessary beauty, security and efficiency when in use, and it causes stress in them, as well as access to medical services. And urban transportation with the average obtained (2.8) in Ardabil city is average and downward. Based on the findings of the research and the opinions ofneuropsychiatric patients in the urban environment and the three indicators used in the research, it has an effect on mental disorders and the occurrence of stress and anxiety in them. According to the high statistics of stress and anxiety in Ardabil city, if this issue If it is not taken into consideration by city managers and planners, it will cause an increase in the number of mental disorders and the occurrence of brain and nerve diseases among the citizens of Ardabil city.

Tourism today, more than the economic point of view, is presented as an inevitable and necessary social activity, and an important share in the national income is meant for it, and the planners and policy makers look at it as one of the most important axes of the national income. In the last few decades, the prosperity of this activity and the movement that this set of human activities can have on the economic, cultural and social sectors cannot be hidden. According to its geographical environment, each region has different talents and attractions that require proper management in order to develop and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Considering the importance of the topic, the purpose of this research is to assess the potential of geo-ecotourism and its development management in Kazaj village, Hashjin city using Brilha model; In order to achieve this goal, the main data of the research is made up of documentary information, interviews and field observations. In the Braille method, scientific, tourism and educational values, the method of evaluating land diversity areas and calculating the total points have been examined in these areas. The results show that, the village With a total score of 220 in the tourism value of land diversity area evaluation method, Kazaj has geo-ecotourism potential and has the power to attract tourists. Many development planners also refer to the tourism industry as the main and important pillar of sustainability, and in other words, the relationship between tourism and planning can play a special role in urban and rural development and deprivation. In the village of Kazaj, despite the obtained tourism potentials, the research results indicate that the expansion of geo-ecotourism potentials in the village of Kazaj increases employment, and also causes sustainable rural development.

According to rural development thinkers, entrepreneurship development in rural areas is one of the most important rural development strategies that can play an important role in the economic growth and development of the village. Today, entrepreneurship is used as a suitable solution for empowering and building capacity in rural communities in order to improve life, reduce the gap between the city and the countryside, and create economic, social, environmental and institutional equality. Meanwhile, women play an important role as one of the influential groups in rural society. Training and strengthening entrepreneurship of rural women is considered an effective solution in line with two development indicators, namely employment and unemployment reduction. Empowerment has gained a lot of acceptance in the last few years and it is also a word that has been used in political discussions related to the empowerment of people. Empowerment is a process in which people organize themselves, self-confidence. increase and use their rights in relation to free choice and resource control. The empowerment of women entrepreneurs seems to be important as the basic foundations for improving the professional and personal life of women, of course, this category requires training, especially entrepreneurial training, and through these trainings, the skills and competence of women to increase in order to become an entrepreneur. This article, prepared in a review method and using written library and internet resources, tries to investigate the role and effect of entrepreneurship education in empowering rural women by mentioning the concepts of entrepreneurship and the importance and position of rural women in rural development. and provide the necessary solutions.

The sun is known as the source of energy, the beginning of life and the source of all other energies. The global radiation of the sun is considered one of the fundamental structures of every climate. Therefore, knowing the characteristics and predicting these basic structures has a great impact on energy-related planning. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool for estimating solar radiation has been in recent years. In order to carry out this research, the images of 2020 Landsat 8 satellite OLI sensor and TIRS sensor and Sabal algorithm were used. ENVI software was used for geometrical, atmospheric and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as the execution of calculations related to the Sabal model, and ArcGIS software was used for creating a database, spatial analysis, cartographic operations and finally implementing the model. The results show that the average maximum incoming shortwave radiation was 901 watts per square meter on 08/09/2020 and the lowest value was 302 watts per square meter in February. Meanwhile, the lowest amount of net radiation on 10/28/2020 is 355 watts per square meter. The difference in the amount of net radiation reaching the earth in the studied area is caused by the difference in the angle of the sun and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, it can be concluded that the solar radiation in the region has the necessary potential for the implementation of solar photovoltaic projects in the year under review. 

New urbanism is one of the most important movements related to the design of urban spaces, which aims to create a better space for citizens. The plans presented from the point of view of New urbanism include new changes and developments in the urban area, urban renewal and the preparation of a map of the suburbs. EDAS and BWM models have been used in this research. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The required information and data have been collected through library and field methods. In this study, the effective indicators are: land acquisition cost, land area, distance to the main road network, distance to high-traffic streets, adjacent land use type, distance to commercial centers, distance to service centers, distance to pilgrimage centers, distance to historical centers, distance to medical centers, distance to educational centers, population density of the region and distance to administrative centers. These indicators have been weighted using the best-worst method, whose calculations were performed by Lingo software. Then, with the Idas method, the calculations of which are done in Excel software, the desired options are ranked. The results show that the land price index received the most weight, and the indicators of distance to medical centers and distance to high-traffic streets were ranked second and third, respectively. Then, using the Idas method, the final ranking has been done and the best option of the railway land has been introduced, and after that, Ahvaz commercial complex has been selected as the second option.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the geotourism potential of the Top Tapan karst spring area using two comparative methods, Kubalikova and Serrano Gonzalez-Truba. The process of the research is that first the desired geosites are identified in the watershed and for better examination and collection of identification card information is defined for them. 5 geotourism areas were identified, including Top Tapan Spring, Qezel Daghi, Badamiar Cave, Sangi Chiraghil Mosque, Ganbarf Waterfall. After evaluating the geosites, their impact on the geotourism of the region has been investigated. The results obtained from the evaluations show that the fertility index in the Serrano Gonzalez method has the highest value, and the prospects and appearance index have also been assigned a high value in both methods, as well as the cultural, scientific and educational aspect. They were also relatively good value. Meanwhile, the protection index scored low in both methods. In total, Serrano Gonzalez's method with 54 points has obtained a higher position than Kubalikova's method with 5.8 points.

In order to monitor dust storms in Khuzestan province, statistical data were first obtained from the General Meteorological Department, and the days with dust reports with minimum horizontal visibility of less than 10 km were selected as free days. The results of zoning and the average dust concentration map by calling MODIS satellite data in Google Earth Engine revealed that the density of this phenomenon was in the western, southwestern and central regions of the province. For the synoptic investigation of this phenomenon, the most intense dust storms were selected for 9 synoptic stations and these days were analyzed by drawing synoptic maps; And the movement path and origin of this phenomenon and its density were displayed through the HYSPLIT model. The results indicated that in the majority of dust storms in the south of Iran, thermal low-pressure systems were active, and in Europe, high-pressure systems prevailed, and the slope of the pressure gradient between these two systems led to the direction of westerly currents with high wind speed at high altitudes towards the study area. And the prevailing rotating situation in the region has added to the instability of the air. The western winds have also passed through the deserts of North Africa, the north of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Syria, parallel to the Nave canal in the west of Iran, and have led the hot and dry air of these regions to the atmosphere of the region.

In light of recent social and cultural changes, the concept of wandering has gained significance as a social and spiritual act. This study aims to explore the various dimensions of wandering from the perspectives of Western philosophy and Iranian-Islamic wisdom. The objective is to analyze and compare these two viewpoints and uncover the deeper meanings of this practice in each cultural tradition.

The research is based on the analysis of literary and philosophical texts. Using key sources from both Western and Iranian-Islamic traditions, the philosophical and spiritual dimensions of wandering were examined.

The results indicate that in Western philosophy, wandering is seen as an individualistic and aesthetic practice. Writers like Charles Baudelaire depict this concept by describing the details and beauty of urban life. In contrast, in Iranian-Islamic wisdom, wandering is regarded as a spiritual journey and a search for truth, as exemplified in the poetry of Rumi and other mystical texts.

In both Western and Iranian-Islamic traditions, wandering is not only seen as an individual activity but also as a cognitive and spiritual process. This practice provides an opportunity for deeper understanding of individual identity and the meaning of life, while also imbuing social and cultural interactions with significance.

The occurrence of heavy rains is related to the synoptic patterns of the earth's surface and the upper levels of the atmosphere. The main goal of this research is to find the synoptic-thermodynamic pattern of heavy rainfall in selected stations of Kermanshah province. For this purpose, daily rainfall data and maps of sea level and height geopotential of 500 hPa were obtained for the statistical period (2010-2019) and were processed using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the components. CAPE, LI, KI, TTI and SI instability indices were used for thermodynamic analysis. The results of the factor analysis showed that three factors in total explain and justify 80.5% of the variance of productive patterns. Further, four patterns were obtained by clustering using Ward's integration method and Euclidean distance. These patterns include the eastern Mediterranean and Iraq descent, the low-altitude Mediterranean cut bandal, the deep Russian descent and the eastern Mediterranean and Iraq quasi-omega bandal. The results showed that in the days of heavy rain, the dominant pattern of low pressure was located over the eastern Mediterranean Sea and Iraq and the location of the southwestern part of the omega-shaped bandal and the eastern Mediterranean trough in the region, which had the highest frequency of heavy rain with 22 days out of 38 days. The supply of moisture these days from the Mediterranean and Red seas, the presence of relative humidity close to saturated humidity and negative omega has led to an increase in humidity in the air, the rise of moist air, strengthening convection, creating an unstable atmosphere and heavy rains in the region. The results of thermodynamic analysis showed that the instability indices related to the second and third patterns were not very strong, but in the first and fourth patterns, the indices revealed severe instability and high potential.

As centers of population attraction, cities are facing numerous and various environmental issues and problems such as air pollution, noise, waste production, water pollution, etc., which leads to an increase in the intensity of the pressures on the environment. And as a result, various types of environmental pollution have occurred. while Today, the tourism industry has found a special place in the economy of countries and plays an active and effective role in improving the economic, social and cultural structure of countries, especially in developing countries. In this current research, the aim is to analyze the impact of the Corona pandemic on the tourism industry in the urban economy with the approach of urban environment (case study: Ardabil city). This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied type and in terms of its nature, and to collect data from library-field methods and to analyze information and data of spas with sample t-tech test and inferential statistical methods. Used. . The research findings using the test indicate that. that the T-Tech test is a sample with a degree of freedom of 353 and the significance level is low compared to the significance level of 0.05. And in economic indicators and the direction of investments, people's attitude towards tourism, physical and environmental infrastructure, the anxiety caused by the Corona pandemic, the average difference has been obtained, Therefore, it can be said that the analysis of the impact of the Corona pandemic on the tourism industry in the urban economy with the approach of the urban environment in Ardabil has had a great impact.

Land evaluation for the purpose of recognizing and zoning areas sensitive to range movements, especially landslides, is one of the researches of natural geographers, especially geomorphologists. The study and investigation of the phenomenon of landslides in the northern regions of the country, especially the steep mountainous regions, is very important due to heavy rainfall, incorrect land use and erosion-sensitive formations. Identifying and determining sensitive and prone to landslide areas can provide the basis for the implementation of slope stabilization plans while preventing damages.In this research, in order to zone the risk of landslides in the Ziarat watershed, Analytical Hierarchy Model (AHP) was used. The variables used in this research include slope, slope direction, geology, land use, distance from the road, distance from the watercourse, and rainfall points. Also, in order to better understand the landslides in the region, their relationship with the distance factor from the fault was investigated, which showed that this factor did not have a great impact on the landslides in the region. The natural factors of the region had the most important effect on the occurrence of landslides in the basin.According to the importance of these factors, it includes the distance from the waterway, the land use that most of the landslides have occurred in forest lands, and the geological factor of the basin, which among the different formations, the Jiroud Formation has had the most landslides due to its lithological conditions. In the investigation of the relationship between landslides and natural factors, we found that most of the landslides occurred at an altitude of 500 to 1000 meters on a slope of 15 to 30 degrees and also in the east and west directions of the basin, and most of the area of ​​the Ziarat watershed is in The area was placed at high risk.

This paper examines the role of agritourism in poverty reduction and sustainable development within rural communities. Agritourism presents significant potential for generating economic opportunities, preserving local culture, and strengthening social cohesion. However, challenges exist, including inadequate infrastructure, insufficient training, and competition from other tourism sectors.
The study reveals that success hinges on active community participation, comprehensive training programs, and effective collaboration among government, the private sector, and rural communities. Sustainable natural resource management and diversification of tourism activities are crucial to reduce seasonal dependence and increase year-round income generation.
The paper analyzes the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of agritourism, emphasizing the importance of considering potential negative impacts on local communities and the environment. Training programs for farmers and local residents in tourism management, marketing, and customer service are key to enhancing service quality and improving tourist experiences. Inter-sectoral collaboration is essential for improved coordination and project implementation. Diversification of activities, such as establishing eco-lodges and conducting craft workshops, can enhance regional appeal and stabilize income throughout the year. Ultimately, this paper contributes to informing policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on utilizing agritourism as a tool for improving rural livelihoods and promoting sustainable practices.