مجله پژوهش های ترجمه در زبان و ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 30 (بهار و تابستان 1403)

The book Al-Faraj  Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a large part of ancient popular culture and literature In this book, more than two hundred life stories of people caught in problems are depicted in the form of stories. These people have been saved by trusting God in facing the problems of life. One of the appropriate models of translation criticism is Katarina Reiss's model, which has received less attention from researchers. Considering the comprehensiveness of translation criticism techniques in Katarina Reiss's model compared to other translation models, the present study can be used as a suitable example and model by researchers in the field of translation criticism in Arabic language and literature. This research tries to provide a general analysis of the Persian translation of the book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda from two linguistic and meta-linguistic perspectives by using Reiss's model in the Arabic text. Because the difference in the structure of the two languages is significant and this issue can be useful in translation research and linguistic studies.

One of the beautiful Qur'anic styles for expressing the truth, attracting attention and informing the audience is asking questions. Most of the questions in the Qur'an have purposes other than real questions. Rhetoric scholars have listed several secondary meanings, such as denial, mockery, surprise, interpretation, negation, etc. for questioning. Until now, various theories of translation have been used as codified frameworks to evaluate the translations of the Qur'an. Among them, Jean-Paul Vine and Jean Darblene published a book titled "Comparative French and English Stylistics" in 1958, which later became an important source for translation scholars. Became. Vineh and Darblene introduced techniques in this work. In this article, after explaining these techniques and their sub-branches with a descriptive analytical method and confronting the quality of their application in the translation of secondary meanings, four translators of the Holy Quran (Makaram Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei) who due to differences In the approach, the jurisprudential attitude and the method of translation that they have have differences, advantages and disadvantages relative to each other, and its purpose is to explain how and the extent of the application of the translation model of Vineh and Darbalteh in the translations under review. the findings of the research show that the translators have used literal translation, which is one of the components of direct translation, more than other components, considering the sanctity of the Qur'an text and its special linguistic features. On the other hand, the transposition technique - as one of the components of indirect translation, has the highest frequency after literal translation due to the difference in the grammatical structure of Arabic and Persian languages; The indirect technique of assimilation also has a lower frequency than other components due to the cultural similarities between the two languages and the prohibition of excessive interference in the Qur'an.

Man's need to translate with more efficiency has made him endeavor to achieve advanced translation technologies. Most of the efforts in this field have been devoted to achieving machine (automatic) translation (without human intervention), which, although it does not have the quality of human translation, has other advantages such as speed and high availability and low cost. The peak of these benefits can be seen in free online translation machines. Some of these machines (i.e. Google, Bing, Yandex, Reverso, ModernMT, and NiuTrans) support Arabic to Persian translation and vice versa. The purpose of this research is to compare the quality of Arabic<>Persian translations provided by these machines with each other. In order to achieve this goal, first, two small Arabic and Persian corpuses, each containing 60 sentences with random types and topics, were selected from the sentences in the two Arabic and Persian frequency dictionaries published by Routledge, then these sentences were entered one by one into the aforementioned translation machines. and the received output was scrutinized by human evaluation method based on the DQF-MQM error classification and analysis model. The translation machines in order from highest to lowest output quality are: Google, Bing, Yandex, ModernMT, Reverso, and NiuTrans. This is not an absolute and constant result, but a statistical and probabilistic one; lower-ranked machines translate some sentences better than the higher-ranked machines.

Creative translation through the concept of trans-compatibility is an interpretive and conceptual approach that should be viewed from the pragmatic perspective. Lance Hewson, a prominent theorist in this regard, suggests that translation faces many challenges, especially when the translator tries to recreate meaning. The challenges may be recognized through pragmatic markers. Hewson introduced the markers with structural patterns in the form of compatibility reflections, through such components as homologous issues, artificial extensions, and expression change. Moreover, he introduces the linguistic patterns in the form of explicitation, implicitation, and description. He believes that the conceptual representation of each linguistic component is connected with the detailed and exact analysis and equalization of each component. Taking Hewson’s creative translation model and a descriptive-analytical approach, this study explored all of the markers in the translation of Ghassan Kanafani’s (2013) A Bridge to the Eternity, published in the collection Plays by Faroogh Najm al-Din (2023). Taking into account the mysterious writing style of Kanafani the translator of A Bridge to the Eternity has tried to recreate the proverbs, idioms, and linguistic metaphors. It was proved that characterization played a significant role in the recreation. Here the existing mysterious language of the translation has represented the mentioned linguistic components; that is, it shows the exact image of socio-political conflicts that dominated the culture and ideology of characters in linguistic context. Considering the results, it can be said that compating Hewson's trans-compatibility markers could yield results in the communication structure of this play.

With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of the text accurately and use these relationships for a more accurate translation; This issue is doubly important in the translation of the Holy Quran. Among the words used in the Holy Qur'an, whose semantic analysis requires attention and precision, is the word "Sehr". The present research, which was carried out in an analytical-descriptive method, tries to answer the question with a semantic-structuralist approach, how the different levels and layers of meaning of the word "Sehr" are formed in the Holy Quran, and the concept of "sohar" in the use of the Holy Quran, based on The axis of substitution and companionship is synonymous with which words? And the obtained result states that although both in the Persian original of the word "Sehr" and in the Arabic dictionary, one of its main meanings, "Nasab", is mentioned, but on the other hand, its association with the same word causes it to have a different meaning. To be therefore, translators have taken different approaches in this regard, and some of them have translated the two into relative and causative, taking into account the conflicting relationship between Nasb and Sahr. Some have translated these two as male and female. Also, although the meaning of son-in-law for the word Sahr is found in many sources, but in the ten translations examined in this article, only one of the sources, the translation of Fuladvand, gives such a meaning for this word.

Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, addition, etc. This essay presents examples of successful translations according to ladmiral's components and analyzes their success according to the components. Then he mentioned other examples that were not successful according to the components and also stated their lack of success. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Amiri's translation are shown based on Admiral's theory. The result of the research shows that the translator has fully complied with the components of Jean-René Ladmiral in terms of disambiguation and augmentation and has presented a readable and understandable text in the target culture. But in some cases, especially in the examples of displacement and deletion, the translator used the components of the Admiral's model inappropriately and caused damage to the story in the transfer of meaning and rhetoric.

With an emphasis on the requirement for having an applied attitude toward the translation education, the present study tries to pass over abstract scope of the grammatical comparisons between the Persian and Arabic languages and examines that structures of the linking clauses with the verb “AST” are equivalent with which structures in Arabic, having a text-based attitude toward translation from Persian into Arabic for patterning the applied methods for such an equivalence by analyzing relationships between structures of this kind of clause in Persian and its equivalent structures in Arabic. The theoretical support for this study is the theory proposed by J. C. Catford from the applied linguistics viewpoint that offers an applied method for analyzing the equivalence between structures of these two languages by bringing two concepts of “Formal Correspondence” and “Textual Equivalence”. This study is conducted using an analytical-descriptive method, focusing on “Today’s Iranian Poetry” book (Persian text with Arabic translation) and it finally attains six applied patterns in translation of linking clause structures with the verb “AST” into Arabic, including: (1) The grammatical aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (2) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (3) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” and another element of the Persian clause; (4) The correspondent Arabic vocabulary group with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (5) The cliché styles and idiomatic interpretation in Arabic which is correspondent with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (6) Changing the expression method in Arabic in an equivalence with the linking clause with the verb “AST”.

from 1976 Simultaneously with inventing of the cohesion theory from Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya hasan it became the basis of many discourse analysis researches. on the other hand, the Holy Quran as a revelatory text had been a refrence for linguistics investigations for centuries and according to the old and contemporary Quran scholars “one of the best points of Quran is a kind of cohesion in a diffrent layers of it's texture” insofar the Quran scholars considered the smartly dicipline and the wonderful arrangement of  the Quranic phrases besides the great content and eloquence of words between the miraculous aspects of Quran. one of the indications of cohesion is conjuctions cohesion that speaks from the conjuctions role in creating cohesion between phrases near the grammatical and lexical cohesion. Halliday and Hasan devided the cohesion's devices in four types: additive, contrasting, casual and time. there are so many cases of conjuctions in Quran but the important matter and the subject of this article is the quality of rebuilding this conjuctions in persian. for this purpose, at first, we described the basics of cohesion especially conjuction cohesion and conjuction cohesion in the Quran. then the situations of conjuctions in a selection verses of the Quran be checked and finally, we critisized the translators functions.The examined translations include Fouladvand, Khorramshahi and Makarem Shirazi’s translation. Based on the research findings, the importance of conjuction cohesion device is undeniable and duo to lack of this usage, there are several mistakes in translators functions during the diagnosing, Consequently translating the conjuctions.

Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study, which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts. This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation model of Mrs. "Carmen Garces". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate and evaluate the novel "Fi Qalbi Anthi Ibriya" by Khawla Hamdi translated by Ms. Asmaa Khajazadeh, using the model proposed by Carmen Garces as a measure and model for evaluating the quality of translation. Ms. Carmen Garces proposes four levels for measuring and evaluating translations, which are: 1- semantic-lexical level; 2- syntactic-word-building (morphological) level; 3- Discursive-applicative level; 4- Stylistic-semantic level.The current study examines only two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical construction. Then it deduces that: the most prominent components of semantic-lexical levels in this translation are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, ambiguity, and in the same proportion general or vice versa, and at the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, changing syntactically or grammatically, changing the point of view, explaining or expanding the meaning, reducing and eliminating which change the type of sentence in translation.The adequacy and acceptability of a translation is based on counting its positive and negative features. Therefore the higher the number of positive features of the translated text, the higher is its adequacy and acceptability. It can be said that Khawajazadeh's translation conforms to the model of Garces and it has good adequacy and acceptability.

Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct equivalent in the target text can be considered as a factor in assessing the success or failure of the translator. Newmark, more than other theorists, was aware of the importance of this issue and, in addition to categorizing concepts, provided solutions for replacing cultural elements. The novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, with its internal content and narrative movement within the framework of traditional Iranian culture, encompasses all the cultural elements that Newmark considers, and the translator of this work into Arabic has faced multiple challenges in this regard. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Newmark's theory, attempts to analyze and criticize the translator's selection of cultural elements and to evaluate and even perform a stylistic analysis of the translator's performance in using Newmark's solutions. The results show that the most frequent cultural elements were related to material culture and proverbs, and the translator used a combination of more strategies than other methods in translating cultural elements. It can be said that the reason for the translator's frequent use of this method is the large number of some cultural concepts, including material culture and proverbs, and also to eliminate ambiguity and provide explanations in footnotes for better familiarity of Arabic-speaking audiences.

Investigating and analyzing the cultural components in the Arabic translation of Muhammad Alauddin Mansour from the Persian novel Soraya in Aghma by Ismail Fasih based on the theory of the translator's presence, based on the strategies of defamiliarization and de-estrangement, is the goal of this research by applying the descriptive-analytical method. has taken into account. In this article, the authors have first extracted the cultural elements and then matched them with the Arabic translation of the current novel in order to determine the audience's tendency towards the two strategies proposed by Venoti. The obtained results show that the translator has preserved the cultural values ​​of the source text and due to the dominance of the defamiliarization method over the defamiliarization method in this translation, a fluent and comprehensive text has not been presented because the terms and interpretations without receiving the existing cultural load word for word or it has been transferred with a close equivalent to the source text, which is ultimately caused by the translator not knowing the culture and the source text correctly.

Translation can be used to connect the ideas and beliefs of people in two cultures. From time to time, Mankind has been aware of the words, deeds and achievements of other lands through translation, and hereby, he has fertilized his vision and attitude. One of the most prominent translation theories that deals with measuring the qualitative level of translated text in literature and covers four different levels is the Carman Garces' theory (1994). This research, which is descriptive-analytical, aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of Iman Saleh from the book "Those 23 People" written by Ahmad Yusefzadeh on the basis of the Lexical-Semantic level of the translation model by Carman Garces, and to examine its superiorities and characteristics. The research shows that in this translation, the syntactic expantion appears in the coverage of figures like an added adverb, added adjective. In addition, the syntactic reduction emerged in the concepts like the deletion of adjective, object, verb and adverb. It also shows that the translator has narrowed the word circle by using the tools such as deleting the adjective in the general process versus the particular, and applying the techniques like expressing the kind alongside the gender in the particular process versus the general. Another finding of this study is that it attributed the positive characteristics of the remarkable part in this translation to it, Furthermore, this translation pocesses the adequacy and acceptability, causing the reader’s satisfaction.