مجله پژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست
پیاپی 15 (بهار و تابستان 1403)

With the development of industries in developing countries, air pollution is a serious threat to health and public health. Sustainable development is a process that envisages a favorable future for human societies. In the sustainable development system, human needs are met by using resources without harming the integrity, beauty and stability of vital systems. The main goal of this study is to simulate the dispersion of suspended particles (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) from the stacks of the joveyn cement factory using the AERMOD8.9 software developed by the Environmental ProtectionAgency (US EPA). Also, the obtained results were compared with the open air quality standard of Organization of Environmental Protection and the global standard of EPA and also, some solutions were provided to reduce pollutants. The results of the modeling show that the concentration of suspended particles in the 24-hour data of the autumn season is 47.7 µg/m3 and for the summer season it is 31.7  µg/m3, which occurs at a distance of 6370 meters from the emission source. The predicted concentration of suspended particles in each of the summer and autumn seasons in a 24-hour period was lower than the international outdoor air quality standard (EPA) and the Iranian environmental standard; its value was equal to 150 µg/m3. The estimated concentration of the model for NOX in 24-hour data is 92.44  µg/m3 for the summer season and 39.33 µg/m3 for the autumn season and occurs at the distances of 1950 and 2600 meters from the source, respectively. The predicted concentration of NOX in each of the summer and autumn seasons in a 24-hour period was lower than the standards of the international air quality standard (EPA) of 53   µg/m3 and the Iranian environmental standard of 200 µg/m3. Emission models in industries help to make the necessary changes in line with the sustainable development of the industry.

One of the approaches to prevent forests’ destruction is to improve the knowledge and participation of local people. In the present study, the role of indigenous knowledge of stakeholders and the participation of local people in the sustainable conservation of the west of Guilan forests were investigated using the theories of normative levels and planned behavior. The statistical population consisted of the residents and native forest dwellers of Sowme'eh Sara, Fuman, and Shaft cities, as well as the experts from General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Guilan. The sample amount was calculated using the unlimited Cochrane method, and 198 people responded to the questionnaire. The sampling method was simple random and for data analysis, structural equation modeling with SPSS 26 and Smart PLS 3 software were employed. The correlation test showed a significant positive relationship between participation and local knowledge variables with sustainable conservation and these two variables were able to predict sustainable conservation by 0.661 and 0.377, respectively. The structural equation modeling indicated that the experience of forest destruction through the weak participation of local people and indigenous knowledge has an indirect effect on adaptive behavior in sustainable forest conservation. According to the theory of normative levels, the focus of indigenous communities on the promotion of indigenous knowledge as an objective concept along with their focus on abstract concepts such as participation in the conservation of degraded forests can motivate protecting forests. This issue is accordance with the theory of planned behavior which creating a positive attitude among native people in the form of mental norms, lead to the control of behavior based on sustainable conservation. The results of the present research can be used to change the attitude of the general managers of the Natural Resources and Watershed Administration regarding the effectiveness of indigenous knowledge and cultural issues in the sustainable conservation of natural resources.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the most important factors affecting landslides in Behshahr-Galogah coastal watershed. For this purpose, by field survey in the study area, the locations of landslides were recorded with GPS. 7 factors including, distance from the road, distance from the fault, geology, distance from the river, the average of annual rainfall, and land use changes as the most important influencing factors and independent variables were prepared using Geographical Information System (GIS) and entered into the model. For modeling and calculations, the maximum entropy model was used in the Maxent software environment. The results of the Jackknife diagram showed that the three factors of slope, distance from the road and geology have the greatest effect on landslides in the study area. As, by increasing the slope (20-40 percent), landslides increase; also, landslides have an inverse relationship with the distance from the road. For the geological factor, there is the highest probability of landslides within PZq.d and Qra units. The validation of the model using the area under the ROC curve showed that this model is acceptable in the study area with a value of 0.77. On the other hand, the results of landslide risk classification in the studied area showed that 40% of the area has landslide potential. The findings of this study provide an important foundation to assist decision makers in disaster prevention and mitigation and also, it helps to better understand the dangers of landslides which is very useful for the development of risk management measures, so it is suggested to take action in different regions in order to identify high-risk areas.

This research aims to investigate the treatability of prepared food industry wastewater using the chemical process of coagulation and flocculation.  Ferric chloride (FeCl3) coagulant was used in this process along with polyacrylamide and lime flocculant aids. In order to investigate the mutual effect of the parameters affecting the treatment process, the design of experiments (DOE) software with the central composite model (CCD) was used. Effecting factors on the coagulation and flocculation process such as FeCl3 coagulant concentration in the concentration range of 500-2000 mg/L, initial pH in the range of 5-10, lime and polyelectrolyte with the concentration ranges of 25-100 mg/L and 0.5-2.5 mg/L respectively were evaluated by Jartest device. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis was chosen as the target test to determine the optimal values. Comparison of optimal conditions of single agent and mutual effect of data using experiment design software, an optimal value of pH equal to 7.5, FeCl3 coagulant concentration of 1250 mg/L, and coagulants of lime and polyelectrolyte with concentrations of 60 and 1.5 mg/L respectively, showed COD removal efficiency of 94.15%. Statistical analysis showed that the F-value equal to 19.48 indicates the good agreement of this model with the laboratory results. Also, P-values less than 0.050 indicate the significance of the test. By comparing the laboratory and the predicted results, a good correlation between the results was observed. Finally, the results of this research showed that it is possible to treat the wastewater of the food industry using FeCl3 coagulant, and the treated wastewater meets the standards of discharge to agricultural lands for fields irrigation

The purpose of this research is to design a model for evaluating the impact of environmental indicators on green infrastructure in the construction industry with a sustainable development approach. In terms of method, the current research is descriptive- analytical, and the method of collecting data is field and survey. The data collection tools were questionnaires and interviews, and a seven-point Likert scale was used to design the questionnaire. A total of 50 people have been selected based on their full knowledge of the subject and work experience of three years or more, of which 30 people have actively and effectively participated and answered the questionnaires completely. Among these 30 people, male gender with 77%, master's degree with 57% and related work experience of 6 to 10 years with 50% have the highest relative frequency. The statistical population of the research is academic professors and experts and engineers of environment, green space, urban design and urban planning of Tehran city, which was selected by using electric bullet technique. SPSS software was used to analyze quantitative data and Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability and in the inferential statistics segment, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) network analysis process has been used in order to rank the relationships between the effective criteria on the evaluation of environmental indicators in green infrastructures in the construction industry with a sustainable development approach. The effective criteria obtained from expert opinions include 12 items, namely the Australian National Built Environment Assessment System (H), Building Research Environmental Assessment Method (A), Comprehensive Assessment System to Create Environmental Efficiency (F), High Quality Environmental Standard (G), Building Environmental Assessment Method(D), Green Star(E), Leadership in Energy Design(B), Building and Construction Administration(J), Green World(C), German Sustainable Building License(L) Green rating for integrated habitat evaluation (I) and three stars (K). The research results showed that "Australia's National Built Environment Assessment System (H)" has the highest rating with a final weight of 0.19028 and "Three Stars (K)" with a final weight of 0.009240 has the lowest rating determined from the factors related to the components affecting the evaluation of environmental indicators in green infrastructures in the construction industry with a sustainable development approach.

One way to compensate for water shortages, especially in the agricultural sector, is to use recyclable water, including agricultural water, domestic and industrial wastewater. On the other hand, removing pollutants in these waters is particularly important. Due to the high cost and low efficiency of other pollutant removal methods, biological adsorption methods with low cost have good efficiency for removing pollutants, including cadmium. In this study, cadmium absorption in aqueous solutions was studied using Champia Kotschyana Harvey. Effect of effective variables such as concentration of cadmium ions (0.5-5 mg/L), absorbent value (7-1 gr/L), solution pH (3-8) and contact time (90-90 min) with model response level method became. The design of the Box- Behken was used for experimental data and the best level of independent variables, namely the initial concentration of cadmium ion, pH, contact time and adsorbent value, were selected. Under suitable conditions (pH=4, adsorbent value = 1.5 g/L, contact time = 36.53 min, cadmium initial concentration = 3.3 mg/L) adsorption capacity and cadmium removal percentage, respectively 3/1 mg/ g and 80/14 obtained. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed that the second-order Kinetic model and the isotherm Langmuir well corresponded to cadmium absorption data. According to the results, the Champia K. Harvey alga biomass can be used to adsorb cadmium from aqueous solutions.

Wetlands are the foundation of ecosystems and are among the most important and endangered complex ecosystems globally, providing a range of ecological functions and ecosystem services that support human well-being. Anzali wetland, as one of the largest coastal wetlands in Iran, is known for its global importance in terms of biodiversity. Today, the increase in sedimentation caused by various factors such as deforestation, land use change and river damming has reduced the overall water depth of the wetland, and as a result, its ecological balance and health, biodiversity and sustainability have faced a serious challenge. In this article, the effects of sedimentation and its destructive consequences on the Anzali wetland and the taken watershed management measures have been investigated. This article examines the effects of sedimentation and its destructive consequences on Anzali Wetland, as well as the watershed management measures taken. The results of this study indicate that the watershed of Anzali wetland, particularly the upper watershed, is the main source of sediment load to the wetland. Approximately 80% of the total sediment load comes from the upstream watershed. Overgrazing, deforestation, and limited erosion control measures are among the primary causes of erosion. Overgrazing, deforestation and erosion are the main causes of erosion. Although some efforts have been made to control soil erosion by implementing mechanical, biological, and biomechanical plans in mountainous areas to minimize sediment load from the upper basin, many regions remain not modified due to budget constraints. On the other hand, these plans are facing the challenge of a lack of comprehensive stakeholder participation and community involvement in planning and implementation processes. Implementing comprehensive watershed management approaches that strengthen stakeholder collaboration and consider socio-economic factors not only protects this vital ecosystem but also promotes sustainable development and improves the quality of life for communities that depend on its resources.

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the biodiversity of macrobenthos communities in 2016, 2018, 2017 and 2018. Sampling of bed sediments substrates was carried out in 9 stations from the center to the west of the Bandar Abbas coast by a grab van veen device. In this study, 16 main groups including polychaeta, amphipoda, gastropods and bivalves, sipuncula, copepoda, foraminifera, ostracoda, Tanaidacea, Comacea, Decapoda, Echiora, tapeworms, Euphausiacea, Mysidacea, ophiuridea and a number of subgroups (in terms of number) such as Porifera, Cniderians, fish larvae, Tunicata, Hemicordata and some other invertebrates were identified. Pretaran with 57%, followed by Amphipoda with 18%, gastropods, bivalves and sipunclea, each with 4%, navipods with 3%, Foraminifera, Ostracoda, Tanidaceae, Equira, each with 2% and Comaceae, Decapoda, tapeworms, Ophasiacea, Mysidaceae and Marsans with a relative abundance of 1% formed the structure of benthic communities. Additionally, a total of 347 genera and species belonging to 11 phyla of marine invertebrates (macrobenthos) were identified. Except for in 2018, when the tanaidaceans group dominated, in other instances, polychaeta created the dominant group. Biodiversity indicators studied during the mentioned years showed that in 2016, 2018 and 2018, the studied stations were in stress-free conditions; but in 2018, station 3 was under severe stress and other stations were under moderate stress. However, in 2019, station 3 was under severe stress conditions other stations were under moderate stress. In other words, after 10 years, biodiversity has decreased in the studied stations.

Increasing environmental and social challenges have prompted urban policymakers worldwide to seek optimal solutions for propelling cities towards a new paradigm to meet future needs. In this transition, technological advancement and institutional quality emerge as actionable solutions to ensure sustainable urban development. The present study was compiled with the aim of the impact of technological progress and institutional quality on the environmental and social sustainability of Tehran in the digital age. The research method is applicational in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type. The data collection tools include standard questionnaires on technological advancement, institutional quality, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability. The statistical population was all experts in the fields of architecture, urban planning, ecology, economics and sociology, and the sample size was selected 96 numbers. Friedman test and Partial Least Squares (PLS) structural equation modelling are utilized for data analysis. Descriptive results indicated that the mean variables of technological advancement (2.88) are at a semi-stable level, while institutional quality (3.96), environmental sustainability (3.55), and social sustainability (3.63) are determined at a stable level. Inferential results indicate that the impact of technological progress on environmental sustainability and social sustainability was direct and meaningful. Also, the impact of institutional quality on environmental sustainability and social sustainability was obtained directly and meaningfully. Therefore, prioritizing the field of technology and urban institutional quality can lead to improve planning and decision-making processes, ultimately facilitating environmental and social sustainability in Tehran.

Public participation in the construction of water treatment plants is not desirable, this research was conducted by using the people's participation on the effectiveness of evaluation studies on the effects of development on wastewater management in order to reduce economic, social and environmental problems and by using questionnaire tools and completing it by citizens in the field. This research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population includes the residents of Firoz Bahram neighborhood, including general residents, students and refinery workers. A statistical sample of 274 people was selected by simple random sampling with Cochran's formula. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.9). After validation, the questionnaire was evaluated under the supervision of experts and the data was analyzed at the level of descriptive statistics. According to the one-way variance analysis test and the analysis of this test, there is a significant relationship between people's education and the effectiveness of popular participation. According to the results, the notification of the water and wastewater company in the field of related activities is 24.1% very good, 13.5% very poor, the role of citizens in achieving and rejecting the project is 35% very good, 8% very poor and the level of transparency and justice in general participation is 10.6% very good, 28.8% very poor. Also, 86.1% approved and 13.9% rejected the effectiveness of government officials' attitude in applying cooperative projects. Management, economic problems, social costs and information are effective factors in the lack of acceptance and public participation in sewage projects. Also, the notification of development plans should be continued continuously before the start of the project, during its implementation and completion.

Spatial justice can be mentioned as one of the effective factors in the development of the city. Spatial justice connects social justice and space. What is important in urban management is the proper distribution of urban services. This helps to realize spatial justice in the city. The aim of this study was to investigate spatial justice in the city with emphasis on the distribution of urban services (Case study: Bandar Anzali city). The present study is applied in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of study method. The information required for this research was collected in the form of a library and by referring to the relevant centers and organizations. In order to analyze the data, indicators such as per capita, yield radius, dispersion coefficient and in order to stratify the areas of Bandar Anzali city in terms of access to facilities and services Vikor model were used. After that, districts 2, 6, 4, 3, 8, 9, 7 and 1 are ranked next, respectively. The results of the research showed that the highest dispersion rate is related to green space use and then health use and the lowest dispersion coefficient is related to educational and then commercial-service use. But according to the results of the Vikor test, District 5 has the most urban public services.

The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of underground drinking water sources in Torbat Jam and Saleh Abad cities using quality index (WQI) and their zoning. In order to determine the quality index of water resources, the results of testing 9 parameters including: (PH, hardness, dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, nitrate, chlorine and sulfate) were studied. Samples were taken from 110 spring wells and aqueducts in the region and transferred to the central laboratory of Khorasan Water and Wastewater Company headquarters, which has a standard certificate of 17025 for water chemical tests and the experiments were measured according to the latest standard version of the method in 2005 by the IC chromatograph device. In the final stage, after determining the quality status of drinking water wells, their quality zoning was done in ARC GIS10.2 software. Zoning maps of water resources quality showed that most of the water resources of Torbat Jam city are in the range of excellent and good water quality in terms of WQI index. Also, the results of statistical techniques (multiple regression) showed that sodium (Na) parameter had the highest influence coefficient in determining the WQI index, followed by sulfate, total hardness, chlorine and dissolved solids. Investigating the significance level of land use with quality index by Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between land use and water quality index.