پژوهشنامه حمل و نقل
سال بیست و یکم شماره 4 (پیاپی 81، زمستان 1403)

In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model with high efficiency has been developed to simulate the flow around the abutment and bridge foundation. Since the focus of the developed model is to model the flow around river bridges, therefore, in all the different parts of the developed model, reducing the cost of calculations while maintaining the required accuracy is considered. The 3D model uses the finite volume and fractional step method on a grid without a triangular structure in the plan and with a structure in the vertical plane to solve the governing equations. In the numerical model, the transfer equation has been solved in the horizontal plane using the explicit method and in the vertical plane using the implicit method. Turbulence modeling is based on the mixed model, Smagorinsky in the plan and one-dimensional k-ε in the vertical direction. To consider the level of the free surface of water in the numerical model, only the pressure of the last layer has been determined by assuming hydrostatic pressure. To evaluate the model, the development of the three-dimensional boundary layer in the open channel has been tested. The comparison of the results obtained from the modeling of the flow around a bridge pier and the bridge deck with the laboratory results shows the appropriate accuracy and high efficiency of the developed three-dimensional model.

Metro has become a necessity as a solution to traffic and a heavy and important means of public transportation in today's world. The need for traffic management and planning is inevitable. Therefore, the purpose of train scheduling is to minimize the time of the trains from the origin to the destination, to satisfy the passengers and stakeholders, to minimize the delays in the stations and to maximize the use of the capacity of the lines, stations, and fleet. An approach by considering all the factors that affect the time of trains in the network can lead us to produce a plan to achieve the mentioned goals. In this research, which is a case study of an urban train between Tehran and Karaj using queuing theory with the M/G/C/C pattern, a schedule for the train head based on three scenarios of the maximum capacity of the train in which some passengers are standing on the low track, the capacity In the mode of all passengers sitting, and the other mode was considered in the mode between these two modes. It was investigated using the hourly pattern in the case study of line 5, 32% of the distribution is in the middle stations, currently the current schedule of the metro causes delays and Dissatisfaction is for a group of passengers, which the proposed timing reduces to some extent. The proposed time is between 6-30 minutes in different scenarios for different hours. The proposed time reduces the waiting time by 21%.

The tendency to use reclaimed asphalt materials in warm mix asphalt technology has increased due to lower production cost, reduced environmental impact, improved performance and many other reasons. If reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) are used in warm mix asphalts (WMA), these two will act as complements to each other and an efficient method will be created to overcome the separate inherent limitations of warm mix asphalts and reclaimed asphalt pavements. The low production temperature reduces the secondary aging of the reclaimed asphalt mixtures during production, and the low viscosity of the warm mixture allows the use of a high percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement without compromising the workability of the asphalt mixture. In this research, in addition to the comparative evaluation of various recycling technologies of recycled asphalt mixtures according to their manufacturing temperatures, the advantages, disadvantages, limitations and performance of warm mix asphalts containing reclaimed asphalt pavements in different moisture and cold conditions are investigated. The review of studies conducted on warm mixtures containing recycled asphalt pavements shows that laboratory and field studies should be focused on the fatigue performance at intermediate temperatures and cracking at low temperatures of these mixtures. Also, considering that the improvement of the rheological properties of these mixtures at medium and low temperatures using rejuvenators or other additives is effective on the properties of the mixture at high temperatures and their moisture susceptibility, and it requires simultaneous examination of the parameters is related to them, a brief picture of the future research horizons to solve the performance deficiencies of these mixtures is presented.

An effective approach to tackling climate change is to replace electric vehicles with their diesel counterparts. Although this replacement has many challenges, it is not impossible. In this paper, two multi-objective mathematical models - multiple deposit problem routing - charging station location and battery replacement of heterogeneous freight electric vehicles were presented. In addition, to increase customers' satisfaction, fines for violating time windows were applied in the models. Each of these two models pursues three goals. The first goal is to minimize (the total cost of routing, the cost of constructing charging stations or replacing the battery, and the cost of breaking time windows); the second goal is to minimize the number of used cars and the third goal is to minimize the number of charging or battery replacement stations. The models were solved by CPLEX solver with GAMS software in small size. Examination of the results shows that in the first proposed model, battery replacement stations were used. Fewer cars were used. Also, in the second proposed model that the stations offer partial charging; the total cost was reduced. Also, in both models, the cost decreases with increasing the number of depots.

The ballast layer is one of the most important components of the ballasted track, which is composed of natural crushed rock materials. The construction of new ballasted tracks and maintenance operations of existing railway tracks increase the need for ballast. Therefore, finding alternative materials for rock ballast would be essential for the protection of the environment. Steel slag, as a by-product of the steel production process, is one of the alternative materials to natural rock ballast. In this study, the behavior of steel slag ballast has been compared with limestone ballast, using large-scale triaxial tests. The results show that limestone ballast has a higher shear modulus and resilient modulus. The allowable speed and axial load for ballasted tracks with slag ballast is higher than that of limestone ballast. The allowable cyclic stress and threshold strain of progressive deformations for slag ballast are about 200 kPa and 0.025%, respectively, and these values ​​are about 160 kPa and 0.02% for limestone ballast, respectively. Slag ballast has a higher maximum static deviator stress and a higher friction angle compared to limestone ballast. Slag aggregates also resulted in higher abrasion and breakage resistance than limestone aggregates.

It is one of the main priorities of safety researchers to reduce the severity of crashes by predicting the severity of crash damage. Large trucks pose safety concerns and are responsible for a high percentage of fatal crashes, so studying their crashes can help determine factors that contribute to crash severity. This study examines factors affecting the severity of large truck crashes in California using the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS). Driver, road, crashes, and vehicle characteristics were categorized as predictive variables. In this study, binary logistic regression (BLR) is used to model the level of severity of accidents and evaluate the weight of various predicting variables on the severity of injuries. Typically, various classical econometric methods are used to model the severity of accidents. Following is a discussion of how the modeling can be evaluated and optimized. Based on the modeling results of this research, the first three variables that are more important than other variables include: weather in clear conditions compared to the weather in other cases such as snowy conditions (with an exponential coefficient of 1.146), AADT in two cases more than 250,000 vehicles per day (with an exponential coefficient of 1.341) and between 100,000 and 250,000 vehicles per day (with an exponential coefficient of 1.202) are less than 100,000 vehicles per day compared to AADT (all three mentioned variables were statistically significant and had positive regression coefficients). Despite the overfitting caused by binary logistic regression, this model performs well on the data set of this study (the difference between accuracy of test and training data is 0.1%).

Today, due to the advancement of technology, the spatial data obtained from the Global Positioning System can be used to estimate the travel time in the various components of the urban road network. In practice, spatial data from the Global Positioning System often is recorded with a low frequency on average every one or two minutes. The purpose of this paper is to provide a GIS-based tool for using low-frequency data obtained from the Global Positioning System to estimation of travel time. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed tool, low frequency spatial data was used for three routes in Tehran. These data were collected using cell phones. In order to estimate the travel time of the links of each path, first, the data will be matched to the digital network at intervals of 120 seconds. Then, the path traveled between these map-matched points is identified. In the following, the average travel time of the links is estimated over the 20-minute intervals and compared with the actual travel time of the links. The results of this study indicate that the proposed method has a high ability to inference the correct paths. On average, over 91.06% of the links traveled by vehicle are identified correctly. Comparison of the estimated travel time with actual values indicates that travel time of 90 percent of the links is estimated with error of less than 20%. The fitting of points to linear regression with R2 = 0.8783 and Pearson correlation coefficient of P = 0.937 and comparison with results of some previous studies also shows the high accuracy of the estimates.

Today, most road bitumens in the world are modified with the help of various additives due to some inherent weaknesses of bitumen and the need to increase their range of use. In this regard, Sulfur polymer as an additive for asphalt modifier direct effect of increasing the strength of asphalt and improve its fatigue behavior. Adding sulfur to the Bitumen, causing changes in the mechanical properties of modified rheological properties of bitumen and asphalt mixtures. In this study, to evaluate fatigue behavior mixture of sulfur-containing polymer with other types of asphalt mixtures typical of different amounts of sulfur polymer (30%, 40% and 50%) to build a prototype, and is used for testing fatigue loading deformation control Upload a sine wave to determine the fatigue life of the asphalt According to standard (AASHTO-T321) was selected. Finally, The results of this study indicate that the fatigue life (Nf50) of the sample with 40% sulfur polymer is 49,960 cycles and the life of the sample with 40% sulfur is 19,500 cycles at the strain level of 600 microstrain.

One of the key elements to achieve economic growth and development of the country is financial stability. According to the empirical evidence in recent years and the intertwining of the financial system and the economic development of countries, high economic growth cannot be considered, but it was not successful in the financial markets. Therefore, considering the importance of the combined index of financial and economic stability in the economic growth and development of the country and especially the road transport sector, in this study the role of the combined index of financial and economic stability in the road transport sector of the country during the period of 1370-1401 has been examined. In the first step, the combined index of financial and economic stability was calculated with the help of the cumulative distribution function method, and then to investigate the effects of the combined indicators of financial and economic stability on the road transport sector, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was used to achieve the research findings. The results show that both in the short term and in the long term, the combined index of financial and economic stability has a positive effect on the added value of the road transport sector. The short-term and long-term elasticity of added value of the road transport sector is 0.074 and 0.153 respectively, which shows that its long-term elasticity is more than the short-term elasticity. Also, the results of the stability and diagnosis tests show that the coefficients of the variables are stable in the long term..

One of the important types of crashes on rural roads is run-off way crashes. These types of crashes have a significant share in rural road crashes. Roadside safety improvements can greatly reduce the frequency and severity of run-off Road crashes. One important and practical equipment to prevent vehicle departure from the road is safety barriers. Safety barriers can reduce the consequences of vehicle departure, which can be fatal or result in severe injuries. Determining the quantitative impact of this countermeasure on reducing crashes severity can assist road safety authorities in economically evaluating it based on severity reduction, comparing it with other safety countermeasures, and ultimately deciding to implement it or choose other optimal options. Accordingly, the present study selects a rural axis in Ilam province to determine the quantitative impact of safety barriers on reducing the severity of run-off Road crashes, and analyzes the crashes data from 2 years before the installation of barriers and 3 years after using the before-after Bayesian analysis method. The research findings show that safety barriers can reduce fatal crashes by 41% and injury crashes by 42%.

Traffic monitoring and control in urban and intercity highways plays an effective role in increasing the efficiency of resources and infrastructure, as well as increasing the satisfaction of the stakeholders of transportation systems. Analyzing random traffic variables such as traffic and speed and diagnosing and predicting their unusual situations, which generally indicate the existence of traffic crises, is one of the approaches to monitoring traffic flow and solving traffic problems in metropolises. In this article, by using the data collected by traffic sensors, the data related to traffic variables have been grouped using an innovative algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization method in terms of the traffic situation. The grouped data were used to calculate suitable control limits for time intervals, and the results indicate the high performance of this method. For this purpose, in the first step, using an innovative method based on particle swarm optimization, the training data is grouped based on the values of traffic variables, including density, traffic and speed, and then the appropriate group is identified for each variable value. In the next step, the traffic situation is calculated for the clusters and hours of the day, and based on that, superior and standard control charts are drawn. The obtained results indicate the appropriate accuracy of the proposed system in traffic monitoring.

Autonomous vehicles promise a significant potential to maintain the mobility of various individuals even as their driving abilities decline. However, attitudes can act as a significant barrier to their acceptance, as shown for other technologies. This study examined how personality traits predict attitudes in a sample of 108 individuals aged 18 to 72. 21 personality questions identified introversion and extroversion, and 15 attitude questionnaire items were identified. Concerns about autonomous vehicles, eagerness to adopt autonomous vehicles, and willingness to relinquish driving control were assessed. Structural equation modeling shows that lack of concern has a significant impact coefficient of 0.576 (more introverted than extroverted) on the willingness to accept technology. Also, lack of concern has a significant impact coefficient of 0.486 (more extroverted than introverted) on the willingness to relinquish driving control. The eagerness to adopt autonomous vehicles on the willingness to relinquish driving control did not show a significant difference in intensity between extroverted and introverted samples. Furthermore, the mediating role of the eagerness to adopt autonomous vehicles in the relationship between lack of concern about autonomous vehicles and the willingness to relinquish driving control was significantly greater in introverted samples than in extroverted samples. These results indicate that in order to convince consumers to accept self-driving car technology, there is a need for various information dissemination campaigns based on a precise understanding of individuals' personalities.

One of the inherent characteristics of asphalt mixtures, related to the viscoelastic properties of bitumen, is called self-healing. Due to the self-healing property, minor damages caused in the asphalt mixture during a loading process can be repaired to some extent during the rest period, and some of the original properties of the mixture can be restored. This study aimed to evaluate the factors affecting the failure characteristics and the self-healing phenomenon in modified asphalt mixtures by conducting tests on semicircular samples (SCB). The results obtained in this research showed that the fracture resistance and fracture energy in modified polymer asphalt mixtures are significantly higher than in the control sample (without modifier). Among the investigated additives, APAO polymer was more effective in increasing strength and failure energy, while SBS polymer showed the least increase in these properties. However, the flexibility index in the sample modified with APAO was lower than in the other investigated mixtures. Investigation of the fatigue behavior and self-healing phenomenon in asphalt mixtures showed that increasing the rest time from 0.8 seconds to 2.5 seconds increased the number of loading cycles until sample failure, indicating the self-healing characteristic of asphalt mixtures. Moreover, among the tested mixtures, the mixture modified with APAO polymer showed the best fatigue performance and self-healing behavior, followed by the mixtures containing SBR and SBS polymers, which performed better than the control mixture.

Nowadays, the problem of traffic in many cities of the world has occupied a major part of the time and energy of the citizens. The U-turn is used as one of the elements of the urban road network in many cases to create access between the roads on both sides of an arterial route with a middle separator. In order to reduce the traffic in the desired sections, which are located in Chamran highway and in Tehran city as a case study, geometric modification will be done and the basic question will be answered whether the geometric modification of the desired U-turns can have an effect on the traffic parameters? Necessity of geometric correction: reduction of heavy traffic, increase of travel safety, reduction of delay time and in general non-optimal use of travel facilities are the necessity of conducting this research. In this research, the desired U-turns are modeled in Aimsun software, then the modeled U-turns are subjected to different traffic volumes at different hours, considering scenarios such as: 1.increase of half lane 2.Non-level intersection (overpass design) 3.The design of the jug handle U-turn and after the software calibration, the software outputs were extracted. Finally, traffic analysis of the desired section is performed using the outputs of Aimsun software for the indicated indicators. Software outputs play a decisive role in choosing the optimal plan. The results of the simulation showed that the design of the U-turn type B and non-level intersection, has a significant effect on improving traffic effects, which on average reduces the time in traffic by 67% and 81% , increases the speed of vehicles by 10% and 15%, and decreases by about 27% and 30% of the time traveled.

The purpose of this article is to predict the delays of passenger trains in the railway areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran using historical data of passenger trains and weather data with machine learning methods. Forecasting delays in railway areas with weather conditions in that area in the winter season can be effective for decision-making and preventive measures. The data used in this study includes passenger train delay data from 2017 to 2022 and weather data from synoptic stations from 1396 to 1400. which contains 46596 records. Independent variables include year, month, day of the month, day of the week, axis of movement, type of train, railway area, maximum wind speed, minimum horizontal visibility, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, number of frost reports on the ground surface and precipitation. It rains and snows 24 hours a day. The proposed method for solving the existing problem based on CRISP-DM is a superior methodology in the field of implementing machine learning and data mining techniques in research and executive fields. Predictive modeling has been carried out in the form of classification. In order to predict the classification of the delay dependent variable, they are divided into two classes, on time and with delay. Supervised learning methods of the classification type have been used to predict the influence of weather factors on the occurrence of delays in railway areas. To evaluate the prediction results, cross-validation has been used to check the validity of the model. The results show that the influence of weather factors in the winter season during the 5-year period in the year-by-year surveys had a positive, negative or neutral effect on the occurrence of delays in railway areas. At the end of the article, preventive measures are presented to adapt the railway industry to climate threats in the future.

Distracted driving significantly hampers performance and escalates the risk of vehicular accidents. It is crucial to comprehend the fundamental causes of driver distraction, as well as individuals' susceptibilities to various types of distractions, in order to develop effective interventions aimed at mitigating distraction. The present study seeks to explore the impact of driver distraction on deviant driving behaviors by examining a cohort of 320 professional drivers operating heavy vehicles, aged between 31 and 69, with a response rate of 75 percent. Apart from a driving behavior questionnaire, participants also completed a distraction questionnaire (assessing engagement in distractions while driving) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to investigate the driving behaviors of the heavy vehicle drivers and assess the psychometric properties of the measurement instrument. Subsequently, structural equation modeling utilizing the SmartPLS software was conducted to discern the effects of variables such as distraction, age, education, and driving experience on the driving behaviors of heavy vehicle drivers. SmartPLS emerges as a prominent software application for conducting structural equation modeling based on the partial least squares technique (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed a positive association between the duration of heavy vehicle driving and the occurrence of driver distraction. This correlation may contribute to an increase in errors, slippages, and traffic violations. Moreover, the results demonstrated that demographic factors also exert an influence on driver distraction during the act of driving.

In this research, an urban development model based on rail transportation in line 2 of Mashhad city train has been developed. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory and explanatory in terms of approach. To conduct the research, the mixed method was used in two phases, qualitative and quantitative. In the first phase, using inductive approach and qualitative formula through content analysis and implementation of data theory, the foundation identified 7 dimensions and 21 components affecting the model. The required information in the qualitative phase was collected through interviews with 12 experts and experts in urban planning and transportation, the number of whom was determined by targeted snowball sampling. Also, in the quantitative part, the required data were obtained by distributing the researcher-made questionnaire in the two northern and southern parts of the metro line 2 and among the citizens who mainly use the metro line 2 of Mashhad for traffic. Finally, 80 Questionnaires were collected in the northern part of Line 2 metro route and 92 questionnaires were collected in the southern part of Line 2 metro route. Then, to explain the designed model, the structural equation modeling technique through SMART PLS software was used. Findings showed that in both southern and northern parts and with 95% confidence: rail transport is effective on corridor development, corridor development on urban development strategy, external factors on urban development strategy and urban development strategy on sustainable urban development. Also, in the southern part of Metro Line 2, at the level of 95% confidence, internal factors affect the urban development strategy and infrastructure affects the urban development strategy; However, in the northern part of Metro Line 2, internal factors and infrastructure do not affect the urban development strategy.

With the increase in population and the development of urban transportation infrastructure, there is a trend of building more urban subways and, as a result, the intersection of tunnels. The present article investigates the seismic behavior of circular cross tunnels (metro) in FLAC 3D finite difference software. The variables of this research included the distances between two tunnels, the depth of the tunnels, the angles between the tunnels and the type of soil. Different models have been investigated and analyzed by comparing the amount of total displacement, settlement and stress. Finally, by evaluating the results, it was observed that by decreasing the depth of the tunnels, the displacements increased and also by increasing the angle between the tunnels, the amount of displacements decreased. The type of soil is of particular importance in seismic analysis, and with the decrease of the modulus of elasticity (E) and the finer grains of the soil, the impact of waves on the soil and the structure has increased significantly. The results show that the depth of the tunnels up to 19%, the distance between two tunnels up to 19.5%, the type of soil up to 37% and the angle between the tunnels up to 67% were effective in the amount of total displacement.

Surrogate safety measures make it possible to assess the level of risk and vulnerability of pedestrians. There are advantages to using these indicators: first, the independence of the accident statistics and some of its details and errors, and second, the possibility of examining risky interactions that did not lead to an accident, and third, in evaluating before and after safety policies and measures. In this research, practical surrogate safety measures related to pedestrian safety have been identified and the effective factors on these indicators have been determined. Innovations of the article includes the use of the Lane-based surrogate safety measure for pedestrians, as well as the combined examination of the Mid-block of pedestrian crossings in a street and at an intersection. Four Surrogate safety measures of Post Encroachment Time, Lane-based Post Encroachment Time, Gap Time and Time to Collision were calculated. Surrogate safety measures and extractable variables were extracted from the recorded videos in the streets of Isfahan and by linear fitting, significant variables for each surrogate safety measures as well as effective factors in increasing or decreasing each surrogate safety measures were identified. The results showed that the variables of Mid-block of pedestrian crossing, Conflict of a pedestrian with a car, presence of a SUV vehicle in the Conflict, gender of pedestrian, day light, Group crossing of pedestrian, direction of pedestrian movement, pedestrian velocity and car velocity are the most important Factors affecting safety of pedestrian and vehicle conflicts. It is important to pay attention to the mentioned variables in order to plan and predict appropriate facilities for pedestrians to cross the street.

In today's era, transportation has found a special role and position as one of the most influential components and as one of the most important tools of development. The remarkable advantages of rail transport in terms of economic, safety and environmental considerations, along with the special characteristics of our country, have caused this method to be the most emphasized and the highest priority in the general policies and development plans of the Islamic Republic. Iran should enjoy. The method of this research is qualitative and grounded theory method (foundation data), which has been used in this research due to some of its special features. The statistical population consists of interviews with 12 managers, experts and key specialists in rail transport infrastructure, which means to analyze the data obtained from the interviews, using the qualitative-inductive, grounded theory method (including the steps of open coding, axial coding and selective coding). . The results include 19 general categories in the form of a paradigm model that these factors include causal conditions (general development; economic challenges; advantages and capabilities of the railway industry; a new approach to management), the central phenomenon (railway infrastructure management), background conditions (crisis management; development policies; human capital development; content dimensions), intervening conditions (transport economy; mental frameworks and assumptions; political interventions) and strategies (control strategy; development of capabilities; research and development of technology and innovation; management skills) and consequences (improvement; infrastructure development; management of transport capacities and capabilities).

Every year, a significant amount of waste brick is removed from the construction cycle and is accumulated in the landfill. The recycling of these wastes can significantly reduce the problem of waste storage and environmental pollution and help preserve the resources of natural aggregates. In the current research, crushed brick aggregate (CBA) has been used as a substitute for sand (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) in 5 roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) mixing plans. Mechanical properties including tests of compressive strength, tensile strength, and fracture behavior in the first mode of loading using a three-point bending test on 60 semi-circular bending (SCB) specimens with initial cracks of 20 and 25 mm in length and the loading rate of 1 and 5 mm/min was studied. The results indicate that the compressive and tensile strength values of RCCP samples decrease with the increase in the amount of CBA. At a constant loading rate, the fracture toughness (KI) decreases with increasing crack length, and, with increasing loading rate, KI increases in constant crack length.

The increase in the population of cities along with the expansion of urban areas has led to the tendency of people to use private cars to achieve their destinations. This increase in demand for private cars has caused problems, one of these problems has been the increase in urban and rural traffic. Public transit is one of the best ways to reduce traffic, but with the growing population, public transit is also involved in traffic and lack of fast access, but for various reasons, including lack of proper information, the tendency of passengers to use public transit continues to increase significantly, has not found. Managing traffic congestion is a major problem worldwide, the intelligent transportation system is the solution to this problem using new technology used in many developed countries. Advanced traveler information systems are one of the indicators of intelligent transportation that reduces waiting time, improves the level of public transit services and makes better and more informed decisions about travel modes, planning routes and travel time. In this study, in addition to evaluating the impact of this system on people's use of public transit, variables and data affecting the selection of people are identified and their use is prioritized. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, first the influential factors were identified and then questionnaires were designed by expressing preferences and distributed and completed in Sari. The binary logit model was used to determine the behavioral model in advanced traveler information systems. The results of the model showed that factors such as knowing when the bus arrives at the station, waiting time for the bus, knowing the empty seats of the bus are more utility for people.

One of the biggest and main problems of cities, especially big cities, is the problem of urban traffic. Considering the effects of urban traffic on various dimensions of citizens' lives and the importance of transportation as the pulse of the life of cities, it is very important to determine strategies and policies to control and reduce traffic. Also, following the issue of urban transportation, issues such as air pollution, fuel consumption and traffic congestion are also raised. In this research, firstly, the dynamic modeling of traffic behavior in big cities and the required definitions are discussed, then the model is simulated with the data of Tehran city, and finally, policies are presented to improve traffic in Tehran city. To obtain the relationship between the variables, the regression method and interviews with elites have been used.Among the simulated policies, the policy of increasing the length of urban passages is the least effective, and the results of the model show that increasing the length of the metro line alone will not reduce long-term traffic in cities. The best policies also include the policy of increasing the cost of using personal transportation, the policy of creating an electronic city, the Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and the balance of the distance between the workplace and education and the place of residence.
e.

Technology progress is a cause of industrial hazardous wastes increasing in the whole world. Management of hazardous waste is a significant issue due to the imposed risk on environment and human life. This risk can be a result of location of undesirable facilities and also routing hazardous waste. Industrial hazardous waste management involves the collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of industrial hazardous materials that pose risk to their surroundings. The present study extends a bi-objective mathematical model in the context of industrial hazardous waste management, which covers the integrated decisions of two levels with locating and vehicle routing. Analyzing these decisions simultaneously not only may lead to the most effective structure in the waste management network, but also may reduce the potential risk of managing the hazardous waste. The problem is formulated as a bi-objective Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model, which can be easily converted into a MILP one. In the mathematical model, three criteria are considered: minimizing total cost, which includes total transportation cost of hazardous, earliness and tardiness penalties and fixed cost of establishing centers; minimizing total transportation risk related to the population exposure along transportation routes of hazardous materials and minimizing total risk for the population around treatment and disposal centers. A DEA is applied to select the locations with high priority in CPLEX. A simulated annealing algorithm combined with an MILP solver is proposed as the solution approach. For validation of the presented method, instances with various sizes are solved. The results of the GA in small size instances, has a small deviation from the optimal fitness values. Finally, a real case study is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the model in real-world environment. Sensitivity analysis is performed to show the effect of earliness and tardiness penalty on the objective function.

In recent decades, several studies have been conducted on the seismic behavior of bridges under various earthquakes. Shear keys in bridge, as fuse elements, play an important role in bridges to prevent the deck of the bridge from falling under the structure. But, an important issue that has not been given much attention in these studies is the effect of the site effect of bridge on the responses generated in the shear keys at the time of the earthquake. In the present study, after constructing a finite element model of a bridge with its other components, including shear keys, in realistic three-dimensional conditions, the accuracy of the model's performance is confirmed by comparing it with valid results. Then, considering the effect of soil flexibility and linear and nonlinear soil behaviors under the bridge, their effects on seismic response (under the TABAS earthquake) in the bridge and shear keys will be examined. The changes in the response of the bridge can be seen in some cases up to 37% due to the flexibility of the soil. Under the influence of change in soil flexibility and also taking into account soil behavior more realistically under the conditions of soil elasto-plastic behavior, the response in shear keys is up to 100% different. This makes it necessary to carefully design the bridges, especially the shear keys them under different earthquakes and soils.

Increasing efficiency is one aspect of technological progress and is one of the main tools for reducing energy consumption and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Increasing energy efficiency will reduce energy prices and energy services, thereby increasing energy demand and energy services, and thus increasing energy consumption. In the energy literature, this increase in energy consumption is called a rebound effect. The existence of these effects will affect the effectiveness of the effectiveness policy. In this study, the direct rebound of energy in the public transportation of passenger roads in Iran over the period of 1379-1393 has been evaluated using price elasticity of demand for useful work and estimation by panel data method. The results showed that the rebound effect was short-run (-7.58%) and in the long run (-19.89%). The negative rebound effect means there was a saving effect on this period, But these results could be influenced by the increase in gasoline prices in 1390 (increase from 165 to 1500 rials) and not affected by energy efficiency. Therefore, in this study, the recbound effect in two periods of 1379-1389 and 1390 -1393 was calculated separately. In the year 1379-1389, the short-run rebound effect was 28.35% and in the long run 32.54%. In the period of 1390-1393, with the increase in gasoline prices, the short-run rebound effect was -48.72% and in the long run, -87.17% and so there was a saving effect.

Concrete pavements are regularly designed for periods of 30 to 50 years and are affected by different weather-related and climatic factors during this period. The current study focuses on the study of the reaction of slab thickness designed for concrete pavements by the 1998 AASHTO Supplement method to each of the climatic factors and grading the Iran’s map based on the influence of the climatic factors of each region on the design of the concrete pavement thickness. This zoning will be effective in estimating the thickness required for concrete pavements in each area as well as in predicting slab-related damage in concrete pavements. To this end, a sample cross-section of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP) (as the most commonly used concrete pavement) was selected for analysis, and the sensitivity of slab thickness obtained by the 1998 AASHTO Supplement design method to each of the climate variables such as air temperature, wind speed and precipitation, was evaluated using the Normal Sensitivity Index and then Iran's climate area was graded using these results. The results showed that in the field of climatic factors, the increase in designed slab thickness in the software is due to increasing temperature, increasing wind speed and decreasing annual precipitation; the average annual share of temperature among these three factors is 87%, the annual average share of wind was 12% and the annual average share of rainfall was 1%. The range of slab thickness variations obtained from baseline conditions in Iran's climatic conditions range from about 11% increases in Bandar Abbas to about 5% decrease in Shahrekord.

Transportation is among the most important sectors of any economy and investment in transportation infrastructure can cause significant growth in the economy. There should be vast economic and engineering research in order to reach a conclusion on investment decision for every transportation project. One of the most important factors in economic evaluation of transportation projects is travel time reduction. Due to high national importance of Tabriz-Miyaneh Railroad project, the goal of this study is to investigate the value of travel time for Tabriz-Tehran passengers with the assumption of new Tabriz-Miyaneh train being operational. To do so, after collecting stated preference data, multinomial logit models for mode choice in Tabriz-Tehran trips were estimated. 3 logit models with different specifications in utility function were estimated. The coefficients of travel time and travel cost were statistically significant with expected signs in all of the estimated models. Average value of travel time and value of travel time for different income groups were estimated based on the estimation results of these models. The average value of travel time for the model with highest level of significance for willingness to pay estimation was equal to 149 thousand Tomans per hour.