نشریه دانش شهرسازی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 27، تابستان 1403)

Sustainable mobility cannot necessarily include developing public transit infrastructure with insufficient demand, limited accessibility, an unattractive physical environment for active transportation, and convenient car ownership and use. On this, quality public transit infrastructure equipped with new urban developments around the stations (with high local access) under changing public policies has made the basic foundation of urban movement and development integration known as Transit Oriented Development (TOD). A few studies have been conducted on TOD, mostly as local case studies focused on the physical features of urban environments, including density, land use mix, and urban design. However, limited studies have focused on policymaking, planning, implementation, and affective factors. The present study sheds light on the integration between urban movement and development under the TOD idea in Iran. It addresses the challenges, opportunities, and requisites for integration in Iran and how this can reach its objectives in Iranian cities successfully. The present study is organized into four main sections. After the problem statement and a literature review, the second section describes the research methodology and elaborates on why and how such a model is employed. Section 3 analyses the research context (Iranian cities) concerning the model factors. The results are then discussed, the interrelationships and inter-system impacts are delineated, and implications are made for developing the integration approach in Iran.

This study uses the analytical model of the Functional System based on Systems Theory and Complexity, which configures the relationships among all influencing factors, including Demand for such a kind of development model, Supply from role players, and the Context of Iranian citiesThe model helps identify opportunities and challenges related to each factor, public needs, what can be done to address them, and to what extent such actions are convergent and effective. Previous studies inspire the present research to select the TOD categories and sub-categories. The analyses on the case of Iran are then realized by using local journal papers, technical reports, policy documents, regulations, design guides, surveys, etc.

Demand. Firstly, citizens' needs and the potential of the integration approach to address them were investigated. Although it is required to conduct a detailed study using public surveys, for instance, efforts are made to make connections between them based on studying documents and direct field surveys—the urban context in Iran. Studying diverse factors associated with the context of Iranian cities helps to understand the ruling circumstances on "supply" actions by policymakers, planners, and practitioners. The present study categorizes such factors into four groups: Spatio-Physical, Social, Economic, and Policy-Governance. Supply. Although clear "demands" are raised from urban communities in Iran, "supplied" efforts at local and national levels have been partial, divergent, and with no clear impact on addressing public needs, so the integration has not yet been well-structured in Iran. Surely, this is the consequence of different social, economic, physical, and policy determinants with varying levels of direct and indirect impacts.

The present study used the Functional System model to determine prospects, challenges, and requirements for developing an integrated urban development and movement model and influencing factors in Iran. The results showed that the model can help policymakers, planners, and practitioners better understand the country's situation and the needs that affect supply efforts. It is now clear to Iranian policymakers that transit-oriented policies tend not to be effective unless other policies and actions (e.g., subsidized fuel) are coordinated (Fig. 2). Also, the author recommends using the model when considering other urban issues than TOD in Iran thanks to its potential to provide a holistic view of the urban situation.Fig. 2. The impacts of urban context factors on actions from policymaking to implementation

The study proposes further detailed investigations for each model's factor. More information about "demand" can be gathered through direct surveys using a bottom-up process. To make the TOD planning potentials and challenges precise, further studies may interview Iranian professionals in the field. It can be reiterated once more to discuss the "context" factor. It is highly recommended to consider a range of cities, urban fabric types, and citizens across Iran to increase the research's generalisability.

Water resources management is a vital issue in sustainable urban development. Improper water management resulting from rainstorms in cities leads to flooding and flood flow, lack of healthy urban water, soil erosion, and pollution of water bodies. In this way, the lack of proper management and insufficient control of urban floods can cause many problems, such as the spread of infectious diseases and homelessness or the death of people. Sponge City is a comprehensive approach to sustainable urban water management, which, in recent years, has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide as a basic strategy for solving water and environmental challenges. Considering the background of the sponge city concept along with the frequency of urban floods, this concept has drawn more attention to itself in recent years, which has led to the development of the sponge city research area and turned it into a hot research topic in the field of urban water management. In this context, the sponge city is one of the concepts China has achieved regarding sustainable water management. The Sponge City combines all existing concepts and technologies and uses green-blue infrastructure to deal with water shortages and reduce flood risks. The word "sponge" symbolizes a porous structure that absorbs and releases water in line with the primary goals of the concept (rainwater management and urban flood control). In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the progress of research related to Sponge City using a bibliometric method.

The present research is descriptive-analytical in nature and method, carried out by bibliometric method. Bibliometric analysis is an effective method for quantifying scientific publications using statistical methods. This method is a common tool of systematic analysis in various fields, whose purpose is to evaluate the state of research and trends of a specific subject and identify future research directions to guide researchers. Bibliographic analysis identifies scientific publications through a series of methods, such as the output of different publications, countries, institutions, authors, and citation analysis, as well as paths more focused on content analysis and research evolution. In this context, the statistical community of the research consists of all scientific documents related to the field of Sponge City, which are indexed in the WOS reference database. The WOS database is one of the most important and comprehensive academic databases. It includes numerous publications in different fields, so some consider this citation database the world's number one citation database and the most important source for conducting bibliographic studies. Thus, the term "Sponge City" was searched in the WOS reference database (and on December 8, 2023) without a time limit or document type to retrieve the current research records. Finally, the collected documents were analyzed using Vosviewer software. Vosviewer is a software for drawing and displaying bibliometric maps with an emphasis on different aspects of research components, and two general categories of analysis are performed in this

Performance analysis and scientific map drawing. Performance analysis helps to identify the contribution of each research component (authors, institutions, countries, and journals), and the output of drawing a scientific map is to determine the relationships between the research components. In general, to answer the research questions and perform bibliometric analysis, the five-step method of Zupic and Cater (2015) was used in the present study.

Based on the research findings, 614 documents were published in Sponge City between 2005 and 2023, which has continuously increased. 99.8% of the papers are in English. On the other hand, with the increase in the number of documents, the number of citations obtained by the articles has also increased, and the most cited article, with 260 citations, was published in 2018. Also, Water magazine, with the publication of 88 documents, a researcher named Jia, H.F., with the publication of 17 papers, and China, with the publication of 388 records, has the most scientific productions related to the sponge city. Based on the co-occurrence map of keywords, Sponge City, management, low-impact development, efficiency and performance, and stormwater runoff management became the most frequent keywords..

Today, water management challenges have been noticed in many cities because with the onset of climate change, the increase in climate variability, and the growing population trend, these challenges have become more serious. So, drought and flood have created problems in the water supply field, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. In this way, guaranteeing access to clean water for all sustainable water management and moving toward making cities resilient are important aspects of the global development program, also mentioned in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In this context, sustainable urban water management is the key to adapting to climate change and achieving resilient cities. This is even though currently, urban water management systems such as water supply, sewage, and rainwater drainage in most urban areas are based on the usual infrastructure of a network of underground pipes that need more flexibility and adaptability to the challenges above. In such a situation, there is a general agreement between water experts, urban managers, and planners, especially in developed cities, about the need to change the direction of urban water management towards more sustainable mechanisms based on decentralized and nature-based systems. Sustainable urban water management can be both a philosophical and a technical approach that can be included in all urban planning and development forms. Current urban water policies in different countries have begun to reflect this philosophy. One of the plans mentioned in this context is the plan of the sponge city. The sponge city is a new sustainable urban water management strategy rooted in the laws of the natural water cycle and related processes. This project was proposed to reduce urban flooding, control urban water pollution, use rainwater resources, and ecologically revitalize the urban water environment. This plan emphasizes the establishment of low-impact development facilities such as rain gardens, biological maintenance ponds, green walls and roofs, lawns, and permeable pavements, etc. Using this plan, The possibility of natural infiltration, storage, natural purification, control of surface runoff, improvement of urban hydrological conditions, and re-use of rainwater resources becomes possible. It ensures the sustainable circulation of water in the urban environment. In this context, the sponge city as a new sustainable urban water management method has attracted wide attention recently. Therefore, due to the need for a comprehensive and systematic review of previous research, the current research was conducted with the aim of a quantitative review of past studies using the method of bibliometric analysis. For this purpose, the process of scientific production of the area of Sponge City indexed in the WOS database was analyzed to draw a scientific map and understand this area's conceptual and social structure using Vosviewer software.

According to the present research findings, it was found that due to the novelty of the sponge city issue, not many studies have been conducted in this field, and most of the studies undertaken are in line with the feasibility of its implementation in some regions of China. However, due to the existence of water challenges such as water scarcity and drought as well as the occurrence of numerous floods as well as extensive climate changes in most countries and regions of the world, Studies related to the subject of the sponge city have expanded and are being carried out in many countries of the world. These measures are related to developed countries, and many developing countries have also moved towards using this plan in their urban planning and development. However, because China proposed the plan for a sponge city, this country is still ahead in continuing the measures related to managing its water resources, and more studies have been conducted in this country than in other countries. On the other hand, according to the results of the present research, it was found that currently, the studies related to the sponge city have moved away from the aspects of structural studies and moved more towards the studies related to governance and green laws, and in various studies, These cases must be mentioned, and these cases have been considered more important than other cases that have a structure. In some studies, the success of the sponge city project implemented in some countries and cities is possible only with the participation and accompaniment of the people. This participation depends on correct legislation and moving toward water control (rain, sewage, or city runoff). They have put the origin of these sources on their agenda. This way, flood control, rain storage, and pollution control can be done as the first step. Also, the studies conducted in the area of the sponge city are now moving towards increasing the stability and resilience of cities against all kinds of water (quantity and quality) and environmental challenges in urban environments, and these studies focus on placing ecological issues and policies on Applying innovation in new methods of water management based on more sustainable mechanisms such as; Green technologies, green infrastructure, urban green spaces, etc. are emphasized. Therefore, the current research results are important from two theoretical and managerial aspects. From a theoretical point of view, this study identified the most used and most effective authors, sources, institutions, and countries and the most effective scientific productions in Sponge City. It revealed its conceptual structure so that researchers can find a comprehensive view of the scientific structure in this field and the most important concepts. It has identified the study in this field in different time frames to familiarize the researchers with the evolution of knowledge in this field and future research paths. Regarding management, the research findings show the importance of the sponge city as a new idea for the sustainable management of urban water, which can be of interest to managers and urban planners, urban designers, urban environmental experts, water experts, and other researchers. On the other hand, the current research is one of the first studies conducted in the field of sponge cities in Iran. Thus, it is considered a beacon for other researchers in different fields to conduct more research.

The smart city is one of the issues that have been the focus of governments, organizations related to urban management, knowledge-based and technology companies, universities and research institutes, and the public sector in recent years. Although studies in the field of smart cities have been conducted topically in one dimension at the national or international level for nearly two decades, a study considering all dimensions of a smart city simultaneously has received less attention. To create an integrated outlook on all aspects of urbanization, policymakers have presented models for developing and maintaining cities based on modern technologies, which have been introduced as smart cities. The confrontation of ultra-modern cities with the city of the industrial age (contemporary) is another urban problem in the modern age because the needs and issues in this age differ from the conditions in which the industrial age approaches were developed (UN, 2018). Therefore, according to the growth of urbanization worldwide, it is very important to find solutions to meet the challenges of urbanization. One of these solutions is the concept of sustainable smart cities (Ibrahim et al., 2018) (Nastaran et al., 2018). Unlike most foresight studies, this research did not seek to extract strategies for realizing a smart city. Still, he is trying to turn it into a theoretical model to create a line of thought in policymakers by relying on the potential scenarios of smart cities in Iran in the horizon of 1415 by the upstream documents (the document of the province in the horizon of 1415 and the document of the national model in the horizon of 1444).

In this research, combined methods have been used to present the model of realizing smart cities, and the fuzzy cognitive mapping matrix is the basis of the analysis and explanation of the experimental model of this research. For this purpose, the meta-synthesis method was used after studying the literature and developing a theoretical framework to identify the key indicators of Rasht's smart city management. By evaluating and analyzing the sensitivity of the effects of the scenarios and the status of each driver on how to change the state of the key obstacles to the realization of the smart city of Rasht, an optimal model of the state of realization of the smart city can be presented.

The outputs show that in the category of obstacles to the realization of a smart city, the elements "non-observance of the principle of justice, balance, and equilibrium in ecological, social, and economic dimensions (lack of optimal management of urban resources)," "commodification of land" and " The lack of balanced development and unbridled urban growth and the emergence of problematic tissues" have received the most effects from other elements of the model with the intensity of 8.58, 7.92 and 7.65, respectively. In terms of impact based on the results, the two uncertainties of "increasing the process of immigrating cities" and "instant production and delivery" have been the most influential elements.

The results of this survey show that "lack of optimal health management" and "commodification" of land are two obstacles that have a great impact on other barriers to the realization of a smart city, and even the obstacle of "not observing the principle of justice, Balance, and Balance in ecological, social and economic dimensions (lack of optimal management of urban resources) is affected by these two obstacles. Also, the review of the analysis shows that among the uncertainties, "increasing the trend of Rasht's immigration" and "use of smart technologies in promoting clean and sustainable transportation" are mentioned as prerequisites. This problem can be expressed in such a way that to realize a smart city based on the fuzzy recognition map, the perspective of urban management must be completely changed, and the main focus of planning should be on the optimal management of the health sector and solving the problem of commoditization of land. The challenge of waste management is an old pain in the city of Rasht, and with the influx of tourists without complying with environmental standards, it burdens the lives of the people of this city, and the Saravan area has become a hazard in the city of Rasht. The commodity view of land has also led to the fact that many areas of the Caspian region are rural, and the bargaining power is low due to the lack of a strong economic base and the lack of suitable conditions similar to the Caspian climate in other parts of the country. Land and property are not balanced. Also, the inheritance law, the division of land between heirs, and the reduction of the production level provide the basis for the sale of separate lands. If the prevailing trend is not managed, considering the developments that are taking place in the country, especially in the southern and central regions of Iran, as a result of climate change, the future of the Caspian region's ecosystem, especially in Gilan province and Rasht city, will be severely threatened. It can create fragile conditions for this region to realize a smart city. With the help and use of sensitivity analysis of obstacles in all scenarios, it is determined that all obstacles will decrease in the first and second scenarios and increase in the third scenario. The status of the main obstacles to realizing Rasht's smart city in different scenarios revealed that in all scenarios, "commodification of land" experiences the greatest reduction except in the third scenario. In addition to this factor, the two obstacles, "infrastructure supply crisis, energy wastage and unstable transportation," and "politicization and the existence of legal and functional differences in urban management," will have the greatest reduction in all scenarios except scenario 3. Among all the obstacles, the factor "change in business patterns and its impact on the economic system of the city" is the only one that experiences a significant reduction in all scenarios.On the other hand, the obstacle "non-observance of the principle of justice, balance, and equilibrium in ecological, social and economic dimensions (lack of optimal management of urban resources)" experiences a very small reduction in almost all scenarios. This problem shows that this barrier has a low sensitivity to different scenarios and practically no reaction to various scenarios. Considering that this obstacle is of great importance in the subject literature, it seems necessary to formulate and explain specific tasks to reduce it and improve the realization of the smart city of Rasht. At this stage, all the main elements of realizing the smart city of Rasht were determined, and the consequences' severity and impact were analyzed and explained.

According to the obtained results and based on the intensity of the relationships and the power of influence between them, the experimental model of the future realization of the smart city of Rasht has been created. Then, based on the degree of centrality and importance of the factors for each of the scenarios, the above model is examined and evaluated to determine what effect each of the drivers in the scenarios will have on the obstacles to the realization of the smart city. Considering that the predetermined factors will always be static, the changes in the level of barriers to the realization of the smart city will only be formed as a result of the changes in the drivers of the uncertainty type. Critical uncertainties cause the number of barriers to realizing a smart city to change and, in some cases, decrease and, in other cases, increase, which can be considered system results. According to the comparison of the changes in the obstacles to the realization of the smart city in different scenarios, a comprehensive analysis can be extracted regarding the realization of the smart city, and a theoretical model can be developed based on the average changes in the obstacles according to all scenarios.Based on the findings of this research, to realize the management of the smart city of Rasht, it is necessary to establish the governance fields of people institutions in the city and the city to become global by relying on its branding capabilities, such as the creative city of gastronomy and should be introduced more and more to provide sustainable development in the UNESCO creative cities network and also by taking advantage of successful models in planned migration and sustainable urban development of Rasht and surrounding satellite towns. Centralized structures to create sustainable development can be considered a solution to achieve integrated, sustainable, and intelligent management in Rasht. This research intends to provide a clear answer to this question by presenting a systematic model and using methods based on strategic foresight. To answer the main question of the research, first by reviewing the research conducted on smart city management and analyzing the content of the study conducted in the field of establishing smart cities and exploring the research conducted at the international and national level, the key related factors They were identified with the management of smart cities based on thematic literature and conducted researches. The degree of centrality of the factor of lack of optimal health management and commodification of land more than other factors and the impact of changing business patterns and its effect on the economic system of the city and the lack of optimal management of the health sector have the most impact among the obstacles. In this way, in the middle of the model presented in this research, urban management obstacles are noted, considering the degree of centrality and influence. In the two outer layers of the figure, predetermined elements and drivers with uncertainty are placed. In the first layer, there are the factors and aspects of the internal context that occur in the urban management ecosystem and have the ability to be planned by the urban management factors, and in the second layer, which is the external context, there are elements that are influenced by the factors between are international and outside the control of the city management. The above model was created based on the intensity of relationships and the power of influence between them. Then, based on the degree of centrality and importance of the factors for each scenario, the above model is examined and evaluated to determine what effect each of the drivers in the scenarios will have on the obstacles of smart city management. Considering that the predetermined factors will always be static, the changes in the level of barriers to the realization of the smart city will only be formed as a result of the changes in the drivers of the uncertainty type. Critical uncertainties cause the number of barriers to realizing a smart city to change and, in some cases, decrease and, in other cases, increase, which can be considered system results. According to the comparison of the changes in the obstacles to the realization of the smart city in different scenarios, a comprehensive analysis can be extracted regarding the realization of the smart city, and a theoretical model can be developed based on the average changes in the obstacles according to all scenarios.

In addition to destroying agricultural land and turning it into residential and industrial areas, urbanization is accompanied by a decrease in the population of people working in the agricultural sector (Wastfelt & Zhang, 2016). Following the development of urbanization and the migration of villagers to cities, a large population settled in cities in search of suitable jobs and an opportunity to be absorbed in the urban economy. These urban populations needed to provide food, and most did not know any other activity or profession except agriculture; therefore, some forms of agriculture A city was formed in the suburbs (Zasada et al., 2011). One of the challenges of urban agriculture is that it is traditionally neglected in urban planning because agriculture is not the norm of urban life (Bazgeer et al., 2019). Removing agricultural land from the use of the city has led to the weakening of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. The environmental costs associated with urban sprawl can be enormous. Therefore, policymakers and city managers must take necessary measures to protect the natural environment of cities (Glaeser, 2013). According to the mentioned cases and the increasing growth of the urban population and related environmental challenges, urban agriculture has been proposed as a flexible use in cities that can help as a sustainable solution to provide sustainable food, strengthen social connections, and improve citizens' quality of life.

This article is a review article. Review articles provide a new platform to provide a conceptual framework and the possibility of creating a more general and comprehensive picture of related issues that experts have addressed so far.  The library method has been used to collect information. This research will use the content analysis method to review and analyze relevant texts and documents. Content analysis is a method used to analyze achievements in documents, written documents, or even speech, such as interviews. Among the practical tools that can be used in this research is MAXQDA software. This software analyzes documents using content analysis coding techniques (open, axial, and selective coding). In the first stage, after reading the texts, he extracted the main axes as open coding, which indicates the direction of analysis according to the purpose of the research. In the next stage, coding is done axially. In this part, by reading the texts in the main axes of the research more closely, the sub-axes of each are also extracted. In the last stage, the categories will be classified selectively, and their relationships will be extracted.

Using urban agriculture can cause flexibility in exploitation or functional mixing to provide enough attraction for citizens. Therefore, it is better to know the different types of agriculture in the city, and they are suitable for each urban environment and the prevailing uses of land in the environment. The city chose the right type of agriculture to provide a lively, flexible, and attractive environment for the citizens and improve their quality of life.

Refined codes in different dimensionsCodesDimensionsfieldIncreasing interactions between different groups - participation in social affairs - participation at local levels - participatory gardens - sense of belonging - cultural participation - supporting community agriculture - participation of officials and stakeholdersParticipationsocialTraining managers and farmers - Training ordinary people - Improving the knowledge of children and teenagers about agriculture - Evaluation of expert forces - Botanical studies - Children's farm - Teaching the process of planting to harvest - Teachings for marketing - Irrigation and pest control methods - Brochures - Mass communication media.Education Urban land use management - urban plans - land use program monitoring - multi-purpose management - support - development policies in urban agriculture - urban actors - codified programs - rules in urban agriculture - legal loopholesorganizationalmanagerialSupporting small businesses - economic development - creating employment - reducing maintenance costs - supply and demand efficiency - development factors - job opportunities - new sources of income - marketing and attracting domestic and foreign capital - entrepreneurship - drivers of economic development - empowerment - self-sufficiency - job security - Reduction of urban poverty - livelihood of low-income groupsemploymenteconomicTourist attractions - recreational and educational experience - increasing income through tourism - agricultural tourism - advertising - green economy - direct purchase of agricultural products from gardens - agricultural experience in the city - park cultivation - attracting investors - improving the landscape - beautifying the urban environmenttourism Increasing the well-being of residents - Identity - Belonging to the place of life - Security - Proportionate distribution of urban services - Fair access to urban spaces - Fair distribution of food - Access to healthy and low-cost foodSpatial justiceenvironmentalDiversity and balance in urban uses - Diversity in selection - Determining the assignment of empty and wasteland urban land - Diversity with vitality - Functional mixing - Applicability of activities - Evaluation and control of uses - Useful and effective activities - Proportionate distribution of compatibility and desirability of uses - Update User information - balance between components - location of uses - proximity of uses - complementary uses - multifunctional urban agriculture - different types of agriculture - flexibility of urban useFlexibility of users Reducing the use of fuel and energy - air and noise pollution - health - improving the quality of the environment - recycling urban runoff - preserving biodiversity - reducing greenhouse gases - environmental effects of uses - environmental health standards - control and cleanliness - increasing green space - water management Urban - thermal insulation agent - natural fertilizers - air conditioningclimate  

Providing planning indicatorsindexDimensionsfieldThe level of participation of citizens in the development and expansion of urban agricultureThe degree of participation of city officials with citizensParticipationsocialThe extent of citizens' participation in the development of urban agricultureThe degree of participation of city officials with citizensEducation Investigating the city development system regarding urban agricultureExisting regulations and legal loopholesorganizationalmanagerialEmployment statusJob creation by urban agricultureemploymenteconomicAgricultural tourism opportunitiesInvestment incentivestourism Distribution of urban farm spaceDistribution of vacant spaces and lands suitable for urban agricultureAccess to agricultural inputs and facilities in the citySpatial justiceenvironmentalUrban land use distributionAgricultural lands and urban gardensAgricultural land use changes over the past yearsFlexibility of usersRules and regulations of land use (urban agriculture)Agricultural species available in the cityFlexibility of users The weather in the cityPollutionDiversity of vegetationclimate

The process of social development in Iran has had an uneven trend in recent years, and it can be said that in different cities, depending on influential parameters such as geographical location and ethnic, cultural, political, and social diversity, it has followed various paths. A review of studies conducted in recent years shows that regarding the research area of this study, East Azerbaijan province, and especially the city of Tabriz, comprehensive research that can assess various social dimensions in this province and city has yet to be conducted. Investigations in this area indicate that social development and its multiple indicators in Tabriz have not been examined and evaluated so far. This means it is unclear to what extent this city has achieved social development indicators. Therefore, to fill the existing gap, the present research examines the success of the city of Tabriz in achieving social development goals. Conducting such studies by understanding social development status and showing the trend of changes in this city can facilitate policymaking in the development field. Additionally, understanding the status of social development in Tabriz can determine what actions are needed to strengthen social development and its indicators. The findings of this research can assist managers and planners in Tabriz in formulating development programs. In fact, given the research gap and the lack of related studies measuring the level of social development in the city of Tabriz, this research aims to study the relationship between some factors (cultural capital, psychological capital, anomie, good governance) affecting social development. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the question of what impact cultural capital, psychological capital, anomie, and good governance have on social development.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, and its type is applied. The data collection method is in two forms: documentary and field (questionnaire). Data collection was conducted using a closed questionnaire, with a positive direction and a five-point Likert scale from 1 to 5 (strongly disagree: 1, disagree: 2, neutral: 3, agree: 4, strongly agree: 5). The statistical population of the research consists of all citizens of Tabriz city, totaling 1,593,373 people (Statistical Center of Iran, 2016). The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, resulting in 384 people, and was distributed using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Expert opinions and professors' feedback (face validity) and convergent construct validity were used to evaluate the validity of the research tool, and Cronbach's alpha method was employed to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze the collected data, along with Pearson correlation tests and multivariate analysis (structural equation modeling).

The evaluation of respondents regarding the independent and dependent variables of the research shows that the average obtained for the variable of social development is 60.82, cultural capital is 59.38, psychological capital is 15.53, feeling of anomie is 33.54, and good governance is 18.46. This means that the level of good governance is low, the level of social development and cultural capital is moderate, and the level of psychological capital and feeling of anomie is high among the research respondents. The Pearson correlation coefficient has been used to test the relationship between cultural capital, psychological capital, feeling of anomie, and good governance with social development. Data analysis indicates that there is a significant direct correlation between cultural capital, psychological capital, and good governance with social development, given that the significance level obtained is less than 0.05; so with the increase in the level of cultural capital, psychological capital, and good governance, the level of social development of citizens also increases. However, there is a significant inverse correlation between the feeling of anomie and social development, given that the significance level obtained is less than 0.05; this means that with the increase in the feeling of anomie among citizens, their level of social development decreases. Additionally, the empirical test of the research showed that cultural capital significantly impacts social development (0.39). With the increase in the level of cultural capital, the level of social development also increases. Furthermore, psychological capital (0.31) and good governance (0.30) impact social development. However, the impact of anomie on social development is negative (−0.24), and with the increase in the level of anomie, the level of social development decreases.

Cultural capital has the greatest impact on the social development of citizens among independent variables. In analyzing this matter, humans, in their role as development agents, play an important and sensitive role in the development process. Since they are thoughtful and autonomous beings, they can only fulfill this role effectively when a culture compatible with development is ingrained in them; otherwise, developmental movement and action will proceed slowly. In this regard, experiences from recent decades of development indicate that desirable movement and certain achievements of social development require the establishment of specific cultural infrastructures, without which achieving development will be a difficult and even impossible task. Psychological capital is another effective factor in the social development of citizens. Psychological capital is a fundamental factor for coping with mental and emotional pressures, increasing hope and striving to improve the standard of living and quality of life, enhancing individuals' psychological well-being, social happiness, trust, and participation. This topic significantly increases the ability to establish social and interpersonal communication. Therefore, increased psychological capital, social development, and individual well-being also increase. Psychological capital is a function of social capital, and the quantity and quality of interactions in social relationships determine social capital. Additionally, individuals' social relationships affect their level of psychological capital. Thus, changes in the quantity and quality of these social relationships can impact an individual's performance. Furthermore, individuals with high psychological capital possess greater group interactions and social participation abilities. Therefore, what connects individuals and leads to the repetition, continuity, and increase of interactions is psychological capital. Whenever individuals have higher psychological capital, these social interactions continue with others and transform into more social relationships, benefiting from a better social life or level of social development. Good governance is another effective factor for social development. Regarding the relationship between good governance and social development, governments can help increase social development and citizens' quality of life by providing security, urban services and facilities, justice and social equality, etc. Governments are trying to make cities more efficient, fairer, safer, and more sustainable for the lives of citizens. Anomie is another independent variable that, with an increase in its level among citizens, leads to decreased social development. In a state of anomie, the ground for social indifference expands due to the lack of a clear pattern and method for altruistic and civic activities and the absence of control over the outcomes of actions in the social sphere. In a state of anomie, individuals cannot make decisions when faced with situations related to altruistic and civic participation. Therefore, in a state of anomie, the individual lacks a clear behavioral pattern because norms are weakened or come into conflict; thus, they become indifferent. Social indifference (the opposite of social development) means a lack of interest in engaging in any behavior or action, withdrawing, and not participating in social issues. Due to a lack of mental and objective connection with society, social indifference is when individuals avoid social participation, social responsibilities, altruistic activities, and active civic engagement in social issues with disinterest and disregard for surrounding realities. Therefore, social participation, altruism, commitment, and responsibility oppose social indifference. In the absence of these in society, individuals face many problems, such as a lack of social development.

Considering the correlation between cultural capital and social development, which indicates that achieving development in society cannot occur without attention to the concept of culture and its reinforcement in society, efforts to strengthen the cultural capital of the people by providing educational opportunities, offering facilities to various age groups, holding workshops and theaters, and multiple performances in public spaces to attract more individuals can accompany citizens on this path. Additionally, given the relationship and impact of the feeling of anomie on social development, the widespread promotion of normativity in society and involving individuals, officials, and rulers with the laws and regulations governing society, which is considered one of the principles of development, can have a significant impact on achieving this matter in society. The emergence of violent behaviors, high levels of conflict, and disputes in the city over everyday issues such as traffic accidents, etc., indicates the manifestation of anomie in the city. Therefore, it is suggested that to raise the tolerance threshold of the people and prevent the emergence of violent behaviors in the city, various actions such as preparing and developing educational programs on radio and television, producing behavior management clips by specialized consultants familiar with the behavioral patterns of citizens should be undertaken. Furthermore, considering the correlation between good governance and social development, it can be said that increasing the level of transparency in the performance of officials, accountability for actions taken or not taken in various sectors, adherence to justice and equality in the implementation of laws, the efficiency of officials, the rule of law, and equal application of the law for all members of society without considering specific conditions, and ultimately providing the necessary services to the people can facilitate the occurrence of development in society. This matter requires serious attention from officials to the needs of society, providing services commensurate with their needs, moving by the law, and acting based on legal requirements.

Urban heat islands are one of the most common urban phenomena, and some metropolitan areas, especially city centers, are several degrees warmer than their surrounding areas. Heat islands create difficult environmental conditions for city residents and significantly impact air quality, energy consumption, and human comfort. The urban heat island phenomenon is generally studied in two ways: the atmospheric temperature of different locations is compared, and the ground surface temperature is analyzed using satellite images. Previous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of the ground surface temperature concept for measuring and estimating the amount of radiant energy emitted from the earth's surface, including areas under human construction, vegetation, wasteland, and water, which have been used in this study.

In this study, an attempt has been made to use Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS bands initially. Using the Single Channel Algorithm (SCA), the land surface temperature was calculated for two urban districts using ENVI software. The impact of these changes on the physical indicators of the study areas, areas 2 and 8 of Tabriz, has been investigated. The indicators have been stratified in the Arc Map software environment to carry out analytical descriptions.

According to the physical indicators studied, the number and shape of heat islands and the average surface temperature are higher in Region 8 than in Region 2.

Study area and data used Tabriz metropolis is the largest city in the northwest region and the third largest city in Iran in terms of area. This city is located in East Azerbaijan province, with an area of about 25056 hectares and 38 degrees, 1 minute to 38 degrees, 8 minutes north latitude, 5 minutes to 46 degrees, and 22 minutes east longitude. In the study area, physical indicators including the total area of the residential infrastructure, the building density of the residential sector, the number of floors of the residential sector, the age of the residential sector structures, the quality of the residential sector structure, and the condition of the residential sector structure in terms of the type of building area used were selected as key indicators and examined to determine the relationship between these indicators and the distribution of heat islands in Tabriz city. In this regard, Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite images were used to extract the land surface temperature. After preparing the photos, the data preprocessing stage, including geometric and radiometric corrections, was performed in the ENVI software environment to minimize the errors related to the images. Using Arc Map software, maps related to land surface temperature were examined and analyzed comparatively in regions 2 and 8 of Tabriz Municipality regarding physical indicators.

According to studies, the average ground surface temperature in Region 8 is warmer than in Region 2 on 05/01/2021. As shown in the tables, more buildings are older than 30 years in Region 8 than in Region 2. Since a greater number of structures in Region 8 than in Region 2 lack standard structures. In addition, the number of acceptable structures in terms of construction quality is lower in Region 8 than in Region 2. According to the statistics, structural and energy standards should be more respected in Region 8. Also, Region 8 of Tabriz has more buildings with existing masonry structures. In studies related to floors, the number of buildings up to 4 floors in Region 8 is higher than in Region 2. In addition, in Region 8 of Tabriz, the buildings have less infrastructure and higher density than in Region 2. Finally, in study area 8 of Tabriz city, parameters such as the lower height of structures, higher building density, and long life of existing structures cause an increase in ground surface temperature in the residential sector, unlike in area 2, where the buildings are taller, have a shorter structure and are older.Therefore, it was observed that these indicators have a significant effect on the structure and formation of heat islands and the average ground surface temperature in the study areas. Based on the cases mentioned above and the fact that most of the thermal energy produced in the residential sector is transferred through convection and considering the distribution of heat islands in both areas 2 and 8, it can be concluded that the waste of thermal energy in area 8 was higher than in area 2 on the mentioned date and the existing studies in this field will contribute significantly to planning for optimizing energy consumption in areas where the necessary standards are less respected. according to all scenarios.